In order to run the universal_robot_driver, we highly recommend to setup a ubuntu system with
real-time capabilities. Especially with a robot from the e-Series the higher control frequency
might lead to non-smooth trajectory execution if not run using a real-time-enabled system.
You might still be able to control the robot using a non-real-time system. This is, however, not recommended.
To get real-time support into a ubuntu system, the following steps have to be performed:
- Get the sources of a real-time kernel
- Compile the real-time kernel
- Setup user privileges to execute real-time tasks
This guide will help you setup your system with a real-time kernel.
To build the kernel, you will need a couple of tools available on your system. You can install them using
$ sudo apt-get install build-essential bc ca-certificates gnupg2 libssl-dev wget gawkBefore you download the sources of a real-time-enabled kernel, check the kernel version that is currently installed:
$ uname -r
4.15.0-62-generic To continue with this tutorial, please create a temporary folder and navigate into it. You should have sufficient space (around 25GB) there, as the extracted kernel sources take much space. After the new kernel is installed, you can delete this folder again.
In this example we will use a temporary folder inside our home folder:
$ mkdir -p ${HOME}/rt_kernel_build
$ cd ${HOME}/rt_kernel_buildAll future commands are expected to be run inside this folder. If the folder is different, the $
sign will be prefixed with a path relative to the above folder.
To build a real-time kernel, we first need to get the kernel sources and the real-time patch.
First, we must decide on the kernel version that we want to use. Above, we determined that our system has a 4.15 kernel installed. However, real-time patches exist only for selected kernel versions. Those can be found on the linuxfoundation wiki.
In this example, we will select a 4.14 kernel. Select a kernel version close to the one installed on your system.
Go ahead and download the kernel sources, patch sources and their signature files:
$ wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/4.14/patch-4.14.139-rt66.patch.xz
$ wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/4.14/patch-4.14.139-rt66.patch.sign
$ wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/linux-4.14.139.tar.xz
$ wget https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/linux-4.14.139.tar.signTo unzip the downloaded files do
$ xz -d patch-4.14.139-rt66.patch.xz
$ xz -d linux-4.14.139.tar.xzTechnically, you can skip this section, it is however highly recommended to verify the file integrity of such a core component of your system!
To verify file integrity, you must first import public keys by the kernel developers and the patch author. For the kernel sources use (as suggested on kernel.org)
$ gpg2 --locate-keys [email protected] [email protected]and for the patch search for a key of the author listed on linuxfoundation wiki.
$ gpg2 --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --search-keys zanussi
gpg: data source: http://51.38.91.189:11371
(1) German Daniel Zanussi <[email protected]>
4096 bit RSA key 0x537F98A9D92CEAC8, created: 2019-07-24, expires: 2023-07-24
(2) Michael Zanussi <[email protected]>
4096 bit RSA key 0x7C7F76A2C1E3D9EB, created: 2019-05-08
(3) Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>
Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>
Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>
4096 bit RSA key 0xDE09826778A38521, created: 2017-12-15
(4) Riccardo Zanussi <[email protected]>
2048 bit RSA key 0xD299A06261D919C3, created: 2014-08-27, expires: 2018-08-27 (expired)
(5) Zanussi Gianni <[email protected]>
1024 bit DSA key 0x78B89CB020D1836C, created: 2004-04-06
(6) Michael Zanussi <[email protected]>
Michael Zanussi <[email protected]>
Michael Zanussi <[email protected]>
Michael Zanussi <[email protected]>
1024 bit DSA key 0xB3E952DCAC653064, created: 2000-09-05
(7) Michael Zanussi <[email protected]>
1024 bit DSA key 0xEB10BBD9BA749318, created: 1999-05-31
(8) Michael B. Zanussi <[email protected]>
1024 bit DSA key 0x39EE4EAD7BBB1E43, created: 1998-07-16
Keys 1-8 of 8 for "zanussi". Enter number(s), N)ext, or Q)uit > 3Now we can verify the downloaded sources:
$ gpg2 --verify linux-4.14.139.tar.sign
gpg: assuming signed data in 'linux-4.14.139.tar'
gpg: Signature made Fr 16 Aug 2019 10:15:17 CEST
gpg: using RSA key 647F28654894E3BD457199BE38DBBDC86092693E
gpg: Good signature from "Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>" [unknown]
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: 647F 2865 4894 E3BD 4571 99BE 38DB BDC8 6092 693E
$ gpg2 --verify patch-4.14.139-rt66.patch.sign
gpg: assuming signed data in 'patch-4.14.139-rt66.patch'
gpg: Signature made Fr 23 Aug 2019 21:09:20 CEST
gpg: using RSA key 0x0129F38552C38DF1
gpg: Good signature from "Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>" [unknown]
gpg: aka "Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>" [unknown]
gpg: aka "Tom Zanussi <[email protected]>" [unknown]
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: 5BDF C45C 2ECC 5387 D50C E5EF DE09 8267 78A3 8521
Subkey fingerprint: ACF8 5F98 16A8 D5F0 96AE 1FD2 0129 F385 52C3 8DF1Before we can compile the sources, we have to extract the tar archive and apply the patch
$ tar xf linux-4.14.139.tar
$ cd linux-4.14.139
linux-4.14.139$ xzcat ../patch-4.14.139-rt66.patch.xz | patch -p1 Now to configure your kernel, just type
linux-4.14.139$ make oldconfigThis will ask for kernel options. For everything else then the Preemption Model use the default
value (just press Enter) or adapt to your preferences. For the preemption model select Fully Preemptible Kernel:
Preemption Model
1. No Forced Preemption (Server) (PREEMPT_NONE)
> 2. Voluntary Kernel Preemption (Desktop) (PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY)
3. Preemptible Kernel (Low-Latency Desktop) (PREEMPT__LL) (NEW)
4. Preemptible Kernel (Basic RT) (PREEMPT_RTB) (NEW)
5. Fully Preemptible Kernel (RT) (PREEMPT_RT_FULL) (NEW)
choice[1-5]: 5Now you can build the kernel. This will take some time...
