Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into feature/rolling-pad

* upstream/main: (765 commits)
  increase typing annotations coverage in `xarray/core/indexing.py` (pydata#8857)
  pandas 3 MultiIndex fixes (pydata#8847)
  FIX: adapt handling of copy keyword argument in scipy backend for numpy >= 2.0dev (pydata#8851)
  FIX: do not cast _FillValue/missing_value in CFMaskCoder if _Unsigned is provided (pydata#8852)
  Implement setitem syntax for `.oindex` and `.vindex` properties (pydata#8845)
  Support pandas copy-on-write behaviour (pydata#8846)
  correctly encode/decode _FillValues/missing_values/dtypes for packed data (pydata#8713)
  Expand use of `.oindex` and `.vindex` (pydata#8790)
  Return a dataclass from Grouper.factorize (pydata#8777)
  [skip-ci] Fix upstream-dev env (pydata#8839)
  Add dask-expr for windows envs (pydata#8837)
  [skip-ci] Add dask-expr dependency to doc.yml (pydata#8835)
  Add `dask-expr` to environment-3.12.yml (pydata#8827)
  Make list_chunkmanagers more resilient to broken entrypoints (pydata#8736)
  Do not attempt to broadcast when global option ``arithmetic_broadcast=False`` (pydata#8784)
  try to get the `upstream-dev` CI to complete again (pydata#8823)
  Bump the actions group with 1 update (pydata#8818)
  Update documentation for clarity (pydata#8817)
  DOC: link to zarr.convenience.consolidate_metadata (pydata#8816)
  Refactor Grouper objects (pydata#8776)
  ...

.binder/environment.yml

@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ name: xarray-examples
 channels:
   - conda-forge
 dependencies:
-  - python=3.9
+  - python=3.10
   - boto3
   - bottleneck
   - cartopy
-  - cdms2
   - cfgrib
   - cftime
   - coveralls
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ dependencies:
   - numpy
   - packaging
   - pandas
-  - pint
+  - pint>=0.22
   - pip
   - pooch
   - pydap
@@ -38,5 +37,4 @@ dependencies:
   - toolz
   - xarray
   - zarr
-  - pip:
-    - numbagg
+  - numbagg

.codecov.yml

@@ -1,16 +1,38 @@
 codecov:
-  ci:
-    # by default, codecov doesn't recognize azure as a CI provider
-    - dev.azure.com
-  require_ci_to_pass: yes
+  require_ci_to_pass: true
 
 coverage:
   status:
     project:
       default:
         # Require 1% coverage, i.e., always succeed
-        target: 1
+        target: 1%
+        flags:
+          - unittests
+        paths:
+         - "!xarray/tests/"
+      unittests:
+        target: 90%
+        flags:
+          - unittests
+        paths:
+          - "!xarray/tests/"
+      mypy:
+        target: 20%
+        flags:
+          - mypy
     patch: false
     changes: false
 
-comment: off
+comment: false
+
+flags:
+  unittests:
+    paths:
+      - "xarray"
+      - "!xarray/tests"
+    carryforward: false
+  mypy:
+    paths:
+      - "xarray"
+    carryforward: false

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bugreport.yml

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ body:
         - label: Complete example — the example is self-contained, including all data and the text of any traceback.
         - label: Verifiable example — the example copy & pastes into an IPython prompt or [Binder notebook](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/pydata/xarray/main?urlpath=lab/tree/doc/examples/blank_template.ipynb), returning the result.
         - label: New issue — a search of GitHub Issues suggests this is not a duplicate.
+        - label: Recent environment — the issue occurs with the latest version of xarray and its dependencies.
 
   - type: textarea
     id: log-output

.github/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Comment to be posted to on first time issues
+newIssueWelcomeComment: >
+  Thanks for opening your first issue here at xarray! Be sure to follow the issue template!
+
+  If you have an idea for a solution, we would really welcome a Pull Request with proposed changes.
+
+  See the [Contributing Guide](https://docs.xarray.dev/en/latest/contributing.html) for more.
+
+  It may take us a while to respond here, but we really value your contribution. Contributors like you help make xarray better.
+
+  Thank you!
+
+# Comment to be posted to on PRs from first time contributors in your repository
+newPRWelcomeComment: >
+  Thank you for opening this pull request! It may take us a few days to respond here, so thank you for being patient.
+
+  If you have questions, some answers may be found in our [contributing guidelines](http://docs.xarray.dev/en/stable/contributing.html).
+
+# Comment to be posted to on pull requests merged by a first time user
+firstPRMergeComment: >
+  Congratulations on completing your first pull request! Welcome to Xarray!
+  We are proud of you, and hope to see you again!
+  ![celebration gif](https://media.giphy.com/media/umYMU8G2ixG5mJBDo5/giphy.gif)

