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+---
+layout: blog
+title: Using Go workspaces in Kubernetes
+slug: go-workspaces-in-kubernetes
+date: 2024-03-19T08:30:00-08:00
+author: "Tim Hockin (Google)"
+---
+
+The [Go programming language](https://go.dev/) has played a huge role in the
+success of Kubernetes. As Kubernetes has grown, matured, and pushed the bounds
+of what "regular" projects do, the Go project team has also grown and evolved
+the language and tools. In recent releases, Go introduced a feature called
+"workspaces" which was aimed at making projects like Kubernetes easier to
+manage.
+
+We've just completed a major effort to adopt workspaces in Kubernetes, and the
+results are great. Our codebase is simpler and less error-prone, and we're no
+longer off on our own technology island.
+
+## GOPATH and Go modules
+
+Kubernetes is one of the most visible open source projects written in Go. The
+earliest versions of Kubernetes, dating back to 2014, were built with Go 1.3.
+Today, 10 years later, Go is up to version 1.22 — and let's just say that a
+_whole lot_ has changed.
+
+In 2014, Go development was entirely based on
+[`GOPATH`](https://go.dev/wiki/GOPATH). As a Go project, Kubernetes lived by the
+rules of `GOPATH`. In the buildup to Kubernetes 1.4 (mid 2016), we introduced a
+directory tree called `staging`. This allowed us to pretend to be multiple
+projects, but still exist within one git repository (which had advantages for
+development velocity). The magic of `GOPATH` allowed this to work.
+
+Kubernetes depends on several code-generation tools which have to find, read,
+and write Go code packages. Unsurprisingly, those tools grew to rely on
+`GOPATH`. This all worked pretty well until Go introduced modules in Go 1.11
+(mid 2018).
+
+Modules were an answer to many issues around `GOPATH`. They gave more control to
+projects on how to track and manage dependencies, and were overall a great step
+forward. Kubernetes adopted them. However, modules had one major drawback —
+most Go tools could not work on multiple modules at once. This was a problem
+for our code-generation tools and scripts.
+
+Thankfully, Go offered a way to temporarily disable modules (`GO111MODULE` to
+the rescue). We could get the dependency tracking benefits of modules, but the
+flexibility of `GOPATH` for our tools. We even wrote helper tools to create fake
+`GOPATH` trees and played tricks with symlinks in our vendor directory (which
+holds a snapshot of our external dependencies), and we made it all work.
+
+And for the last 5 years it _has_ worked pretty well. That is, it worked well
+unless you looked too closely at what was happening. Woe be upon you if you
+had the misfortune to work on one of the code-generation tools, or the build
+system, or the ever-expanding suite of bespoke shell scripts we use to glue
+everything together.
+
+## The problems
+
+Like any large software project, we Kubernetes developers have all learned to
+deal with a certain amount of constant low-grade pain. Our custom `staging`
+mechanism let us bend the rules of Go; it was a little clunky, but when it
+worked (which was most of the time) it worked pretty well. When it failed, the
+errors were inscrutable and un-Googleable — nobody else was doing the silly
+things we were doing. Usually the fix was to re-run one or more of the `update-*`
+shell scripts in our aptly named `hack` directory.
+
+As time went on we drifted farther and farher from "regular" Go projects. At
+the same time, Kubernetes got more and more popular. For many people,
+Kubernetes was their first experience with Go, and it wasn't always a good
+experience.
+
+Our eccentricities also impacted people who consumed some of our code, such as
+our client library and the code-generation tools (which turned out to be useful
+in the growing ecosystem of custom resources). The tools only worked if you
+stored your code in a particular `GOPATH`-compatible directory structure, even
+though `GOPATH` had been replaced by modules more than four years prior.
+
+This state persisted because of the confluence of three factors:
+1. Most of the time it only hurt a little (punctuated with short moments of
+   more acute pain).
+1. Kubernetes was still growing in popularity - we all had other, more urgent
+   things to work on.
+1. The fix was not obvious, and whatever we came up with was going to be both
+   hard and tedious.
+
+As a Kubernetes maintainer and long-timer, my fingerprints were all over the
+build system, the code-generation tools, and the `hack` scripts. While the pain
+of our mess may have been low _on_average_, I was one of the people who felt it
+regularly.
+
+## Enter workspaces
+
+Along the way, the Go language team saw what we (and others) were doing and
+didn't love it. They designed a new way of stitching multiple modules together
+into a new _workspace_ concept. Once enrolled in a workspace, Go tools had
+enough information to work in any directory structure and across modules,
+without `GOPATH` or symlinks or other dirty tricks.
+
+When I first saw this proposal I knew that this was the way out. This was how
+to break the logjam. If workspaces was the technical solution, then I would
+put in the work to make it happen.
