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Hello, World

You can find all the code for this chapter here

It is traditional for your first program in a new language to be Hello, world.

In the previous chapter we discussed how Go is opinionated as to where you put your files.

Make a directory in the following path $GOPATH/src/github.com/{your-user-id}/hello.

So if you're on a unix based OS and your username is "bob" and you are happy to stick with Go's conventions about $GOPATH (which is the easiest way of setting up) you could run mkdir -p $GOPATH/src/github.com/bob/hello.

For subsequent chapters, you can make a new folder with whatever name you like to put the code in e.g $GOPATH/src/github.com/{your-user-id}/integers for the next chapter might be sensible. Some readers of this book like to make an enclosing folder for all the work such as "learn-go-with-tests/hello". In short, it's up to you how you structure your folders.

Create a file in this directory called hello.go and write this code. To run it type go run hello.go.

package main

import "fmt"

func main() {
    fmt.Println("Hello, world")
}

How it works

When you write a program in Go you will have a main package defined with a main func inside it. Packages are ways of grouping up related Go code together.

The func keyword is how you define a function with a name and a body.

With import "fmt" we are importing a package which contains the Println function that we use to print.

How to test

How do you test this? It is good to separate your "domain" code from the outside world (side-effects). The fmt.Println is a side effect (printing to stdout) and the string we send in is our domain.

So let's separate these concerns so it's easier to test

package main

import "fmt"

func Hello() string {
    return "Hello, world"
}

func main() {
    fmt.Println(Hello())
}

We have created a new function again with func but this time we've added another keyword string in the definition. This means this function returns a string.

Now create a new file called hello_test.go where we are going to write a test for our Hello function

package main

import "testing"

func TestHello(t *testing.T) {
    got := Hello()
    want := "Hello, world"

    if got != want {
        t.Errorf("got %q want %q", got, want)
    }
}

Before explaining, let's just run the code. Run go test in your terminal. It should've passed! Just to check, try deliberately breaking the test by changing the want string.

Notice how you have not had to pick between multiple testing frameworks and then figure out how to install. Everything you need is built in to the language and the syntax is the same as the rest of the code you will write.

Writing tests

Writing a test is just like writing a function, with a few rules

  • It needs to be in a file with a name like xxx_test.go
  • The test function must start with the word Test
  • The test function takes one argument only t *testing.T

For now it's enough to know that your t of type *testing.T is your "hook" into the testing framework so you can do things like t.Fail() when you want to fail.

We've covered some new topics:

if

If statements in Go are very much like other programming languages.

Declaring variables

We're declaring some variables with the syntax varName := value, which lets us re-use some values in our test for readability.

t.Errorf

We are calling the Errorf method on our t which will print out a message and fail the test. The f stands for format which allows us to build a string with values inserted into the placeholder values %q. When you made the test fail it should be clear how it works.

You can read more about the placeholder strings in the fmt go doc. For tests %q is very useful as it wraps your values in double quotes.

We will later explore the difference between methods and functions.

Go doc

Another quality of life feature of Go is the documentation. You can launch the docs locally by running godoc -http :8000. If you go to localhost:8000/pkg you will see all the packages installed on your system.

The vast majority of the standard library has excellent documentation with examples. Navigating to http://localhost:8000/pkg/testing/ would be worthwhile to see what's available to you.

If you don't have godoc command, then maybe you are using the newer version of Go (1.13 or later) which is no longer including godoc. You can manually install it with go get golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc.

Hello, YOU

Now that we have a test we can iterate on our software safely.

In the last example we wrote the test after the code had been written just so you could get an example of how to write a test and declare a function. From this point on we will be writing tests first.

Our next requirement is to let us specify the recipient of the greeting.

Let's start by capturing these requirements in a test. This is basic test driven development and allows us to make sure our test is actually testing what we want. When you retrospectively write tests there is the risk that your test may continue to pass even if the code doesn't work as intended.

package main

import "testing"

func TestHello(t *testing.T) {
    got := Hello("Chris")
    want := "Hello, Chris"

    if got != want {
        t.Errorf("got %q want %q", got, want)
    }
}

Now run go test, you should have a compilation error

./hello_test.go:6:18: too many arguments in call to Hello
    have (string)
    want ()

When using a statically typed language like Go it is important to listen to the compiler. The compiler understands how your code should snap together and work so you don't have to.

In this case the compiler is telling you what you need to do to continue. We have to change our function Hello to accept an argument.

Edit the Hello function to accept an argument of type string

func Hello(name string) string {
    return "Hello, world"
}

If you try and run your tests again your main.go will fail to compile because you're not passing an argument. Send in "world" to make it pass.

func main() {
    fmt.Println(Hello("world"))
}

Now when you run your tests you should see something like

hello_test.go:10: got 'Hello, world' want 'Hello, Chris''

We finally have a compiling program but it is not meeting our requirements according to the test.

