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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Mabey W, Mill T; J Phys Chem Ref Data 7: 383-415 (1978) (3) Krijgsheld KR, van der Gen A; Chemosphere 15: 881-93 (1986) (4) Santodonato J et al; Investigation of selected potential environmental contaminants: epichlorohydrin and epibromohydrin; p.73-5 USEPA 560/11-80-006 (1980) (5) Dilling WL et al; Environ Sci Technol 10: 351-6 (1976)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph 2 (1994) (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 2, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (3) European Chemicals Bureau; European Union Risk Assessment Report, Acetonitrile (CAS 75-05-8). Available from, as of June 2, 2014: https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/764c8da5-79e2-418d-bf1f-ab59592f8cc6 (4) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Acetonitrile (75-05-8). NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, June 2005 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available, as of June 2, 2014: https://webbook.nist.gov (5) Arijs E et al; Nature 303: 314-6 (1983) (6) Poschl U et al; J Atmos Chem 38: 115-32 (2001) (7) Ellington JJ et al; Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal. USEPA-600/S3-88/028 (PB88-234 042/AS) (1988)"
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              "(1) Arnts RR et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 39: 453-60 (1989) (2) Carroll MA; J Geophys Res 90: 10483-6 (1985) (3) Sadtler Index; Philadelphia, PA: Sadtler Research Lab (NA) (4) Khalil MAK, Rasmussen RA; Atmos Environ 18: 1805-31 (1984) (5) Hampson RF; Chemical, kinetic and photochemical data sheets for atmospheric reactions. FAA-EE-80-17. Washington, DC: US Dept Transport. Fed Aviat Admin, Off Environ Energy, High Altitude Pollut Program (1980) (6) Graedel TE; Chemical Compounds in the Atmosphere. New York, NY: Academic Press (1978) (7) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988) (8) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-7 (1980)"
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              "(1) Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res Ctr. CMA Contract No. ARC-8.0-OR (1994) (2) Anbar M, Neta P; Int J Appl Rad Isot 18: 493-523 (1967) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)]"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Hampson RF; Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data Sheets for Atmospheric Reactions. USDOT report FAA-EE-80-17 (1980) (3) Singh HB et al; Atmos Environ 15: 601-12 (1981) (4) Dimitriades B, Joshi SB; Inter Conf on Photochemical Oxidant Pollution and its Control. USEPA-600/3-77-001b pp. 705-11 (1977) (5) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Dec 20, 2017: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools (6) Holbrook MT; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Cheml Technol. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons 5: 1051-62 (1993) (7) Prager JC; Environ Contamin Ref Databook. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1: 453 (1995) (8) Jensen S, Rosenberg R; Water Res 9: 659-61 (1975)"
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              "(1) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. 1,4-Dioxane (123-91-1). NIST Gas Kinetics Database, 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available, as of: June 10, 2015: https://webbook.nist.gov (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 10, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (3) Maurer T et al; J Phys Chem A 103: 5032-39 (1999) (4) Dilling WL et al; Environ Sci Technol 10: 351-6 (1976) (5) Gai YB et al; Huan Jing Ke Xue 32: 3593-98 (2011) (6) Atkinson R; Atmos Environ 34: 2063-01 (2000) (7) Stefan MI, Bolton JR; Environ Sci Technol 32: 1588-95 (1997) (8) Eckenfelder WW et al, eds; Chemical Oxidation: Technology for the Nineties, Volume 6. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co. Inc., p. 236 (1997) (9) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988) (10) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-87 (1980) (11) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Pasteris G et al; Environ Sci Technol 36: 30-39 (2002) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Carlier P et al; Risol Natl Lab Issrisoe-M-2630. Tropospheric NOX Chem-Gasphase Multiphase Aspects (1988) (4) Tuazon EC et al; Environ Sci Technol 20: 383-87 (1986) (5) Yu J et al; Atmos Environ 31: 2261-80 (1997) (6) Pate CT et al; J Environ Sci Health-Environ Sci Eng A11: 1-10 (1976) (7) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)"
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              "(1) Altshuller AP; Air Water Pollut Int J 10: 713-33 (1966) (2) Farley FF; pp. 713-27 in Inter Conf Photochemical Oxidant Pollut Control. Dimitriades B (ed) Research Triangle Park, NC: USEPA-600/3-77-001B (1977) (3) Levy A; The Photochemical Smog Reactivity of Organic Solvents. Solvent Theory and Practices. Amer Chem Soc, Washington, DC: Adv Chem Ser 124: 70-94 (1973) (4) Yanagihara S et al; Photochemical Reactivities of Hydrocarbons. Proc Int Clean Air Congr, 4th. pp. 472-7 (1977) (5) Kopczynski SL; Int J Air Wat Pollut 8: 107-20 (1964)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 6: 3625-4055 (2006) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990) (3) Hustert K et al; Chemosphere 10: 995-8 (1981) (4) Oliver BG et al; Environ Sci Technol 13: 1075-7 (1979) (5) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988) (6) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-887 (1980) (7) Gramatica P et al; Atmos Environ 37: 3115-3124 (2003) (8) Atkinson R et al; Environ Sci Technol 19: 87-90 (1985)"
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              "(1) Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res CTR., CMA Contract NO. AFC-8.0-OR-8.0-OR (1994) (2) Dorfman LM, Adams GE; Reactivity of the Hydroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solution NSRD-NBS-46, (NTIS COM-73-50623) Natl Bureau Stand, Washington DC p. 24 (1973) (3) Anbar M, Neta P; Int J Appl Radiation and Isotopes 18: 493-523 (1967) (4) Neely WB, Blau GE; p. 207 in Environmental Exposure from Chemicals Vol I. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL (1985) (5) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill pp. 7-4, 8-13 (1982) (6) Calvert JG, Pitts JN, Jr; Photochemistry NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc p. 441 (1966)"
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              "(1) Lide DR, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press LLC, p. 5-89 (2000) (2) Tratnyek PG, Holgne J; Environ Sci Technol 25: 1596-1604 (1991) (3) Tratnyek PG et al; Sci Tot Environ 109/110: 327-41 (1991) (4) Mill T, Mabey W; pp. 208-11 in Environmental Exposure from Chemicals Vol I, Neely WR, Blau GE eds Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (1985) (5) Canonica S et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1822-31 (1995) (6) Sadtler Index 258 UV. (7) Drahonovsky J, Vacek Z; Collect Czech Chem Commun 36: 3431-40 (1971) (8) Scull FE Jr, Hoigne J; Chemosphere 16: 681-94 (1987)"
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              "(1) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Ethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro- (79-34-5). NIST Gas Kinetics Database, 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Dec 15, 2014: https://webbook.nist.gov (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Dec 15, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (3) OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 15, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (CAS No. 79-34-5), October 2002. Available from, as of Dec 15, 2014: https://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/79345.pdf (4) World Health Org; International Programme on Chemical Safety. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document No. 3, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane. Available from, as of Dec 15, 2014: https://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad03.htm (5) Jeffers PM et al; Environ Sci Technol 23: 965-969 (1989)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Atkinson R, Carter WPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984) (3) Crutzen PJ et al; J Geophys Res 83: 345-63 (1978) (4) Mill T; Chemosphere 38: 1379-90 (1999) (5) Dilling WL et al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 833-88 (1975) (6) Rathbun RE; Crit Rev Environ Sci 30: 129-295 (2000) (7) Mueller JPH Korte F; Chemosphere 3: 195-8 (1977) (8) Gaeb S et al; Nature 270: 331-3 (1977)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 8: 4141-4496 (2008). Available from, as of Dec 10, 2014: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue8.html (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Dec 10, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (3) Derwent RG, Eggleton AEJ; Atmos Environ 12: 1261-9 (1978) (4) Altschuler AP; Adv Environ Sci Technol 10: 181-219 (1979) (5) Davidson JA et al; J Chem Phys 69: 4277-9 (1978) (6) Hubrich C, Stahl F; J Photochem 12: 93-107 (1980) (7) Jeffers PM, Wolfe NL; Environ Toxicol Chem 15: 1066-70 (1996)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph No. 1 p. 74 (1989) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Midgley PM et al; Atmos Environ 27A: 2215-2223 (1993) (4) Miller BR et al; J Geophys Res 103: 13,237-13,248 (1998) (5) Montague DC et al; Atmos Environ 24A: 1331-1339 (1990) (6) Montzka SA et al; Geophys Res Lett 20: 703-706 (1993) (7) Hubrich C, Stahl F; J Photochem 12: 93-107 (1980) (8) Du Pont de Nemours Co; Freon Product Information B-2. Wilmington, DE: E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co (1980)"