+
+## The work
+
+Adopting workspaces was deceptively easy. I very quickly had the codebase
+compiling and running tests with workspaces enabled. I set out to purge the
+repository of anything `GOPATH` related. That's when I hit the first real bump -
+the code-generation tools.
+
+We had about a dozen tools, totalling several thousand lines of code. All of
+them were built using an internal framework called
+[gengo](https://github.com/kubernetes/gengo), which was built on Go's own
+parsing libraries. There were two main problems:
+
+1. Those parsing libraries didn't understand modules or workspaces.
+1. `GOPATH` allowed us to pretend that Go _package paths_ and directories on
+   disk were interchangeable in trivial ways. They are not.
+
+Switching to a
+[modules- and workspaces-aware parsing](https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/tools/go/packages)
+library was the first step. Then I had to make a long series of changes to
+each of the code-generation tools. Critically, I had to find a way to do it
+that was possible for some other person to review! I knew that I needed
+reviewers who could cover the breadth of changes and reviewers who could go
+into great depth on specific topics like gengo and Go's module semantics.
+Looking at the history for the areas I was touching, I asked Joe Betz and Alex
+Zielenski (SIG API Machinery) to go deep on gengo and code-generation, Jordan
+Liggitt (SIG Architecture and all-around wizard) to cover Go modules and
+vendoring and the `hack` scripts, and Antonio Ojea (wearing his SIG Testing
+hat) to make sure the whole thing made sense. We agreed that a series of small
+commits would be easiest to review, even if the codebase might not actually
+work at each commit.
+
+Sadly, these were not mechanical changes. I had to dig into each tool to
+figure out where they were processing disk paths versus where they were
+processing package names, and where those were being conflated. I made
+extensive use of the [delve](https://github.com/go-delve/delve) debugger, which
+I just can't say enough good things about.
+
+One unfortunate result of this work was that I had to break compatibility. The
+gengo library simply did not have enough information to process packages
+outside of GOPATH. After discussion with gengo and Kubernetes maintainers, we
+agreed to make [gengo/v2](https://github.com/kubernetes/gengo/tree/master/v2).
+I also used this as an opportunity to clean up some of the gengo APIs and the
+tools' CLIs to be more understandable and not conflate packages and
+directories. For example you can't just string-join directory names and
+assume the result is a valid package name.
+
+Once I had the code-generation tools converted, I shifted attention to the
+dozens of scripts in the `hack` directory. One by one I had to run them, debug,
+and fix failures. Some of them needed minor changes and some needed to be
+rewritten.
+
+Along the way we hit some cases that Go did not support, like workspace
+vendoring. Kubernetes depends on vendoring to ensure that our dependencies are
+always available, even if their source code is removed from the internet (it
+has happened more than once!). After discussing with the Go team, and looking
+at possible workarounds, they decided the right path was to
+[implement workspace vendoring](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/60056).
+
+The eventual Pull Request contained over 200 individual commits.
+
+## Results
+
+Now that this work has been merged, what does this mean for Kubernetes users?
+Pretty much nothing. No features were added or changed. This work was not
+about fixing bugs (and hopefully none were introduced).
+
+This work was mainly for the benefit of the Kubernetes project, to help and
+simplify the lives of the core maintainers. In fact, it would not be a lie to
+say that it was rather self-serving - my own life is a little bit better now.
+
+This effort, while unusually large, is just a tiny fraction of the overall
+maintenance work that needs to be done. Like any large project, we have lots of
+"technical debt" — tools that made point-in-time assumptions and need
+revisiting, internal APIs whose organization doesn't make sense, code which
+doesn't follow conventions which didn't exist at the time, and tests which
+aren't as rigorous as they could be, just to throw out a few examples. This
+work is often called "grungy" or "dirty", but in reality it's just an
+indication that the project has grown and evolved. I love this stuff, but
+there's far more than I can ever tackle on my own, which makes it an
+interesting way for people to get involved.  As our unofficial motto goes:
+"chop wood and carry water".
+
+Kubernetes used to be a case-study of how _not_ to do large-scale Go
+development, but now our codebase is simpler (and in some cases faster!) and
+more consistent. Things that previously seemed like they _should_ work, but
+didn't, now behave as expected.
+
+Our project is now a little more "regular". Not completely so, but we're
+getting closer.
+
+## Thanks
+
+This effort would not have been possible without tons of support.
+
+First, thanks to the Go team for hearing our pain, taking feedback, and solving
+the problems for us.
+
+Special mega-thanks goes to Michael Matloob, on the Go team at Google, who
+designed and implemented workspaces. He guided me every step of the way, and
+was very generous with his time, answering all my questions, no matter how
+dumb.
+
+Writing code is just half of the work, so another special thanks to my
+reviewers: Jordan Liggitt, Joe Betz, Alexander Zielenski, and Antonio Ojea.
+These folks brought a wealth of expertise and attention to detail, and made
+this work smarter and safer.