linux-4.14.139$ make -j `getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN` deb-pkgAfter building, install the linux-headers and linux-image packages in the parent folder (only
the ones without the -dbg in the name)
linux-4.14.139$ sudo apt install ../linux-headers-4.14.139-rt66_*.deb ../linux-image-4.14.139-rt66_*.debTo be able to schedule threads with user privileges (what the driver will do) you'll have to change
the user's limits by changing /etc/security/limits.conf (See the manpage for details)
We recommend to setup a group for real-time users instead of writing a fixed username into the config file:
$ sudo groupadd realtime
$ sudo usermod -aG realtime $(whoami)Then, make sure /etc/security/limits.conf contains
@realtime soft rtprio 99
@realtime soft priority 99
@realtime soft memlock 102400
@realtime hard rtprio 99
@realtime hard priority 99
@realtime hard memlock 102400
Note: You will have to log out and log back in (Not only close your terminal window) for these changes to take effect. No need to do this now, as we will reboot later on, anyway.
To make the new kernel the default kernel that the system will boot into every time, you'll have to
change the grub config file inside /etc/default/grub.
Note: This works for ubuntu, but might not be working for other linux systems. It might be necessary to use another menuentry name there.
But first, let's find out the name of the entry that we will want to make the default. You can list all available kernels using
$ awk -F\' '/menuentry |submenu / {print $1 $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg
menuentry Ubuntu
submenu Advanced options for Ubuntu
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-62-generic
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-62-generic (recovery mode)
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-60-generic
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-60-generic (recovery mode)
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-58-generic
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-58-generic (recovery mode)
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.139-rt66
menuentry Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.139-rt66 (recovery mode)
menuentry Memory test (memtest86+)
menuentry Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)
menuentry Windows 7 (on /dev/sdc2)
menuentry Windows 7 (on /dev/sdc3)From the output above, we'll need to generate a string with the pattern "submenu_name>entry_name". In our case this would be
"Advanced options for Ubuntu>Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.139-rt66"
The double quotes and no spaces around the > are important!
With this, we can setup the default grub entry and then update the grub menu entries. Don't forget this last step!
$ sudo sed -i 's/^GRUB_DEFAULT=.*/GRUB_DEFAULT="Advanced options for Ubuntu>Ubuntu, with Linux 4.14.139-rt66"/' /etc/default/grub
$ sudo update-grubAfter having performed the above mentioned steps, reboot the PC. It should boot into the correct kernel automatically.
Make sure that the kernel does indeed support real-time scheduling:
$ uname -v | cut -d" " -f1-4
#1 SMP PREEMPT RTMany modern CPUs support changing their clock frequency dynamically depending on the currently requested computation resources. In some cases this can lead to small interruptions in execution. While the real-time scheduled controller thread should be unaffected by this, any external components such as a visual servoing system might be interrupted for a short period on scaling changes.
To check and modify the power saving mode, install cpufrequtils:
$ sudo apt install cpufrequtilsRun cpufreq-info to check available "governors" and the current CPU Frequency (current CPU frequency is XXX MHZ). In the following we will set the governor to "performance".
$ sudo systemctl disable ondemand
$ sudo systemctl enable cpufrequtils
$ sudo sh -c 'echo "GOVERNOR=performance" > /etc/default/cpufrequtils'
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload && sudo systemctl restart cpufrequtilsThis disables the ondemand CPU scaling daemon, creates a cpufrequtils config file and restarts
the cpufrequtils service. Check with cpufreq-info.
For further information about governors, please see the kernel documentation.