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              "(1) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Ammonia(7664-41-7). NIST Gas Phase Kinetics Database No. 69, Sept 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of July 5, 2016: https://webbook.nist.gov (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of July 5, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ (3) Atkinson R; Atmos Environ 34: 2063-2101 (2000) (4) Walsh AD, Warsop PA; Trans Faraday Soc 57: 345-358 (1961) (5) NOAA; Atmospheric Ammonia: Sources and Fate. A Review of Ongoing Federal Research and Future Needs (June 2000). Natl Ocean Atmos Admin, Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO. Available from, as of July 6, 2016: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/AQRS/reports/ammonia.pdf (6) Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Ammonia (Draft) p.93 (1981)"
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              "(1) WQA; Ammonia Fact Sheet (2013). Water Quality Association; Available from, as of July 5, 2016: https://www.wqa.org/ (2) Eggeman T; Ammonia. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2016). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: April 16, 2010. (3) Haynes WM, ed; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 95th ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 5-92 (2014) (4) Environment Agent UK; Proposed EQS for Water Framework Directive Annex VIII substances: ammonia (un-ionised). Science Report: SC040038/SR2 (Feb 2007). Bristol, England. Available from, as of July 5, 2016: https://www.wfduk.org/sites/default/files/Media/ammonia.pdf"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 435-42 (1988) (2) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 727 (1988) (3) Mill T et al; Sci 207: 886-7 (1980) (4) Freitag D et al; Chemosphere 14: 1589-616 (1985) (5) Mavrovic I et al; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol 4th ed. NY: John Wiley and Sons Inc Supp: 597 (1998) (6) Stiff MJ, Gardiner DK; Water Treat Exam 22: 259-68 (1973) (7) Atkinson R; Water Treat Exam 20: 193-203 (1971)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 6: 3625-4055 (2006). Available from, as of Dec 22, 2014: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue8.html (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Dec 23, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (3) Chameides WL, Davis DD; Nature 304: 427-9 (1983) (4) Su F et al; J Phys Chem 83: 3185-91 (1979) (5) OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 14, Formaldehyde (CAS No. 50-00-0), March 2002. Available from, as of Dec 22, 2014: https://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/FORMALDEHYDE.pdf (6) Calvert JG et al; Science 175: 751-52 (1972) (7) Lowe DC et al; Geophys Res Letters 7: 825-8 (1980) (8) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Formaldehyde (50-00-0). NIST Gas Kinetics Database, 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Dec 23, 2014: https://webbook.nist.gov (9) Atkinson R; Atmos Environ 34: 2063-101 (2000) (10) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (11) Gerberich HR, Seaman GC; Formaldeyde. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2014). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: Jan 18, 2013. (12) USEPA; Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Formaldehyde. USEPA-450/4-84-007E (1984)"
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              "(1) Katagi T; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 175: 79-261 (2002) (2) Callahan MA et al; Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. USEPA-400/4-79-029A pp. 20-1 to 20-11 (1979) (3) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK: British Crop Protection Council. Acrolein (107-02-8) (2010-2011) (4) Mabey WR et al; Aquatic Fate Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants. pp. 53-4 USEPA-440/4-81-014 (1981) (5) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988) (6) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-887 (1980)"
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              "(1) Faust SD, Gomaa HM; Environ Lett 3: 171-201 (1972) (2) Chapman RA, Cole CM; J Environ Sci Health B17: 487 (1982) (3) Freed VH et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 706-8 (1981) (4) Gomaa HM, Faust SD; pp. 189-209 in Fate of Org Pestic, Chemical Hydrolysis and Oxidation of Parathion and Paraoxon in Aquatic Environ Chp.10 (1972) (5) Chapman RA, Harris C; J Environ Sci Health B19: 397-407 (1984) (6) Plastourgou M, Hoffmann MR; Environ Sci Technol 18: 756-64 (1984) (7) Wade MJ; Diss Abst Int 40: 4704 (1979)"
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              "(1) Mansour M et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 30: 358-64 (1983) (2) Wolfe NL et al; Chem and Photochem Transformation of Selected Pesticides in Aquatic Systems p 153 USEPA-600/3-76-067 (1976) (3) Chen ZM et al; Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 23: 5-11 (1984) (4) Crosby DG; pp. 568-76 in Advances in Pestic Sci, Part III, Geissbuhler H, ed, Permagon Press (1979) (5) Zepp RG, Baughman GL; in Aquatic Pollut (Repr), Hutzinger O, Van Lelyveld IH, Zoeteman BCJ, eds, Permagon Press (1978) (6) Zepp RG, Schlotzhauer PF; Environ Sci Technol 17: 462-8 (1983) (7) Draper WM, Crosby DG; J Agric Food Chem 32: 231-7 (1984) (8) Woodrow JE et al; Res Rev 85: 111-25 (1983) (9) Woodrow JE et al; J Agric Food Chem 26: 1312-6 (1978) (10) Spencer WF et al; J Agric Food Chem 28: 369-43 (1975) (11) GEMS; Graphical Exposure Modeling System. FAP Fate of atmospheric pollutants (1986) (12) Matsumura F, Esaac EG; Amer Chem Soc Symp Ser 99: 371 (1979) (13) Sieber JN, Woodrow JE; pp. 133-46 in Studies in Environ Sci 24(Determination and Assess of Pestic Exposure) Siewierski M, eds (1984)"
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              "(1) Yaron B; Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 39: 639-43 (1975) (2) Hautala RP; Surfactant Effects on Pestic Photochem in Water and Soil USEPA-600/3-78-060 (1978) (3) Saltzman S, Mingelgrin U; Ecol Stud 47: 153-61 (1984) (4) Wahid PA et al; J Environ Qual 9: 127-30 (1980) (5) Seiber JN, Woodrow JE; pp. 133-46 in Studies in Environ Sci 24 (Determination and Assess of Pestic Exposure) Siewierski M, eds (1984) (6) Munnecke, DM et al; pp. 1-32 in Biodegradation and Detoxification of Environmental Pollut Chakrabarty AM, ed CRC Press (1982)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Oct 27, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools (3) Sunderland VB et al; Int J Pharm 19: 1-15 (1984) (4) Fang H, et al; Environ Sci Technol 47: 2704-2712 (2013) (5) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)"
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              "(1) USEPA; Screening-Level Hazard Characterization, Bicyclic Terpene Hydrocarbons Category, September 2010; Available from, as of Dec 26, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/hpvis/hazchar/Category_Bicyclic%20Terpene%20Hydrocarbons_%20September_2010.pdf (2) Atkinson R et al; Atmos Chem Phys 6: 3625-4055 (2006). Available from, as of Dec 27, 2014: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/special_issue8.html (3) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. beta-Pinene (127-91-3), alpha-Pinene (80-56-9). NIST Gas Kinetics Database, 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Dec 27, 2014: https://webbook.nist.gov (4) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Dec 27, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (5) Atkinson R; Atmos Environ 34: 2063-2101 (2000) (6) Mill T; pp. 368 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000)"
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              "(1) US EPA;  Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of April 9, 2014: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (2) Kearney PC et al; J Agric Food Chem 34: 702-6 (1986) (3) Freitag D et al; Chemosphere 14: 1589-616 (1985) (4) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Coumaphos (56-72-4) (2008-2010) (5) Lartiges SB and Garrigues PP; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1246-54 (1995) (6) Moreno MJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 136-41 (1995)"
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              "(1) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Phenol, 2-methyl- (95-48-7), Phenol, 3-methyl- (108-39-4), Phenol, 4-methyl- (106-44-5). NIST Gas Kinetics Database, 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of: Dec 30, 2014: https://webbook.nist.gov (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Jan 8, 2015: h ttp://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (3) Atkinson R; Atmos Environ 34: 2063-2101 (2000) (4) Geyer A et al; J Geophys Res 108: 4368 (2003) (5) Nojima K, Kanno S; Chemosphere 6: 371-6 (1977) (6) Atkinson R et al; Int J Chem Kinet 12: 779-836 (1980) (7) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Phenol, 2-methyl- (95-48-7), Phenol, 3-methyl- (108-39-4), Phenol, 4-methyl- (106-44-5). NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, Updated Sept 2014. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Jan 5, 2015: https://webbook.nist.gov (8) Mill T; pp. 368 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000) (9) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)"
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              "(1) Hebert VR et al; J Agric Food Chem 48: 1922-1928 (2000) (2) Gomaa HM et al; Res Rev 29: 171-90 (1969) (3) Chapman RA, Cole CM; J Environ Sci Health B17: 487-504 (1982) (4) USDA; ARS Pesticide Properties Database (last updated May 1999) on Diazinon (333-41-5). Available from, as of Sept 13, 2011: https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14199 (5) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Diazinon (CAS 333-41-5) (2008-2010) (6) Sanborn JR et al; The Degradation of Selected Pesticides in Soil: A Review of the Published Literature NTIS PB-272 353 (1977) (7) Gore RC et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 54: 1040-82 (1971) (8) Burkhard N, Guth JA; Pestic Sci 10: 313-9 (1979) (9) Ivie GW, Casida JE; J Agric Food Chem 19: 410-6 (1971) (10) Graebing P, Chib JS; J Agric Food Chem 52: 2606-2614 (2004)"
