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<h2 class="TxtB" style="padding-bottom:2px">Machine Translation</h2>
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Editor-in-Chief: Andy Way
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ISSN: 0922-6567 (print version)<br />
ISSN: 1573-0573 (electronic version)<br />
Journal no. 10590<br />
Springer Netherlands
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<div><a href="http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/journal/10590" class="Txt11">Description</a></div>
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<div><a href="http://www.springer.com/computer/artificial/journal/10590?detailsPage=editorialBoard" class="Txt11">Editorial Board</a></div>
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<div class="Txt25" style="padding:3px 0 3px 0px!important; padding /**/:4px 0px 3px 0px/* for IE5/Win */;">Instructions for Authors</div>
<div style="padding-bottom:7px"><span>Machine Translation</span></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor1">Online Manuscript Submission</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor2">Electronic figures</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor3">Colour figures</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor4">Language</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor5">Manuscripts in LaTeX</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor6">Keywords</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor7">Abstract</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor8">References</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor9">Figures</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor10">Tables</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor11">Section Headings</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor12">Appendices</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor13">Notes</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor14">Punctuation and style</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor15">Example Sentences and Cited Forms</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor16">Permissions</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor17">Proofs</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor18">Offprints</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor19">Copyright</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor20">Charges</a></div><div style="padding-bottom:5px" class="TxtB"><a href="#anchor21">Springer Open Choice</a></div><img height="2" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img height="1" width="489" alt="" src="/sgw/img/hor_line_ccc.gif"/><br/><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor1"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Online Manuscript Submission</span></div></div><div><span>Springer now offers authors, editors and reviewers of Machine Translation the option of using our fully web-enabled online manuscript submission and review system. To keep the review time as short as possible (no postal delays!), we encourage authors to submit manuscripts online to the journal‘s editorial office. Our online manuscript submission and review system offers authors the option to track the progress of the review process of manuscripts in real time. Manuscripts should be submitted to:</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>http://coat.edmgr.com</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>The online manuscript submission and review system for Machine Translation offers easy and straightforward log-in and submission procedures. This system supports a wide range of submission file formats: for manuscripts - Word, WordPerfect, RTF, TXT and LaTex; for figures - TIFF, GIF, JPEG, EPS, PPT, and Postscript.</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>NOTE: By using the online manuscript submission and review system, it is NOT necessary to submit the manuscript also in printout + disk. In case you encounter any difficulties while submitting your manuscript on line, please get in touch with the responsible Editorial Assistant by clicking on “CONTACT US” from the tool bar.</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/></div><div style="padding-top:3px" class="Txt11"><a target="_blank" class="Txt11" onclick="" href="http://coat.edmgr.com">http://coat.edmgr.com</a></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor2"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Electronic figures</span></div></div><div><span>Electronic versions of your figures must be supplied. For vector graphics, EPS is the preferred format. For bitmapped graphics, TIFF is the preferred format. The following resolutions are optimal: line figures - 600 - 1200 dpi; photographs - 300 dpi; screen dumps - leave as is. Colour figures can be submitted in the RGB colour system. Font-related problems can be avoided by using standard fonts such as Times Roman, Courier and Helvetica.</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor3"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Colour figures</span></div></div><div><span>Colour figures may be printed at the author’s expense. Please indicate at submission which figures should be printed in colour, the number of colour pages you prefer and to which address we can send the invoice. In addition, please specify if figures are to appear together on a colour page.</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor4"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Language</span></div></div><div><span>We appreciate any efforts that you make to ensure that the language is corrected before submission.</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>This will greatly improve the legibility of your paper if English is not your first language.</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor5"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Manuscripts in LaTeX</span></div></div><div><span>Machine Translation prefers the submission of papers in LaTeX. A LaTeX style file can be obtained from the Publisher.</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Internet: </span></div><div style="padding-top:3px" class="Txt11"><a target="_blank" class="Txt11" onclick="" href="http://www.springer.com/authors/jrnlstylefiles/">http://www.springer.com/authors/jrnlstylefiles/</a></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor6"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Keywords</span></div></div><div><span>Please provide a list of 5 to 10 keywords.