diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_internal.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_internal.cc
index 8cf5a04addb00..5f719d3621c12 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_internal.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_internal.cc
@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ struct CastPrimitive<OutType, InType, enable_if_t<std::is_same<OutType, InType>:
   // memcpy output
   static void Exec(const ArraySpan& arr, ArraySpan* out) {
     using T = typename InType::c_type;
-    std::memcpy(out->GetValues<T>(1), arr.GetValues<T>(1), arr.length * sizeof(T));
+    std::memcpy(out->GetValues<T>(1), arr.GetValues<T>(1),
+                static_cast<size_t>(arr.length) * sizeof(T));
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_string.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_string.cc
index ebeb597207a81..be97f36d0f3b1 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_string.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_string.cc
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ Status CastBinaryToBinaryOffsets<int32_t, int64_t>(KernelContext* ctx,
       output->buffers[1],
       ctx->Allocate((output->length + output->offset + 1) * sizeof(output_offset_type)));
   memset(output->buffers[1]->mutable_data(), 0,
-         output->offset * sizeof(output_offset_type));
+         static_cast<size_t>(output->offset) * sizeof(output_offset_type));
   ::arrow::internal::CastInts(input.GetValues<input_offset_type>(1),
                               output->GetMutableValues<output_offset_type>(1),
                               output->length + 1);
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ Status CastBinaryToBinaryOffsets<int64_t, int32_t>(KernelContext* ctx,
                           ctx->Allocate((output->length + output->offset + 1) *
                                         sizeof(output_offset_type)));
     memset(output->buffers[1]->mutable_data(), 0,
-           output->offset * sizeof(output_offset_type));
+           static_cast<size_t>(output->offset) * sizeof(output_offset_type));
     ::arrow::internal::CastInts(input_offsets,
                                 output->GetMutableValues<output_offset_type>(1),
                                 output->length + 1);
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_compare.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_compare.cc
index aad648ca275c3..4b361cdeea643 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_compare.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_compare.cc
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ struct BinaryScalarMinMax {
               bit_util::GetBit(array.buffers[0].data, array.offset + row)) {
             const auto offsets = array.GetValues<offset_type>(1);
             const auto data = array.GetValues<uint8_t>(2, /*absolute_offset=*/0);
-            const int64_t length = offsets[row + 1] - offsets[row];
+            const auto length = static_cast<size_t>(offsets[row + 1] - offsets[row]);
             visit_value(
                 string_view(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data + offsets[row]), length));
           } else if (!options.skip_nulls) {
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_set_lookup.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_set_lookup.cc
index e2d5583e36e6b..a0b0b49d142ff 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_set_lookup.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_set_lookup.cc
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ struct SetLookupState : public SetLookupStateBase {
     this->null_matching_behavior = options.GetNullMatchingBehavior();
     if (options.value_set.is_array()) {
       const ArrayData& value_set = *options.value_set.array();
-      memo_index_to_value_index.reserve(value_set.length);
+      memo_index_to_value_index.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(value_set.length));
       lookup_table =
           MemoTable(memory_pool,
                     ::arrow::internal::HashTable<char>::kLoadFactor * value_set.length);
       RETURN_NOT_OK(AddArrayValueSet(options, *options.value_set.array()));
     } else if (options.value_set.kind() == Datum::CHUNKED_ARRAY) {
       const ChunkedArray& value_set = *options.value_set.chunked_array();
-      memo_index_to_value_index.reserve(value_set.length());
+      memo_index_to_value_index.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(value_set.length()));
       lookup_table =
           MemoTable(memory_pool,
                     ::arrow::internal::HashTable<char>::kLoadFactor * value_set.length());
@@ -290,7 +290,8 @@ struct IndexInVisitor {
 
       // Set all values to 0, which will be unmasked only if null is in the value_set
       // and null_matching_behavior is equal to MATCH
-      std::memset(out->GetValues<int32_t>(1), 0x00, out->length * sizeof(int32_t));
+      std::memset(out->GetValues<int32_t>(1), 0x00,
+                  static_cast<size_t>(out->length) * sizeof(int32_t));
     }
     return Status::OK();
   }
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_ascii.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_ascii.cc
index a90a7282bb390..521178bcd7321 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_ascii.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_ascii.cc
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ Status StringDataTransform(KernelContext* ctx, const ExecSpan& batch,
     } else {
       RETURN_NOT_OK(ctx->Allocate(offset_nbytes).Value(&out_arr->buffers[1]));
       std::memcpy(out_arr->buffers[1]->mutable_data(), input.buffers[1].data,
-                  offset_nbytes);
+                  static_cast<size_t>(offset_nbytes));
     }
   } else {
     // We must allocate new space for the offsets and shift the existing offsets
@@ -1238,8 +1238,9 @@ struct PlainSubstringMatcher {
     for (size_t pos = 0; pos < pattern_length; ++pos) {
       // The prefix cannot be expanded, reset.