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              "(1) Falah IZ, Hammers WE; Toxicol Environ Chem 42: 9-18 (1994) (2) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Dichlorvos (62-73-7) (2008-2010) (3) USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs) Database on Dichlorvos (62-73-7). USEPA 738-R-99-015. Available from, as of June 1, 2017: https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm (4) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons (2001) (5) Lamoreaux RJ, Newland LW; Chemosphere 10: 807-14 (1978) (6) Faust SD, Suffet IH; Res Rev 15: 44 (1966) (7) Luberman MT, Alexander M; J Agric Food Chem 31: 265-7 (1983)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1987)"
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              "(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 24, 2013: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (2) Rewick RT et al; Appl Spectroscopy 40: 152-6 (1986) (3) Price CC, Wakefield LB; J Org Chem 12: 232-7 (1947) (4) Talmage SS et al; The Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in the Environment. In: Chem. Warfare Agents: Toxicol Treat, Maarrs TC et al, eds., West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons (2007)"
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              "(1) Ward JR, Seiders RP; p 78-80 in Preprint extended abstracts. Amer Chem Soc Anal Mtg Philadelphia Pa Aug (1984) (2) Bartlett PD, Swain CG; J Am Chem Soc 71: 1406-15 (1949) (3) McManus SP et al; J Am Chem Soc 107: 3393-5 (1985) (4) Small MJ; Compounds formed from the chemical decontamination of HD, GB, and VX and their environmental fate. TR-8304. Fort Detrick, MD: US Army Med Bioeng Res Devel Lab. AD-A149 515 (1984) (5) Penski EC; An expanded model for the hydrolysis of mustard and its applications. TR-ARCSL-TR-83021. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army, Res Devel Command. AD B075118L (1983) (6) Talvite A; Suomen Kemistilehti 23A: 98-108 (1950)"
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              "(1) Savin YI et al; in NATO ASI Ser. 1. Kaffka AV, ed, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Kluwer. 7(Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons: Aspects, Problems, and Solutions): 109-18 (1996) (2) Penski EC; An expanded model for the hydrolysis of mustard and its applications. TR-ARCSL-TR-83021. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army, Res Devel Command. AD B075118L (1983) (3) Yurow HW; Persistence of Chemical Agents HD and VX in the Environment. Unpublished report U.S. Army, CRDEC June 2 (1988) (4) Opresko DM et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 156: 1-183 (1998) (5) Penski EC; An expanded model for the hydrolysis of mustard and its applications. TR-ARCSL-TR-83021. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army, Res Devel Command. AD B075118L (1983) (6) Rosenblatt DH et al; Problem definition studies on potential environmental pollutants. II. TR-7509. Fort Detrick, MD: U.S. Army Bioeng Res Devel Lab. AD A0030428 (1975)"
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              "(1) Freed VH et al; Environ Health Perspect 30: 79 (1979) (2) Freed VH et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 706 (1979) (3) Macalady DL, Wolfe NL; J Agric Food Chem 31: 1139 (1983) (4) Meikle RW, Youngson CR; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 7: 13 (1978) (5) Blanchet PF, St George A; Pest Sci 13: 85 (1982) (6) Mortland MM, Raman KV; J Agric Food Chem 15: 163 (1967) (7) Chapman RA, Harris C; Journal Environ Sci Health B19: 397 (1984) (8) Macalady DL, Wolfe NL; J Agric Food  hem 33: 167 (1985) (9) World Health Org; WHO Specifications and Evaluations for Public Health Pesticides. Chlorpyrifos (March 2009). Available from, as of April 2, 2014: https://www.who.int/whopes/quality/Chlorpyrifos_WHO_specs_eval_Mar_2009.pdf"
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                  "String": "The hydrolysis half-life of chlorpyrifos at 20 °C buffered solution was measured as 53.0 days at pH 7.4 and 120 days at pH 6.1(1,2). At 25 °C, the hydrolysis rate was found to be relatively independent of pH from pH 1 to pH 7 with a half-life of about 78 days(3). In buffered distilled water, half-lives of 62.7, 35.3, and 22.8 days were measured at pH 4.7, 6.9, and 8.1, respectively at 25 °C; half-lives of 210, 99,and 54 days were measured at pH 4.7, 6.9, and 8.1, respectively at 15 °C(4). The products of the aqueous hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos include 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and various trichloropyridyl phosphorothioates(4). The aqueous hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos is catalyzed significantly by the presence of Cu(+2) ions(4-7); the addition of Cu(+2) ions to both a distilled water and natural water solution of chlorpyrifos at pH 8.2-8.3 lowered the half-lives from several weeks to less than one day(7). Chlorpyrifos hydrolyzed 16 times faster in natural canal water containing metal ions than in distilled water at the same pH and temperature(4); however, the level of catalyzing metal ions present in most natural waters is about an order of magnitude lower than necessary to enhance the hydrolysis rate(8). The hydrolysis half-life in three different natural waters at 25 °C was measured to be about 48 days with metal catalysis unimportant(8). The neutral and acid rate of hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos was not substantially altered when absorbed to sediments in laboratory studies as compared to hydrolysis in natural water only; however, the hydrolysis rate was retarded somewhat under alkaline conditions in the sorbed-state(8). Using an EPA test method, the hydrolysis half-lives at 25 °C in aqueous buffers at pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9 were 72, 72 and 16 days respectively(3). In another study using an EPA test method, the hydrolysis half-lives at 30 °C in aqueous buffers at pH 4, pH 7 and pH 9 were 72, 40 and 24 days respectively(3).",
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              "(1) Racke KD; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 131: 1-150 (1993) (2) Dilling WL et al; Environ Sci Technol 18: 540 (1984) (3) Meikle RW et al; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 12: 189 (1983) (4) Kilsenko MA, Pismennaya MV; Gig Tr Prof Zabol 6: 56 (1979) (5) Chem ZM et al; Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 23: 5 (1984) (6) Graebing P, Chib JS; J Agric Food Chem 52: 2606-14 (2004)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Greve PA, Wit SL; J Water Pollut Control Fed 42: 2338-48 (1971) (3) Peterson SM, Batley GE; Environ Pollut 82: 143-52 (1993) (4) Schumacher G et al; Tet Lett 24: 2229-32 (1971) (5) Schupan I et al; Z Naturforsch 27B: 147-56 (1972) (6) Archer TE et al; J Agr Food Chem 20: 954-6 (1972) (7) Atkinson R, Carter WPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984)"
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              "(1) Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res Ctr., CMA Contract No. AFC-8.0-OR (1994) (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Jun 5, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1987) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (4) Jencks WP, Carriulo J; J Am Chem Soc 83: 1743-50 (1960) (5) Bennett SR et al; Environmental Hazards of Chemical Agent Simulants. CRDC-TR-84055, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD p. 103-6 (1984)"
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              "(1) Fernandez-Quintanilla C et al; Soil Appl Herbic Symp, pp. 301-8 (1981) (2) Armstrong DE et al; Soil Science Soc Amer Proc 31: 61-6 (1967) (3) Plust SJ et al; J Org Chem 46: 3661-5 (1981) (4) Wolfe NL et al; Chemical and Photochemical Transformation of Selected Pesticides in Aquatic Systems p. 153 (1976) (5) Armstrong DE et al; Soil Science Soc Amer Proc 31: 61-6 (1967) (6) Li GC, Felbeck GT; Soil Sci 114: 201-8 (1972) (7) Khan SU; Pestic Sci 9: 39-43 (1978) (8) USEPA; Health and Env Effects Profile for Atrazine. ECAO-CIN-P098 (1984) (9) Comber SDW; Pestic Sci 55: 696-702 (1999) (10) Gamble DS, Khan SU; Can J Chem 70: 1597-1603 (1992)"
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              "(1) Burkhard N, Guth JA; Pest Sci 7: 65 (1976) (2) Tanaka FS et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 227-30 (1981) (3) Khan, Schnitzer M; J Environ Sci Health B13: 299-310 (1978) (4) Kotzias D et al; Naturwissenschaften 69: 444-5 (1982) (5) Wolfe NL et al; Chemical and Photochemical Transformation of Selected Pesticides in Aquatic Systems p 153 (1976) (6) Rejto M et al; J Agric Food Chem 31: 138-42 (1983) (7) Furman OS et al; Chemosphere 93: 1734-41 (2013)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies, Development of PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. SRI International. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. December 20 (1987) (3) Brunn VJ et al; J Prakt Chem 318: 745-55 (1976)"
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              "(1) Pitts NH Jr et al; Atmospheric Chemistry of Hydrazines: Gas Phase Kinetics and Mechanistic Studies Statewide Air Pollut Res Cent Riverside, CA Rep No. AFESC/ESL-TR-80-39 (1980) (2) Judeikis HS, Damschen DE; Amer Chem Soc 186th Mtg Preprints Div Environ Chem 23: 281 (1983) (3) Judeikis HS, Damschen DE; Reactions of Hydrazine With Chemicals Found in Environment. Technol Oper, Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA. Report 1992, TR-0091(6448)-1, SSD-TR-92-03; AD-A247064 (1992)"
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              "(1) Baulch DL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 13: 1259-1341 (1984) (2) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2011. Available from, as of July 26, 2012: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (3) Kurten T et al; Phys Chem Chem Phys 12: 12833-9 (2010) (4) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Hydrogen Sulfide (7783-06-4). NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, June 2005 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Jul 26, 2012: https://webbook.nist.gov (5) Millero FJ et al; Environ Sci Technol 21: 439-443 (1987)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 7-4 (1990) (3) Desai JV; Wavelength and Temperature Dependence of the Photooxidation of Aliphatic Aldehydes. (PhD Dissertation). State College, PA: Pennsylvania State Univ (1987) (4) Altshuller AP; J Atmos Chem 13: 155-82 (1991)"