</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor7"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Abstract</span></div></div><div><span>A short abstract of not more than 200 words, which clearly summarizes the paper, should be supplied.</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>In addition, this should be sent by e-mail to the editor [email protected]</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor8"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>References</span></div></div><div><span>1. Journal article: </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Smith J, Jones M Jr, Houghton L et al (1999) Future of health insurance. N Engl J Med 965:325–329</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>2. Inclusion of issue number (optional):</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Saunders DS (1976) The biological clock of insects. Sci Am 234(2):114–121 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>3. Journal issue with issue editor:</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Smith J (ed) (1998) Rodent genes. Mod Genomics J 14(6):126–233 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>4. Journal issue with no issue editor:</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Mod Genomics J (1998) Rodent genes. Mod Genomics J 14(6):126–233 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span> </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>5. Book chapter:</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Brown B, Aaron M (2001) The politics of nature. In: Smith J (ed) The rise of modern genomics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>6. Book, authored:</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>South J, Blass B (2001) The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>7. Book, edited: </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Smith J, Brown B (eds) (2001) The demise of modern genomics. Blackwell, London</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>8. Chapter in a book in a series without volume titles:</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Schmidt H (1989) Testing results. In: Hutzinger O (ed) Handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 2E. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 111 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span> </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>9. Chapter in a book in a series with volume title: </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Smith SE (1976) Neuromuscular blocking drugs in man. In: Zaimis E (ed) Neuromuscular junction. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 42. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp593–660 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>10. Proceedings as a book (in a series and subseries):</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Zowghi D et al (1996) A framework for reasoning about requirements in evolution. In: Foo N, Goebel R (eds) PRICAI'96: topics in artificial intelligence. 4th Pacific Rim conference on artificial intelligence, Cairns, August 1996. Lecture notes in computer science (Lecture notes in artificial intelligence), vol 1114. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 157 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>11. Proceedings with an editor (without a publisher):</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Aaron M (1999) The future of genomics. In: Williams H (ed) Proceedings of the genomic researchers, Boston, 1999 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>12. Proceedings without an editor (without a publisher): </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Chung S-T, Morris RL (1978) Isolation and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces fradiae. In: Abstracts of the 3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorganisms, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June 1978 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>13. Paper presented at a conference: </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Chung S-T, Morris RL (1978) Isolation and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces fradiae. Paper presented at the 3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorganisms, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June 1978 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>14. Patent: </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Name and date of patent are optional </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Norman LO (1998) Lightning rods. US Patent 4,379,752, 9 Sept 1998 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>15. Dissertation: </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Trent JW (1975) Experimental acute renal failure. Dissertation, University of California </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>16. Institutional author (book):</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (1966) Nomina anatomica. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>17. Non-English publication cited in an English publication:</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Wolf GH, Lehman P-F (1976) Atlas der Anatomie, vol 4/3, 4th edn. Fischer, Berlin. [NB: Use the language of the primary document, not that of the reference for "vol" etc.!] </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>18. Non-Latin alphabet publication:</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>The English translation is optional. </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Marikhin VY, Myasnikova LP (1977) Nadmolekulyarnaya struktura polimerov (The supramolecular structure of polymers). Khimiya, Leningrad </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>19. Published and In press articles with or without DOI: </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>19.1 In press</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Wilson M et al (2006) References. In: Wilson M (ed) Style manual. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (in press) </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>19.2. Article by DOI (with page numbers) </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med 78:74–80. DOI 10.1007/s001090000086 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>19.3. Article by DOI (before issue publication with page numbers) </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med (in press). DOI 10.1007/s001090000086 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>19.4. Article in electronic journal by DOI (no paginated version) </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. Dig J Mol Med. DOI 10.1007/s801090000086 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>20. Internet publication/Online document </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Doe J (1999) Title of subordinate document. In: The dictionary of substances and their effects. Royal Society of Chemistry.Available via DIALOG. http://www.rsc.org/dose/title of subordinate document. Cited 15 Jan 1999 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>20.1. Online database </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Healthwise Knowledgebase (1998) US Pharmacopeia, Rockville. http://www.healthwise.org. Cited 21 Sept 1998 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Supplementary material/private homepage </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Doe J (2000) Title of supplementary material. http://www.privatehomepage.com. Cited 22 Feb 2000 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>University site </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Doe J (1999) Title of preprint. http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/mydata.html. Cited 25 Dec 1999 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>FTP site </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Doe J (1999) Trivial HTTP, RFC2169. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2169.txt. Cited 12 Nov 1999 </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Organization site </span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>ISSN International Centre (1999) Global ISSN database. http://www.issn.org. Cited 20 Feb 2000</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor9"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Figures</span></div></div><div><span>All photographs, graphs and diagrams should be referred to as a 'Figure' and they should be numbered consecutively (1, 2, etc.). Multi-part figures ought to be labelled with lower case letters (a, b, etc.). Please insert keys and scale bars directly in the figures. Relatively small text and great variation in text sizes within figures should be avoided as figures are often reduced in size. Figures may be sized to fit approximately within the column(s) of the journal. Provide a detailed legend (without abbreviations) to each figure, refer to the figure in the text and note its approximate location in the margin. Please place the legends in the manuscript after the references.</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor10"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Tables</span></div></div><div><span>Each table should be numbered consecutively (I, II, III, etc.). In tables, footnotes are preferable to long explanatory material in either the heading or body of the table. Such explanatory footnotes, identified by superscript letters, should be placed immediately below the table. Please provide a caption (without abbreviations) to each table, refer to the table in the text and note its approximate location in the margin. 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Try to avoid going down to this level if possible</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Use LaTeX commands /section{Exciting heading} etc. to generate these styles automatically.</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor12"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Appendices</span></div></div><div><span>Supplementary material which cannot be incorporated into the text should be collected in an Appendix and placed before the Notes and Reference sections.</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor13"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Notes</span></div></div><div><span>The journal has endnotes rather than footnotes. Notes, which should be kept to a minimum, should be indicated by consecutive superscript numbers in the text and listed at the end of the article before the References. (Use the LaTeX command \endnote{...})</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor14"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Punctuation and style</span></div></div><div><span>It is the journal‘s policy to publish in the variety of English most appropriate for the author(s) – usually American or British. Rules of spelling, capitalization and punctuation will follow accordingly.</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Double quotes are used for quotations and for the introduction of new terms ("scare quotes"). 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Do not introduce abbreviations if the term is not going to be reused.</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Where punctuation marks occur adjacent to a quotation mark, they follow the quotation mark unless they are part of the quoted material, e.g. I know he did not say "is it grammatical?"; but did he say "it is grammatical"?</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Where a raised endnote reference number occurs adjacent to a punctuation mark, it always occurs after the punctuation.</span></div><div style="padding:5px 0 2px 0"><a name="anchor15"><img border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/></a><div class="TxtB"><span>Example Sentences and Cited Forms</span></div></div><div><span>In the text, cited forms which consist of a word or SHORT phrase should appear within the text in italics.</span><img border="0" height="5" width="1" alt="" src="/sgw/img/x.gif"/><br/><span>Non-English citations should be accompanied by a gloss in single quotes. For example, "the English phrase kick the bucket might be rendered in French as casser sa pipe ‘break one‘s pipe‘." For languages which use a non-Roman writing system, (normally) give the citation in standard orthography along with a transcription in italics followed by a gloss, e.g. [CYRILLIC HERE] perevod ‘translation‘. For transcriptions/transliterations follow the accepted norm. For Japanese, use the phonetic (Hepburn) system rather than phonemic or "waapuroo" transcription. So, fuji not huzi, joohoo not zyouhou. Katakana words should also be transliterated: shisutemu not system. For Chinese, use pinyin; normally, tone diacritics can be omitted, unless needed to disambiguate, in which case use accents rather than superscript numbers. 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