Let's make the test pass by using the name argument and concatenate it with Hello,

func Hello(name string) string {
    return "Hello, " + name
}

When you run the tests they should now pass. Normally as part of the TDD cycle we should now refactor.

A note on source control

At this point, if you are using source control (which you should!) I would commit the code as it is. We have working software backed by a test.

I wouldn't push to master though, because I plan to refactor next. It is nice to commit at this point in case you somehow get into a mess with refactoring - you can always go back to the working version.

There's not a lot to refactor here, but we can introduce another language feature constants.

Constants

Constants are defined like so

const englishHelloPrefix = "Hello, "

We can now refactor our code

const englishHelloPrefix = "Hello, "

func Hello(name string) string {
    return englishHelloPrefix + name
}

After refactoring, re-run your tests to make sure you haven't broken anything.

Constants should improve performance of your application as it saves you creating the "Hello, " string instance every time Hello is called.

To be clear, the performance boost is incredibly negligible for this example! But it's worth thinking about creating constants to capture the meaning of values and sometimes to aid performance.

Hello, world... again

The next requirement is when our function is called with an empty string it defaults to printing "Hello, World", rather than "Hello, ".

Start by writing a new failing test

func TestHello(t *testing.T) {

    t.Run("saying hello to people", func(t *testing.T) {
        got := Hello("Chris")
        want := "Hello, Chris"

        if got != want {
            t.Errorf("got %q want %q", got, want)
        }
    })

    t.Run("say 'Hello, World' when an empty string is supplied", func(t *testing.T) {
        got := Hello("")
        want := "Hello, World"

        if got != want {
            t.Errorf("got %q want %q", got, want)
        }
    })

}

Here we are introducing another tool in our testing arsenal, subtests. Sometimes it is useful to group tests around a "thing" and then have subtests describing different scenarios.

A benefit of this approach is you can set up shared code that can be used in the other tests.

There is repeated code when we check if the message is what we expect.

Refactoring is not just for the production code!

It is important that your tests are clear specifications of what the code needs to do.

We can and should refactor our tests.

func TestHello(t *testing.T) {

    assertCorrectMessage := func(t *testing.T, got, want string) {
        t.Helper()
        if got != want {
            t.Errorf("got %q want %q", got, want)
        }
    }

    t.Run("saying hello to people", func(t *testing.T) {
        got := Hello("Chris")
        want := "Hello, Chris"
        assertCorrectMessage(t, got, want)
    })

    t.Run("empty string defaults to 'World'", func(t *testing.T) {
        got := Hello("")
        want := "Hello, World"
        assertCorrectMessage(t, got, want)
    })

}

What have we done here?

We've refactored our assertion into a function. This reduces duplication and improves readability of our tests. In Go you can declare functions inside other functions and assign them to variables. You can then call them, just like normal functions. We need to pass in t *testing.T so that we can tell the test code to fail when we need to.

t.Helper() is needed to tell the test suite that this method is a helper. By doing this when it fails the line number reported will be in our function call rather than inside our test helper. This will help other developers track down problems easier. If you still don't understand, comment it out, make a test fail and observe the test output.

Now that we have a well-written failing test, let's fix the code, using an if.

const englishHelloPrefix = "Hello, "

func Hello(name string) string {
    if name == "" {
        name = "World"
    }
    return englishHelloPrefix + name
}

If we run our tests we should see it satisfies the new requirement and we haven't accidentally broken the other functionality.

Back to source control

Now we are happy with the code I would amend the previous commit so we only check in the lovely version of our code with its test.

Discipline

Let's go over the cycle again

  • Write a test
  • Make the compiler pass
  • Run the test, see that it fails and check the error message is meaningful
  • Write enough code to make the test pass
  • Refactor

On the face of it this may seem tedious but sticking to the feedback loop is important.

Not only does it ensure that you have relevant tests, it helps ensure you design good software by refactoring with the safety of tests.

Seeing the test fail is an important check because it also lets you see what the error message looks like. As a developer it can be very hard to work with a codebase when failing tests do not give a clear idea as to what the problem is.

By ensuring your tests are fast and setting up your tools so that running tests is simple you can get in to a state of flow when writing your code.

By not writing tests you are committing to manually checking your code by running your software which breaks your state of flow and you won't be saving yourself any time, especially in the long run.

Keep going! More requirements

Goodness me, we have more requirements. We now need to support a second parameter, specifying the language of the greeting. If a language is passed in that we do not recognise, just default to English.

We should be confident that we can use TDD to flesh out this functionality easily!