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              "(1) Sommerlade R et al; Atmos Environ 40: 3306-3315 (2006) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Atkinson R, Carter WPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984) (4) Pechacek R et al; J Agric Food Chem 45: 4584-8 (1997) (5) Borek V et al; J Agric Food Chem 43: 1935-40 (1995) (6) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Tomlin CDS, ed; The Pesticide Manual World Compendium. 11th ed., Surrey, England: British Crop Protection Council. p. 380 (1997) (3) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd ed. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, p. 1184 (1996) (4) USDA; The Pesticide Properties Database. Agricultural Res Service. Available from, https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14147 as of July 2009. (5) Tomlin CDS, ed. Dicofol (115-32-2). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council.(6) USEPA; Pesticide Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs) Database on Dicofol (115-32-2). Available from, https://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/REDs/0021red.pdf as of July 2009. (7) Archer TE; Bull Environ Contam Toxic 12: 202-203 (1974) (8) Chen ZM et al; Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 23: 5-11 (1984) (9) Gruzdyev GS et al; The Chemical Protection of Plants. Moscow, USSR: MIR Publ p. 160 (1988)"
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              "(1) O'Neil MJ, ed; The Merck Index. 15th ed., Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 981 (2013) (2) US EPA; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. The HPV voluntary challenge chemical list. Robust summaries and test plans. Kerosene/Jet Fuel. Washington, DC: US EPA, Off Prevent Pest Tox Subst, Pollut Prevent Toxics. Available from, as of July 11, 2017: https://iaspub.epa.gov/oppthpv/document_api.download?FILE=Summaries_c15020rs.pdf (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)"
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              "(1) Brubaker WW, Hites RA; Environ Sci Technol 32: 766-769 (1998) (2) Saleh FY et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 1: 289-97 (1982) (3) Ngabe B et al; Environ Sci Technol 27: 1930-3 (1993) (4) Ellington JJ; Hydrolysis Rate Constants For Enhancing Property-reactivity Relationships. Report 1989, USEPA/600/3-89/063. NTIS PB89-220479 (1989)"
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              "1) Woodrow JE et al; Res Rev 85: 111-25 (1983) (2) Hermann BW; Diss Abstr Intern 41: 4104 (1980) (3) Eichelberger JW, Lichtenberg JJ; Environ Sci Technol 5: 541-4 (1971) (4) USEPA; Pesticide Fate Database. Active Ingredient Search. Tribufos (78-48-8). Available from the database query page at https://cfpub.epa.gov/pfate/home.cfm as of Jan 30, 2006."
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              "(1) NIST; Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Database Number 69 - Feb 2015 Release. Available from, as of Feb 17, 2017: https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (4) Zingg SP, Sigman ME; Photochem Photobiol 57: 453-9 (1993) (5) Brack W et al; Environ Sci Technol 22: 2228-37 (2003) (6) David B, Boule P; Chemosphere 26: 1617-30 (1993) (7) Sankoda K et al; Environ Sci Technol 47: 7037-44 (2013) (8) ECHA; Anthracene. EC number: 204-371-1. ECB Summary Fact Sheet. TC NES Subgroup on Identification of PBT and VPVB Substances. Results of the Evaluation of the PBT/VPVB Properties of Antrhacene, Pure. Mar 3, 2008. European Chemicals Agency. Available from, as of Feb 17, 2017: https://echa.europa.eu/home (9) Park KS et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 9: 187-95 (1990)"
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              "(1) Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res Ctr. CMA Contract No. ARC-8.0-OR (1994) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Atkinson R, Carter WPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984) (4) Hooker CL et al; J Atmos Chem 2: 307-20 (1985) (5) Chew AA, Atkinson R; J Geophys Res 101: 28649-53 (1996) (6) Hakola H et al; J Atmos Chem 18: 75-102 (1994) (7) Grosjean D et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1526-33 (1992) (8) Atkinson R, Carter WP; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984) (9) Kwok ESC et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 329-34 (1996) (10) Wangberg I et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 2130-35 (1997) (11) Atkinson R, Arey J; Atmos Environ 37: S197-S219 (2003) (12) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)"
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              "(1) Barbera JJ et al; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 7th ed. (2002). NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons; Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionites. Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000."
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              "(1) Sharom MS et al; Water Res 14: 1089-93 (1980) (2) Chen ZM et al; Ind Eng Chem Prod Res Dev 23: 5-11 (1984) (4) Ruzicka JH et al; J Chromatography 31: 37-47 (1967) (5) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-9 (1993) (6) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-7 (1988) (7) Worthing CR, Walker SB, eds; The Pesticide Manual 8th ed Suffolk, England: Lavenham Press Ltd (1987)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; Atmos Chem Phys 8: 4141-96 (2008) (2) Butler JH, Rodriguez JM; pp. 28-90 in The Methyl Bromide Issue. Bell CH et al, eds. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons (1996) (3) Mabey W, Mill T; J Phys Chem Ref Data 7: 383-415 (1978) (4) Castro CE, Belser NO; J Agric Food Chem 29: 1005-8 (1981) (5) Robbins DE; Geophys Res Lett 3: 213-6 (1976) (6) Jeffers PM, Wolfe NL; in Fumigants: Environ Fate Expos Analy, ACS Symp Ser 652652, Seiber JN et al, eds., Amer Chem Soc: Washington, DC pp 32-41 (1996) (7) Jeffers PM, Wolfe NL; Geophys Res Lett 23: 1773-6 (1996) (8) NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, Feb 2015 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Nov 28, 2018: https://webbook.nist.gov (9) Robbins DE; Geophys Res Lett 3: 213-6 (1976) (10) ECETOC; Exeprimental Assessment of the phototransformation of chemicals in the atmosphere. Sept, 1983. TR007. Brussles, Belgium: European Centre Ecotox Tox Chem. Available from, as of Nov 29, 2018: https://www.ecetoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ECETOC-TR-007.pdf (11) Altshuller AP; Comments on the Lifetimes of Organic Molecules in Air. USEPA-600/9-80-003 (1980)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph No. 2 (1994) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990) (4) Talmage SS et al; Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment, Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd (2007) (5) Mitretek Systems; Chemistry of Other Lethal Chemical Agents Database on Phosgene. Available from the Database Query page at https://www.mitretek.org/mission/envene/chemical/agents/other.html as of August 2, 2000. (6) Kolb CE et al; Halo Replacements: Technology and Science. Amer Chem Soc, Washington, DC. Miiziolek AW, Tsang W, eds. ACS Symp Ser pp.50-58 (1995) (7) Montgomery CW, Rollefson GK; J Amer Chem Soc 55: 4025-35 (1933)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Thiele-Bruhn S; J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 166: 145-67 (2003) (3) Aiello SE et al, eds; The Merck Veterinary Manual. 8th ed. Whitehouse Station, NY: Merck & Co., p. 1765 (1998) (4) Lam MW et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 23: 1431-40 (2004) (5) Boreen AL et al; Environ Sci Technol 38: 3933-40 (2004)"
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              "(1) Lewis RJ Sr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 15th ed., New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 1019 (2007) https://www.norvaplastics.com/teflon.asp (2) Norva Plastics; Teflon. Available from, as of Sept 23, 2015: (3) Ellis DA et al; Nature 412: 321-324 (2001)"
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              "PMID:11460160",
              "Ellis DA  et al; Nature. 412 (6844): 321-4 (2001)"
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                  "String": "Following the introduction of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs) gases as replacements for the ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been discovered that HCFCs/HFCs can degrade in the atmosphere to produce trifluoroacetic acid, a compound with no known loss mechanisms in the environment, and higher concentrations in natural waters have been shown to be mildly phytotoxic. Present environmental levels of trifluooracetic acid are not accounted by HCFC/HFC degradation alone. Here we report that thermolysis of fluorinated polymers, such as the commercial polymers Teflon and Kel-F, can also produce trifluoroacetate and the similar compound chlorodifluoroacetate. This can occur either directly, or indirectly via products that are known to degrade to these haloacetates in the atmosphere. The environmental significance of these findings is confirmed by modelling, which indicates that the thermolysis of fluoropolymers in industrial and consumer high-temperature applications (ovens, non-stick cooking utensils and combustion engines) is likely to be a significant source of trifluoroacetate in urban rain water (approximately 25 ng L-1, as estimated for Toronto). Thermolysis also leads to longer chain polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acids which may be equally persistent. Some of these products have recently been linked with possible adverse health and environmental impacts and are being phased out of the US market. Furthermore, we detected CFCs and fluorocarbons-groups that can destroy ozone and act as greenhouse gases, respectively-among the other thermal degradation products, suggesting that continued use of fluoropolymers may also exacerbate stratospheric ozone-depletion and global warming."