       while (prefix_length >= 0 &&
-             options_.pattern[pos] != options_.pattern[prefix_length]) {
-        prefix_length = prefix_table[prefix_length];
+             options_.pattern[pos] !=
+                 options_.pattern[static_cast<size_t>(prefix_length)]) {
+        prefix_length = prefix_table[static_cast<size_t>(prefix_length)];
       }
       prefix_length++;
       prefix_table[pos + 1] = prefix_length;
@@ -1253,8 +1254,9 @@ struct PlainSubstringMatcher {
     int64_t pos = 0;
     if (pattern_length == 0) return 0;
     for (const auto c : current) {
-      while ((pattern_pos >= 0) && (options_.pattern[pattern_pos] != c)) {
-        pattern_pos = prefix_table[pattern_pos];
+      while ((pattern_pos >= 0) &&
+             (options_.pattern[static_cast<size_t>(pattern_pos)] != c)) {
+        pattern_pos = prefix_table[static_cast<size_t>(pattern_pos)];
       }
       pattern_pos++;
       if (static_cast<size_t>(pattern_pos) == pattern_length) {
@@ -1344,7 +1346,8 @@ struct MatchSubstringImpl {
           for (int64_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
             const char* current_data = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data + offsets[i]);
             int64_t current_length = offsets[i + 1] - offsets[i];
-            if (matcher->Match(std::string_view(current_data, current_length))) {
+            if (matcher->Match(std::string_view(current_data,
+                                                static_cast<size_t>(current_length)))) {
               bitmap_writer.Set();
             }
             bitmap_writer.Next();
@@ -1805,7 +1808,7 @@ struct CountSubstring {
     uint64_t start = 0;
     const auto pattern_size = std::max<uint64_t>(1, matcher_.options_.pattern.size());
     while (start <= val.size()) {
-      const int64_t index = matcher_.Find(val.substr(start));
+      const int64_t index = matcher_.Find(val.substr(static_cast<size_t>(start)));
       if (index >= 0) {
         count++;
         start += index + pattern_size;
@@ -3076,7 +3079,7 @@ struct BinaryJoinElementWise {
               bit_util::GetBit(array.buffers[0].data, array.offset + row)) {
             const offset_type* offsets = array.GetValues<offset_type>(1);
             const uint8_t* data = array.GetValues<uint8_t>(2, /*absolute_offset=*/0);
-            const int64_t length = offsets[row + 1] - offsets[row];
+            const auto length = static_cast<size_t>(offsets[row + 1] - offsets[row]);
             valid_cols[col] = std::string_view(
                 reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data + offsets[row]), length);
             if (col < batch.num_values() - 1) num_valid++;
@@ -3305,7 +3308,7 @@ struct BinaryRepeatTransform : public StringBinaryTransformBase<Type1, Type2> {
                                              const int64_t num_repeats, uint8_t* output) {
     uint8_t* output_start = output;
     for (int64_t i = 0; i < num_repeats; ++i) {
-      std::memcpy(output, input, input_string_ncodeunits);
+      std::memcpy(output, input, static_cast<size_t>(input_string_ncodeunits));
       output += input_string_ncodeunits;
     }
     return output - output_start;
@@ -3318,18 +3321,18 @@ struct BinaryRepeatTransform : public StringBinaryTransformBase<Type1, Type2> {
     uint8_t* output_start = output;
     // Repeated doubling of string
     // NB: This implementation expects `num_repeats > 0`.
-    std::memcpy(output, input, input_string_ncodeunits);
+    std::memcpy(output, input, static_cast<size_t>(input_string_ncodeunits));
     output += input_string_ncodeunits;
     int64_t irep = 1;
     for (int64_t ilen = input_string_ncodeunits; irep <= (num_repeats / 2);
          irep *= 2, ilen *= 2) {
-      std::memcpy(output, output_start, ilen);
+      std::memcpy(output, output_start, static_cast<size_t>(ilen));
       output += ilen;
     }
 
     // Epilogue remainder
     int64_t rem = (num_repeats - irep) * input_string_ncodeunits;
-    std::memcpy(output, output_start, rem);
+    std::memcpy(output, output_start, static_cast<size_t>(rem));
     output += rem;
     return output - output_start;
   }
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_internal.h b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_internal.h
index 1a9969441655d..e05cfa7fba371 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_internal.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_internal.h
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ struct StringSplitExec {
       // we will record the parts in reverse order
       parts.clear();
       if (max_splits > -1) {
-        parts.reserve(max_splits + 1);
+        parts.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(max_splits + 1));
       }
       while (max_splits != 0) {
         const uint8_t *separator_begin, *separator_end;
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_utf8.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_utf8.cc
index cf8a697fea411..75ef500418566 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_utf8.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_string_utf8.cc
@@ -558,12 +558,12 @@ struct Utf8NormalizeBase {
     ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(const auto n_codepoints, DecomposeIntoScratch(v));
     // Encode normalized codepoints directly into the output
     int64_t n_bytes = 0;
-    for (int64_t i = 0; i < n_codepoints; ++i) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(n_codepoints); ++i) {
       n_bytes += ::arrow::util::UTF8EncodedLength(codepoints_[i]);
     }
     RETURN_NOT_OK(data_builder->Reserve(n_bytes));
     uint8_t* out = data_builder->mutable_data() + data_builder->length();
-    for (int64_t i = 0; i < n_codepoints; ++i) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(n_codepoints); ++i) {
       out = ::arrow::util::UTF8Encode(out, codepoints_[i]);
     }
     DCHECK_EQ(out - data_builder->mutable_data(), data_builder->length() + n_bytes);