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -5,3 +5,7 @@ updates:
     schedule:
       # Check for updates once a week
       interval: 'weekly'
+    groups:
+      actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"

.github/workflows/benchmarks-last-release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+name: Benchmark compare last release
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  benchmark:
+    name: Linux
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    env:
+      ASV_DIR: "./asv_bench"
+      CONDA_ENV_FILE: ci/requirements/environment.yml
+
+    steps:
+      # We need the full repo to avoid this issue
+      # https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/23
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Set up conda environment
+        uses: mamba-org/setup-micromamba@v1
+        with:
+          environment-file: ${{env.CONDA_ENV_FILE}}
+          environment-name: xarray-tests
+          cache-environment: true
+          cache-environment-key: "${{runner.os}}-${{runner.arch}}-py${{env.PYTHON_VERSION}}-${{env.TODAY}}-${{hashFiles(env.CONDA_ENV_FILE)}}-benchmark"
+          create-args: >-
+            asv
+
+      - name: 'Get Previous tag'
+        id: previoustag
+        uses: "WyriHaximus/github-action-get-previous-tag@v1"
+        # with:
+        #   fallback: 1.0.0 # Optional fallback tag to use when no tag can be found
+
+      - name: Run benchmarks
+        shell: bash -l {0}
+        id: benchmark
+        env:
+          OPENBLAS_NUM_THREADS: 1
+          MKL_NUM_THREADS: 1
+          OMP_NUM_THREADS: 1
+          ASV_FACTOR: 1.5
+          ASV_SKIP_SLOW: 1
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          # ID this runner
+          asv machine --yes
+          echo "Baseline: ${{ steps.previoustag.outputs.tag }} "
+          echo "Contender: ${{ github.sha }}"
+          # Use mamba for env creation
+          # export CONDA_EXE=$(which mamba)
+          export CONDA_EXE=$(which conda)
+          # Run benchmarks for current commit against base
+          ASV_OPTIONS="--split --show-stderr --factor $ASV_FACTOR"
+          asv continuous $ASV_OPTIONS ${{ steps.previoustag.outputs.tag }}  ${{ github.sha }} \
+              | sed "/Traceback \|failed$\|PERFORMANCE DECREASED/ s/^/::error::/" \
+              | tee benchmarks.log
+          # Report and export results for subsequent steps
+          if grep "Traceback \|failed\|PERFORMANCE DECREASED" benchmarks.log > /dev/null ; then
+              exit 1
+          fi
+        working-directory: ${{ env.ASV_DIR }}
+
+      - name: Add instructions to artifact
+        if: always()
+        run: |
+          cp benchmarks/README_CI.md benchmarks.log .asv/results/
+        working-directory: ${{ env.ASV_DIR }}
+
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        if: always()
+        with:
+          name: asv-benchmark-results-${{ runner.os }}
+          path: ${{ env.ASV_DIR }}/.asv/results

.github/workflows/benchmarks.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   benchmark:
-    if: ${{ contains( github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-benchmark') && github.event_name == 'pull_request' || contains( github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'topic-performance') && github.event_name == 'pull_request' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' }}
+    if: ${{ contains( github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'run-benchmark') && github.event_name == 'pull_request' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' }}
     name: Linux
     runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
     env:
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       # We need the full repo to avoid this issue
       # https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/23
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: Set up conda environment
-        uses: mamba-org/provision-with-micromamba@v15
+        uses: mamba-org/setup-micromamba@v1
         with:
           environment-file: ${{env.CONDA_ENV_FILE}}
           environment-name: xarray-tests
-          cache-env: true
-          cache-env-key: "${{runner.os}}-${{runner.arch}}-py${{env.PYTHON_VERSION}}-${{env.TODAY}}-${{hashFiles(env.CONDA_ENV_FILE)}}-benchmark"
-          extra-specs: |
+          cache-environment: true
+          cache-environment-key: "${{runner.os}}-${{runner.arch}}-py${{env.PYTHON_VERSION}}-${{env.TODAY}}-${{hashFiles(env.CONDA_ENV_FILE)}}-benchmark"
+          create-args: >-
             asv
 
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
           cp benchmarks/README_CI.md benchmarks.log .asv/results/
         working-directory: ${{ env.ASV_DIR }}
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         if: always()
         with:
           name: asv-benchmark-results-${{ runner.os }}