                }
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              "(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2011. Available from, as of Oct 19, 2011: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (2) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Terephthalic acid (100-21-0). NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, June 2005 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Nov 9, 2011: https://webbook.nist.gov (3) Dorfman LM, Adams GE; Reactivity of the Hydroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solution NSRD-NBS-46 Washington DC: Natl Bureau Standards (1973) (4) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-887 (1980) (5) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)"
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of terephthalic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Terephthalic acid absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(2), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 9 is 3.2X10+9 L/mol-sec(3); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 250 days(SRC) at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(4). Terephthalic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5).",
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            "Reference": [
              "(1) Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res Ctr. CMA Contract No. ARC-8.0-OR (1994) (2) Mabey W, Mill T; J Phys Chem Ref Data 7: 383 (1978) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)"
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        "Description": "The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel.",
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            "Reference": [
              "(1) Atkinson R, Arey J; Chem Rev 103: 4605-38 (2003) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Maguire WJ, Pink EC; Trans Faraday Soc 63: 1097-105 (1967) (4) Radding SB et al; Rev Environ Fate Chem. NTIS 68-01-2681 pp. 63-67 (1977) (5) Sanchez J, Myers TN; Peroxide and Peroxide Compounds, Organic Peroxides. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. (1999-2017). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Online Posting Date: 4 Dec 2000."
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tert-butyl hydroperoxide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 3.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). tert-Butyl hydroperoxide will directly photolyze due to absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(3). High tert-butyl peroxy radical concentrations formed during photolysis of this compound alone or in solution with various solvents with or without O2(3). As an added source of free radicals, peroxides contribute to the buildup of photochemical smog(4). tert-Butyl hydroperoxide is expected to react rapidlywith organic matter in soil and water and be decomposed rapidly by metal ions(5). Alkyl hydroperoxides are reduced readily to the corresponding alcohols(5).",
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        "Description": "The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel.",
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            "Reference": [
              "(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Oct 26, 2016: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (3) Li J et al; J Agric Food Chem 63: 8584-8591 (2015) (4) Criado S et al; Redox Rep 17: 131-138 (2012)"
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of t-butylhydroquinone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7.5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). t-Butylhydroquinone is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). t-Butylhydroquinone has a weak absorption maximum at 292 nm (abs of approximately 0.59) that decreases to zero at about 325 nm(3); therefore, it may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). t-Butylhydroquinone was found to have a low photodegradation efficiency with respect to oxidative species(4).",
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Cotton FA, Wilkinson G; Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons p. 385 (1980) (3) Lewis RJ Sr; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold  p. 751 (1993) (4) Hardman BB, Torkelson A; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech 3rd NY: Wiley 20: 922-62 (1982)"
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            "Reference": [
              "(1) Atkinson R; Gas-phase Tropospheric Chemistry of Organic Compounds. J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph 2. p. 150 (1994) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Hewitt CN, Harrison RM; Environ Sci Tech 20: 797-802 (1986) (4) Brown SL et al; in Research Program on Hazard Priority Ranking of Manufactured Chemicals. Stanford Research Inst, Menlo Park, CA. NTIS PB-263 161. pp. 191 (1975) (5) Tiravanti G, Boari G; Environ Sci Tech 13: 849-54 (1979) (6) Maddock BG, Taylor D; pp. 233-62 in Lead in The Marine Environment Branica M, Konrad Z eds Oxford,UK: Pergamon Press (1980) (7) USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Lead Alkyls ECAO-CIN-P133 p. 9-17 (1985) (8) Jarvie AWP et al; Environ Res 25: 241-9 (1981) (9) Harrison RM, Laxen DPH; Environ Sci Tech 12: 1384-92 (1978)"
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetraethyl lead with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.1 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Reaction of tetraethyl lead with hydroxyl radicals yields triethyl lead compounds, diethyl lead compounds and inorganic lead, with the ionic alkyllead compounds occurring in either the gas-phase or in aerosol form(3). The hydrolysis half-life of tetraethyl lead in fresh water at pH 7 and 40 °C was reported to be approximately 8 days(4). The rate constant for chemical hydrolysis of tetraethyl lead in seawater is reported to be 1.33X10-5/sec(5); this corresponds to a half-life of 14 hrs(SRC). Triethyl lead chloride has been identified as a reaction product(5,6). Degradation of tetraethyl lead in water results in the formation of trialkyl and dialkyl lead compounds(7). Copper and iron ions have been found to catalyze the decomposition of tetraethyl lead in water(8). The rate constants for direct photolysis of vapor-phase tetraethyl lead exposed to bright sunlight at solar zenith angles of 40 and 75 deg have been experimentally determined to be 5.1X10-3/min and 1.29X10-3/min, respectively(9). These values correspond to respective photolytic half-lives of 2.3 and 9.0 hours in air(SRC).",
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Marcali K; Anal Chem 29: 552 (1957) (3) IARC; Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Some Chemicals used in Plastics and Elastomers 39: 287-323 (1985) (4) Sopach ED, Boltromeyuk LP; Gig Sanit 7: 10-13 (1974) (5) Duff PB; pp. 408-12 in Polyurethane-New Paths to Progress Marketing Technology (1983)"
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              "(1) Merck Index; An Encyclopedia of Chemcials, Drugs and Biologicals 10th ed p 551 (1983) (2) Atkinson R; J Chem Phys Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (3) Mabey W, Mill T; J Phys Chem Ref Data 7: 383-415 (1978) (4) Riemenschneider W; pp. 565-85 in Ullmann's Encycl of Indust Chem A9 NY: VCH Publishers (1987)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Spicer CW et al; A Literature Review of Atmospheric Transformation Products of Clean Air Act Title III Hazardous Air Pollutants. July 1993. Research Triangle Park, NC: USEPA/600/R-94/088 (3) Kao AS; J Air Waste Manage Assoc 44: 683-96 (1994) (4) Armbrust KL; Environ Toxicol Chem 19: 2175-80 (2000) (5) Bondarenko S, Gan J; Environ Toxicol Chem 23: 1809-14 (2004)"
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              "(1) Wolfe NL et al; Water Res 12: 565-71 (1978) (2) Chapman RA, Cole CM; J Environ Sci Health B17: 487-504 (1982) (3) Wauchope RD, Haque R; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 9: 257-60 (1973) (4) Aly OM, El-Dib MA; Water Res 5: 1191-1205 (1971) (5) Boethling RS, Alexander M; Appl Environ Microbiol 37: 1211-6 (1979) (6) Aly OM, El-Dib MA; pp 469-93 in Organic Compounds in Aquatic Environ. NY, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc (1971) (7) Lartiges SB et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1246-54 (1995) (8) Katagi T; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 175: 79-261 (2002) (9) Menzie CM; Metabolism of Pesticides Update III. Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, p. 107 (1980)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Helling CS; J Environ Qual 5: 1-15 (1976) (3) Parochetti JV, Dec GW Jr; Weed Sci 26: 153-6 (1978) (4) Parochetti JV, Hein ER; Weed Sci 21: 469-73 (1973) (5) Plimmer JR; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20: 87-92 (1978) (6) Corbin FT, Upchurch RP; Weeds 15: 370-7 (1967) (7) Leitis E, Crosby DG: J Agric Food Chem 22: 842-8 (1974) (8) Crosby DG, Leitis E; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 10: 237-41 (1973) (9) Zepp RC, Cline DM; Environ Sci Tech 11: 359-66 (1977) (10) Soderquist CJ et al; J Agric Food Chem 23: 304-9 (1975) (11) Crosby DG; pp. 835-90 in Herbicides Chemistry, Degradation and Mode of Action 2 New York, NY: Marcel Dekker (1976) (12) Draper WM; Chemosphere 14: 1195-1203 (1985) (13) Mongar K, Miller GC; Chemosphere 17: 2183-8 (1988) (14) Bossan D et al; Chemosphere 30: 21-29 (1995) (15) Woodrow JE et al; Res Rev 85: 111-25 (1983) (16) Humburg NE et al; pp. 253-4 in Herbicide Handbook 6th ed. Weed Society of America (1989)"