Write a test for a user passing in Spanish. Add it to the existing suite.

    t.Run("in Spanish", func(t *testing.T) {
        got := Hello("Elodie", "Spanish")
        want := "Hola, Elodie"
        assertCorrectMessage(t, got, want)
    })

Remember not to cheat! Test first. When you try and run the test, the compiler should complain because you are calling Hello with two arguments rather than one.

./hello_test.go:27:19: too many arguments in call to Hello
    have (string, string)
    want (string)

Fix the compilation problems by adding another string argument to Hello

func Hello(name string, language string) string {
    if name == "" {
        name = "World"
    }
    return englishHelloPrefix + name
}

When you try and run the test again it will complain about not passing through enough arguments to Hello in your other tests and in hello.go

./hello.go:15:19: not enough arguments in call to Hello
    have (string)
    want (string, string)

Fix them by passing through empty strings. Now all your tests should compile and pass, apart from our new scenario

hello_test.go:29: got 'Hello, Elodie' want 'Hola, Elodie'

We can use if here to check the language is equal to "Spanish" and if so change the message

func Hello(name string, language string) string {
    if name == "" {
        name = "World"
    }

    if language == "Spanish" {
        return "Hola, " + name
    }

    return englishHelloPrefix + name
}

The tests should now pass.

Now it is time to refactor. You should see some problems in the code, "magic" strings, some of which are repeated. Try and refactor it yourself, with every change make sure you re-run the tests to make sure your refactoring isn't breaking anything.

const spanish = "Spanish"
const englishHelloPrefix = "Hello, "
const spanishHelloPrefix = "Hola, "

func Hello(name string, language string) string {
    if name == "" {
        name = "World"
    }

    if language == spanish {
        return spanishHelloPrefix + name
    }

    return englishHelloPrefix + name
}

French

  • Write a test asserting that if you pass in "French" you get "Bonjour, "
  • See it fail, check the error message is easy to read
  • Do the smallest reasonable change in the code

You may have written something that looks roughly like this

func Hello(name string, language string) string {
    if name == "" {
        name = "World"
    }

    if language == spanish {
        return spanishHelloPrefix + name
    }

    if language == french {
        return frenchHelloPrefix + name
    }

    return englishHelloPrefix + name
}

switch

When you have lots of if statements checking a particular value it is common to use a switch statement instead. We can use switch to refactor the code to make it easier to read and more extensible if we wish to add more language support later

func Hello(name string, language string) string {
    if name == "" {
        name = "World"
    }

    prefix := englishHelloPrefix

    switch language {
    case french:
        prefix = frenchHelloPrefix
    case spanish:
        prefix = spanishHelloPrefix
    }

    return prefix + name
}

Write a test to now include a greeting in the language of your choice and you should see how simple it is to extend our amazing function.

one...last...refactor?

You could argue that maybe our function is getting a little big. The simplest refactor for this would be to extract out some functionality into another function.

func Hello(name string, language string) string {
    if name == "" {
        name = "World"
    }

    return greetingPrefix(language) + name
}

func greetingPrefix(language string) (prefix string) {
    switch language {
    case french:
        prefix = frenchHelloPrefix
    case spanish:
        prefix = spanishHelloPrefix
    default:
        prefix = englishHelloPrefix
    }
    return
}

A few new concepts:

  • In our function signature we have made a named return value (prefix string).
  • This will create a variable called prefix in your function.
    • It will be assigned the "zero" value. This depends on the type, for example ints are 0 and for strings it is "".
      • You can return whatever it's set to by just calling return rather than return prefix.
    • This will display in the Go Doc for your function so it can make the intent of your code clearer.
  • default in the switch case will be branched to if none of the other case statements match.
  • The function name starts with a lowercase letter. In Go public functions start with a capital letter and private ones start with a lowercase. We don't want the internals of our algorithm to be exposed to the world, so we made this function private.

Wrapping up

Who knew you could get so much out of Hello, world?

By now you should have some understanding of:

Some of Go's syntax around

  • Writing tests
  • Declaring functions, with arguments and return types
  • if, const and switch
  • Declaring variables and constants

The TDD process and why the steps are important

  • Write a failing test and see it fail so we know we have written a relevant test for our requirements and seen that it produces an easy to understand description of the failure
  • Writing the smallest amount of code to make it pass so we know we have working software
  • Then refactor, backed with the safety of our tests to ensure we have well-crafted code that is easy to work with

In our case we've gone from Hello() to Hello("name"), to Hello("name", "French") in small, easy to understand steps.

This is of course trivial compared to "real world" software but the principles still stand. TDD is a skill that needs practice to develop but by being able to break problems down into smaller components that you can test you will have a much easier time writing software.