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              "(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of Jan 9, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (2) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST Gas Kinetics Database, 2013 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Jan 13, 2015: https://webbook.nist.gov (3) Atkinson R; Atmos Environ 34: 2063-2101 (2000) (4) Geyer A et al; J Geophys Res 108: 4368 (2003) (5) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, Updated Sept 2014. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of Jan 13, 2015: https://webbook.nist.gov (6) Neamtu M, Frimmel FH; Sci Total Environ 369: 295-306 (2006) (7) Ahel M et al; Chemosphere 28: 1361-8 (1994) (8) Faust BC, Hoigne J; Environ Sci Technol 21: 957-64 (1987) (9) ECHA; Search for Chemicals. Phenol, 4-nonyl-, branched (CAS 84852-15-3) Registered Substances Dossier. European Chemical Agency. Available from, as of Jan 12, 2015: https://echa.europa.eu/"
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              "(1) El-Dib MA, Aly OA; Water Res 10: 1055-9 (1976) (2) Hill GD et al; Agron J 47: 93-104 (1955) (3) Tanaka FS et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 227-30 (1981) (4) Tanaka FS et al; Chemosphere 13: 927-32 (1984) (5) Tanaka FS et al; Pestic Sci 16: 265-70 (1985) (6) Crosby DG; pp. 835-90 in Herbicides 2nd ed. Kearney PC, Kaufman DD (eds), Vol 2. NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc (1976) (7) Marcheterre L et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 103: 61-123 (1988)"
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-bromopropane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.06X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. An aqueous hydrolysis half-life of about 26 days was calculated based upon a neutral hydrolysis rate measured at 55 °C for 1-bromopropane at pH 7 and 25 °C from its first-order rate constant of 3.01X10-7 sec-1(2). 1-Bromopropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).",
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              "(1) Atkinson R; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 435-62 (1988) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1987) (4) Lide DR, Milne GWA, eds; Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc. 2: 1900 (1994)"
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-octene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-octene with ozone in the atmosphere has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(1). 1-Octene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(2).",
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with ozone in the atmosphere is 1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 28 hours at an atmospheric concn of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with atomic oxygen is 2.85X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 27 °C(4). 1-Pentene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(5) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(5).",
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              "(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.1. Jan, 2011. Available from, as of Feb 1, 2012: https://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm (2) Lyman WJ et al;  andbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (3) Spanggord RJ et al; Environmental Fate Studies on Certain Munitions Wastewater Constituents US NTIS AD A099 256 (1980) (4) Mill T, Mabey W; In: Environmental Exposure from Chemicals. Volume I. Neely,WB and Blau,GE eds., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 198 (1985) (5) Simmons MS, Zepp RH; Wat Res 20: 899-904 (1986)"
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              "(1) Spanggord RJ et al; Environmental Fate Studies On Certain Munitions Wastewater Constituents. Final report, Phase I - Lit Rev. SRI project No. LSU-7934. Contract No. DAMD 17-78-C-8081. Fort Detrick, MC: US Army Med Res Develop Cmnd (1980) (2) Burlinson NE et al; Photochemistry of TNT. Pink Water Problem. US NTIS, AD Rep, AD-769670 pp 20 (1973) (3) Burlinson NE; Photochemistry of TNT and Related Nitrobodies. Quarterly Report No 16 for 1 April to 30 June (1978) (4) Spanggord RJ et al; Environmental Fate Studies On Certain Munitions Wastewater Constituents. Final Rpt, Phase II Lab Studies NTIS AD A099256 pp 137 (1980) (5) Brannon JM et al; Chemosphere 36: 1453-62 (1998) (6) Hofstetter TB et al; Environ Sci Technol 33: 1479-87 (1999) (7) Hwang HM et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 65: 228-35 (2000)"
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              "(1) Hance RJ et al; J Sci Food Agric 18: 544-7 (1967) (2) USDA; Agric Res Service. ARS Pesticide Properties Database on Picloram (1918-02-1). Available from, as of Oct 31, 2012: https://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14199 (3) Hedlund RT, Youngson CR; pp. 159-72 in Fate of Organic Pesticides in the Aquatic Systems (1972) (4) Mosier AR, Guenzi WD; J Agric Food Chem 21: 835-7 (1973) (5) Woodburn KB et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 8: 769-75 (1989) (6) Zepp RG; pp. 329-45 in Pestic Chem: Adv Int Res, Dev, Legis, Proc Int Congr Pestic Chem, 7th 1990, Environ Res Lab, US EPA, Athens, GA (1991)"
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              "(1) Albanis TA et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 17: 351-69 (1988) (2) Brahmaprakash GP et al; Agric Ecosyst Environ 19: 29-39 (1987) (3) Mabury SA et al; pp. 71-117 in Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, Vol 147, Ware GW, ed, New York, NY: Springer-Verlag (1996) (4) Noblet JA et al; J Agric Food Chem 44: 3682-93 (1996) (5) Lartiges SB, Garrigues PP; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1246-54 (1995) (6) Ferrando MD et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 48: 747-55 (1992)"
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              "Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides-Update III. Special Scientific Report- Wildlife No. 232. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1980., p. 46"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph Nol 1 (1989) (2) Tuazon EC et al; Atmospheric Reaction Mechanisms of Amine Fuels NTIS AD-A118267 (1982) (3) Tuazon EC et al; Environ Sci Technol 15: 823-8 (1981) (4) Judeikis HS, Damschen DE; Amer Chem Soc 186th Mtg Preprints Div Environ Chem 23: 281 (1983) (5) Banerjee S et al; Chemosphere 13: 549-59 (1984)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Wolfe NL et al; Environ Sci Tech 11: 1077-81 (1977) (3) Park RA et al; Modeling the Fate of Toxic Org Materials in Aquatic Environ USEPA-600/3-82-028 NTIS PB82-254079 (1982) (4) Katagi T; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 175: 79-261 (2002) (5) Zepp RG et al; J Agric Food Chem 24: 727-33 (1976) (6) Okumura T J Environ Chem 1: 38-47 (1991)"
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              "IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk  of Chemicals to Humans. Geneva: World Health Organization,  International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.  (Multivolume work). Available at: https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/index.php, p. V2 50 (1973)"
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              "(1) US EPA; Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. Ver. 4.11. Nov, 2012. Available from, as of June 19, 2018: https://www2.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (3) Buxton GV et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 17: 513-882 (1988) (4) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-887 (1980) (5) NIST; NIST Chemistry WebBook. Nicotinamide (98-92-0). NIST Standard Reference Database No. 69, Feb 2015 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available from, as of June 19, 2018: https://webbook.nist.gov"
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              "(1) Tomlin CDS, ed. Resmethrin (10453-86-8). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council. (2) Miyamoto J; Environ Health Perspect 14: 152-8 (1976) (3) Ueda K et al; J Agric Food Chem 22: 212-20 (1974) (4) Zepp RG, Baughman GL; pp. 237-63 in Aquatic Pollutants. Hutzinger O et al, eds. NY, NY: Pergamon Press (1978) (5) Samsonov YN, Makarov VI; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56: 903-910 (1996)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Ruzicka JH et al; J Chromatog 31: 37-47 (1967) (3) Freed VH et al; Environ Health Perspect 20: 55-70 (1977) (4) Johnson B; Environmental Hazards Assessment Program 17 pp (1991) (5) Capel PD, Larson SJ; Chemosphere 30:1097-107 (1995) (6) Ellington JJ et al; Measurement of hydrolysis rate constants for evaluation of hazardous waste Vol2 USEPA-600/S3-87/019 p.6 (1987) (7) Katagi T; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 175:79-261 (2002) (8) Gore RC et al; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 54: 1040-82 (1971) (9) USEPA; Health and Environ Effects Profile for Dimethoate EPA ECAO-CIN-PO81 249 pp (1985) (10) USEPA; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) Database on Dimethoate (60-51-5). June 12, 2006. USEPA Case no. 0088. Available at https://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/dimethoate_ired.pdf as of Mar 29, 2007."
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              "(1) Atkinson R; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 435-42 (1988) (2) Lacorte S, Barcelo D; Environ Sci Technol 28: 1159-63 (1994) (3) Aly AO, Badawy MI; Environ Int 7: 373-7 (1982) (4) Greenhalgh R et al; J Agric Food Chem 28: 102-5 (1980) (5) Mikami N et al; J Pesticide Sci 10: 263-72 (1985) (6) Brewer DG et al; Chemosphere 3: 91-5 (1974) (7) Gan J et al; Chemosphere 21: 589-96 (1990)(8) Addison JB; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27: 250-5 (1981) (9) Fukushima M & Katagi T; J Agr Food Chem 54: 474-479 (2006)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Tomlin CD, ed; The Pesticide Manual 11th ed., Surrey, England: British Crop Protection Council, p. 812 (1997) (3) Hinton JF; Hydrolytic and photochemical degradation of organophosphorus pesticides. Univ. Ar., Arkansas Water Resources Research Center, Fayetteville, AR., AWRRC Pub. No. 63., NTIS 292 705, pp. 67. (1978) (4) Katagi T; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 175: 79-261 (2002) (5) Canton JH et al; Catch-up operation on old pesticides. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: Rijkinst Volksgezondh Milieuhyg. RIVM-678010002 (NTIS PB92-105063) pp. 149 (1991) (6) Smolen JM, Stone AT; in Preprint Extnd Abstr, 208th ACS Natl Mtg. Amer Chem Soc, Div Environ Chem 34: 534-7 (1994)"
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              "(1) Chukwudebe A et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 539-45 (1989) (2) Medina D et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63: 39-44 (1999) (3) Lacorte S et al; Environ Sci Technol 29: 431-8 (1995) (4) Diaz-Diaz R et al; J Contam Hydrol 36: 1-30 (1999) (5) Sanchez L et al; Chemosphere 59: 969-76 (2005)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (3) Jaber HM et al; Data Acquisition for Environmental Transport and Fate Screening for Compounds of Interest to the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. USEPA-600/6-84-011 p. 156 (1984) (4) Saleh MA; Rev Environ Contam Toxic 118: 85 (1990) (5) Fingerling G et al; Environ Sci Technol 30: 2984-92 (1996) (6) Haag WR, Yao CCD; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1005-1013 (1992) (7) Williams RR, Bidleman TF; J Agric Food Chem 26: 280-282 (1978) (8) Clark JM, Matsumura F; Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 8: 285-98 (1979)"
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              "(1) Callahan MA et al; Water Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants Ch 15 USEPA-440/4-79-029a (1979) (2) Zepp RG, Cline DM; Environ Sci Technol 11: 359-66 (1977) (3) Draper WM; Chemosphere 14: 1195-203 (1985)"
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                  "String": "The reported half-life for sunlight photolysis of DDE in water irradiated at 313 nm and the direct photolysis half-life in sunlight at 40 deg latitude was calculated to range from 0.9 days in summer to 6.1 days in winter(1,2). Half-lives of 15 and 26 hr were reported for photolysis of DDE in water solutions irradiated at 310-410 nm(3). Identified photolysis products include; 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene, 1,1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene, and dichlorobenzophenone(1).",
                  "Markup": [
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            "Reference": [
              "Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. Volumes 1-2. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, NY. 2001, p. 644"
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                  "String": "Persistence in river water in a sealed glass jar under sunlight and artificial fluorescent light - initial concentration 10 ug/L: 100% of original compound is still found after 8 weeks.",
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              "Menzie, C.M. Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978., p. 104"
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                  "String": "When DDT and DDE in pyrex tubes were exposed to UV-irradiation (lambda greater than 290 nm) as solids in an oxygen stream, mineralization products (carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride) were observed in small amt after 7 days. DDE yielded dichlorobenzophenone and trichlorobenzophenone.",
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Hilal SH et al; pp. 291-353 in Quantitative Treatments of Solute/Solvent Interactions: Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Vol. 1 NY, NY: Elsevier (1994) (3) Sadtler Res Lab; Sadtler Standard UV Spectra No. 1181 (4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1987) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990)"
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of diazomethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.34X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 16 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Diazomethane undergoes rapid hydrolysis with water, releasing nitrogen, and therefore hydrolysis is not expected. Diazomethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).",
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            "Reference": [
              "McGarrity JF, Smyth T; J Amer Chem Soc 102(24): 7303-8 (1980)"
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                  "String": "The reaction between diazomethane and the hydronium ion was studied in a THF-water (60:40 v/v) mixture at 25 °C. When a large excess if diazoalkane was used, the kinetics were zero order in diazoalkane abd first order in acid for the pH range 4<pH<5.5. The pH rode dramatically at the start of the reaction: the pH rise was measured by use of a novel continuous-flow system. Combination of the kinetic and pH data allowed estimation of the protonation rate as 4X10+8/M-sec. Isotope-exchange studies showed that water deprotonates the methanediazonium ion less rapidly than it displaces nitrogen; however, the hydroxide ion reacts more rapidly as a base than as a nucleophile. The rates of nucleophillic attack of water and the hydroxide ion on the methanediazoonium ion were estimated as 1.8/sec and 1X10+4 /M-sec, respectively, in THF-water (60:40 v/v). The pKa of the methanediazonium ion in this medium was ten.",
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        "Name": "1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE",
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              "(1) Burlinson NE et al; Environ Sci Technol 16: 627-32 (1982) (2) IARC; Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons 20: 83-96 (1979) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (4) Deeley GM et al; J Environ Qual 20: 547-56 (1991) (5) Milano JC et al; Wat Res 24: 557-64 (1990)"
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                  "String": "Kinetic data on the hydrolysis of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in water was collected in the range of 40-97 °C(1). An Arrhenius plot of these data yielded estimated half-lives of 38 and 141 years at 25 and 15 °C, respectively, at pH 7(1). Under alkaline conditions, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane is hydrolyzed to 2-bromoallyl alcohol(2). A half-life of 6.1 years, due mainly to hydrolysis, was calculated in a study examining the fate of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in both groundwater and groundwater/aquifer solids(4). Laboratory studies in phosphate buffer solutions indicate that 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane dehydrohalogenation to 2-bromo-3-chloro-1-propene (95%) and 2,3-dibromo-1-propene (5%) occurs followed by hydrolysis to the corresponding allyl alcohols; dehydrohalogenation is relatively slow when compared to the hydrolysis of this compound(4). Irradiation of an aqueous solution of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in pyrex tubes, using a mercury vapor UV lamp, resulted in negligible photodegradation(5). The addition of hydrogen peroxide to the solution increased the rate of photodegradation noticeably, suggesting that this compound may be degraded in natural waters containing a high concentration of hydroxyl radicals(5).",
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              "1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine, 3,3'-dichloro- (91-94-1). NIST Standard Reference Database, 2015 Release. Washington, DC: US Sec Commerce. Available, as of Mar 21, 2015: https://webbook.nist.gov (3) Banerjee S et al; Environ Sci Technol 12: 1425-27 (1978) (4) Nyman MC et al; Amer Chem Soc Div Environ Chem Preprint 37: 293-4 (1997) (5) USEPA; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. Test Plan for 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride (CAS No. 612-83-9), June 2006. Available from, as of Mar 21, 2015: https://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/pubs/summaries/viewsrch.htm (6) Mill T; pp. 368 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000)"
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              "(1) Akinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph No 1 (1989) (2) Cox RA et al; Environ Sci Technol 14: 57-61 (1980) (3) Darnall KR et al; J Phys Chem 82: 1581-4 (1978) (4) Atkinson R et al; Internat J Chem Kin 14: 781-8 (1982) (5) Baulch DL et al; J Phys Chem Ref Data 13: 1259-1380 (1984) (6) Kopczynski SL et al; Environ Sci Technol 6: 342-7 (1972) (7) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill p. 7-4, 8-12 (1982)"
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              "(1) Ellington JJ et al; Measurement of Hydrolysis Rate Constants for Evaluation of Hazardous Waste Land Disposal Vol 3 USEPA-600/3-88/028 (NTIS PB88-23042/AS) (1988) (2) Atkinson R; Intern J Chem Kinetics 19: 799-828 (1987) (3) Bordwell FG et al; J Am Chem Soc 81: 2698-705 (1958) (4) Radding SB et al; Review of the environmental fate of selected chemicals (NTIS 68-01-2681) (1977) (5) IARC; Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans 4: 253-5 (1974)"
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                  "String": "Diquat dibromide has an absorption maximum at 310 nm(1) and is highly susceptible to decomposition by UV radiation(2,3). When exposed to sunlight, greater than 50 and 75% of dry diquat dibromide was decomposed to volatile products in 48 and 96 hr, respectively(3). No diquat dibromide remained in solution when exposed to UV radiation for 192 hr(3). When a solution containing 5 ppm of diquat dibromide was exposed to sunlight during May and June, 70% was degraded in 3 weeks, and picolinic acid and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-oxopyrido[1,2-a] -5-pyrazinium salt were major photoproducts(4). When adsorbed on particulate matter, no photodegradation occurs(5).",
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                  "String": "The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ametryne with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Ametryne is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). The rate of degradation of 8 ppm ametryne in Chehalis loam soil moistened to 40% of field capacity was 0.14 and 0.26 per month at 13.2 and 31.2 °C, respectively(4). These rates correspond to half-lives of 5.0 and 2.7 months at these temperatures. The initial step in the degradation was thought to be abiotic(4); however, sterile soil controls were not used(SRC). Catalyzed hydrolysis occurs with s-triazines on montmorillonite(2) and this may contribute to the degradation of ametryne in clay soils(SRC).",
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              "(1) Jordan LS et al; Res Rev 32: 267-86 (1970) (2) Burkhard N, Guth JA; Pesticide Sci 7: 65-71 (1976) (3) Tanaka FS et al; J Agric Food Chem 29: 227-30 (1981) (4) Pacakova V et al; J Chromatography 442: 147-55 (1988) (5) Retjo M et al; J Agric Food Chem 31: 138-42 (1983) (6) Miller GC et al; Amer Chem Soc Div Environ Chem 193rd Natl Mtg 27: 463-5 (1987)"
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                  "String": "1,3,5-Triazines, such as ametryne, have a UV absorption band whose tail extends beyond 290 nm(1) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC). When a 10 mg/L ametryne solution at pH 6.8 and 15 °C was exposed to artificial sunlight in a photoreactor, the half-life was 10.2 hr(2). In a similar experiment with an initial ametryne concn of 100 ppm and a temperature of 50 °C, 17% loss occurred in 135 minutes(3). The addition of 0.2% Tergitol TMN-10 surfactant had no significant effect on the photodegradation while Triton X-100 enhanced it. The rate of photolysis increases with decreasing pH(4). Natural waters may contain photosensitizers (e.g. humic substances) which may increase the photodegradation of a chemical. In the presence of a test photosensitizer, 1% acetone, the half-life of ametryne was reduced to 3.3 hr(2). The photoproducts consisted of de-N-alkyl-, de-N,N'-dialkyl-, de(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazines, and a hydroxytriazine(2). The major product formed in the presence of the sensitizer was the de-N-ethyl derivative; its yield was 25% after 6 hr(2). Riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide are effective sensitizers for ametryne photooxidation, while rose bengal and methylene blue were ineffective in this capacity(5). A dark control used in one photolysis experiment showed no hydrolysis after 4 days(2). A moderate amount of photolytic loss of ametryne, <10% to 30% in 7 days, was observed on the surface of three sandy loam agricultural soils(6). This loss is thought to be a result of light-induced free radical oxidation(6).",
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              "Doull, J., C.D.Klassen, and M.D. Amdur (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 3rd ed., New York: Macmillan Co., Inc., 1986., p. 833"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Mill T et al; Environmental Fate and Exposure Studies Development of a PC-SAR for Hydrolysis: Esters, Alkyl Halides and Epoxides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International (1987)"
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              "Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V12 321 (1980)"
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                  "String": "The 4-halogen substituent was replaced by hydroxyl when linuron and monuron were exposed to sunlight in aqueous solutions; demethylation also occured.",
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              "(1) El-Dib MA, Aly OA; Water Res 10: 1047-50 (1976) (2) Hance RJ; J Sci Food Agric 18: 544-7 (1967) (3) Hance RJ; J Sci Food Agric 20: 144-5 (1969)"
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                  "String": "The alkaline hydrolysis rate constant for linuron is 1.19 l/mole-d(1). No loss of linuron or appearance of hydrolysis products occurred in 4 months in buffered solutions at pH 5, 7, and 9(1). Hydrolysis proceeds at a measurable rate only under highly alkaline conditions. Hydrolysis experiments performed at elevated temperatures in a calcareous silt loam soil and extrapolated to 20 °C, predicted a half-life for chemical hydrolysis in soil of roughly 6.3 years(2-3).",
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-9 (1993) (2) Freed VH et al; J Agric Food Chem 27: 706-8 (1979) (3) Tomlin CDS, ed; Phosmet (732-11-6). In: The e-Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition Version 3.1 (2004-05). Surrey UK, British Crop Protection Council. (4) McNall LR; Am Fruit Grow 8: 16 (1974) (5) Atwood ST et al; J Agric Food Chem 35: 169-72 (1987) (6) Lartiges SB, Garrigues PP; Environ Sci Technol 29: 1246-1254 (1995)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Spencer EY; Guide to the Chemicals Used in Crop Protection. 6th ed. Publication 1093. Ottawa, Canada: Information Canada, Res Inst, Agriculture Canada, p. 453 (1968)"
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              "(1) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5, 8-12 (1990) (2) Menzie CM; Metabolism of Pesticides, Update II. U.S. Dept Int, Fish Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report - Wildlife No. 2l2. Washington, DC: U.S. Gov Print Off, p. 249 (1978) (3) MacBean C, ed; e-Pesticide Manual. 15th ed., ver. 5.1, Alton, UK; British Crop Protection Council. Rotenone (CAS 83-79-4) (2008-2010) (4) Metcalf RL; Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 7th ed (1999-2011). Insect Control. Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000 (5) Ivie GW, Casida JE; J Agric Food Chem 19: 405-09 (1971) (6) Cheng HM et al; J Agr Food Chem 20: 850-56 (1972)"
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              "(1) Palm WU et al; Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 41: 36-43 (1998)(2) Burkhard N, Guth JA; Pest Sci 12: 45-52 (1981) (3) Armstrong DE et al; Soil Science Soc Amer Proc 31: 61-6 (1967) (4) Li GC, Felbeck GT; Soil Sci 114: 201-8 (1972) (5) Khan SU; Pestic Sci 9: 39-43 (1978)(6) Calvet R; Environ Health Perspect 83: 145-77 (1989) (7) Walker SR, Blacklow WM; Aust J Soil Res 32: 1189-1205 (1994) (8) Haag WR, Yao CCD; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1005-13 (1992) (9) Mill T et al; Science 207: 886-7 (1980) (10) Tomlin CDS ed; The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. The British Crop Protection Council p. 1106 (1997)"
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              "(1) Ruzo LO et al; J Agric Food Chem 21: 1047-9 (1973) (2) Rejto M et al; J Agric Food Chem 31: 138-42 (1983) (3) Pape BE, Zabik MJ; J Agric Food Chem 18: 202-7 (1970)"
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              "(1) Hansen L; The Ortho Side of PCBs: Occurrence and Disposition. G. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Pubs, p. 3 (1999) (2) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (3) Mabey WR et al; in Aquatic Fate Process Data for Organic Priority Pollutants. USEPA-440/4-81-014 p. 115-128 (1981) (4) Prager JC; Environmental Contaminant Reference Databook. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 2: 809 (1996) (5) Leifer A et al; Environmental Transport and Transformation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. USEPA-560/5-83-02, NTIS PB84-142579 p.8-1 to 8-5 (1983)"
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              "(1) Magid LJ, Larsen JW; J Org Chem 39: 3142-4 (1974) (2) Senent S et al; An Quim; 69: 13-23 (1973) (3) Mill T; Environ Toxicol Chem 1: 135-141 (1982) (4) USEPA; PCGEMS (Graphical Exposure Modeling System) PCHYDRO (1988) (5) Mata F, Mucientes A; Z Phys Chem Leipzig 259: 881-8 (1978)"
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              "(1) Sadtler S; UV Spectrum Sadtler Res Lab Inc Philadelphia PA Utk6751 (1969) (2) Kondo M; Simulation studies of degradation of chemicals in the water and soil; Office of Health Studies Environment Agency Japan (1978) (3) Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents 4th ed; NY, NY: Wiley (1986)"
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                  "String": "The UV absorption maximum of a methanol solution of methyl salicylate is 305 nm(1) which indicates that methyl salicylate can undergo direct photolysis. One photolysis study was performed which yielded a half-life of methyl salicylate in solution of about 48 min(2). The exact medium was not identified, but the authors stated that compounds with low water solubilities were dissolved in a 10% ethanol-water mixture. Based on the concentration of methyl salicylate which was used (3.5 g/L), and the water solubility of the ester of 7.4 g/L(3), it is likely that the result above was obtained using an ethanol-water mixture or absolute ethanol. The UV dose used in the study was 0.0077 erg/sq cm/min, and the UV wavelengths ranged from 300 nm to 400 nm with a maximum at 350 nm. Direct photolysis may, therefore, be an important degradative process in the environment; no available data, however, were collected under environmental conditions.",
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        "Name": "6-BROMOBENZO(A)PYRENE",
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              "(1) Kwok ESC, Atkinson R; Estimation of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants for gas-phase organic compounds using a structure-reactivity relationship: an update. Riverside, CA: Univ CA, Statewide Air Pollut Res Ctr. CMA Contract No. ARC-8.0-OR (1994) (2) Pompe M, Veber M; Atmos Environ 35:3781-8 (2001) (3) Atkinson R, Carter WPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984) (4) Gramatica P et al; Atmospheric Environment 37:3115-24 (2003) (5) Atkinson R; Chemistry of Organic Compounds, J Phys Chem Ref Data, Monograph 2, 216 pp (1994)"
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              "(1) Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data. Monograph 1 p. 191 (1989) (2) O'Neil M; The Merck Index. 13th ed Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co Inc pg 468 (2001) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 8-12 (1990)"
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              "(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Chemosphere 26: 2293-99 (1993) (2) Ramachandran BV; Indian J Biochem Biophys 8: 112-113 (1971) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 7-19 (1982) (4) O'Brien RD; Toxic Phosphorus Esters. NY, NY: Academic Press pp. 29-52 (1960) (5) Saunders BC, Todd A; Some Aspects of the Chem and Tox Action of Organic Cpds Containing Phosphorus and Fluorine. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ Press, pp. 46-9 (1957)"
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