feat(kafka): Implement limiter using partition ring for Kafka

[benclive]

What this PR does / why we need it:

Adds a partition ring strategy to stream limiting. This is needed for the kafka-based write path.

• Extracts the global limit -> local limit logic into "strategies" - one for regular ingester ring and one using the partition ring
• Updates tests: Whereever we just need a working limiter and aren't testing it explicitly, I used the old strategy.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes https://github.com/grafana/loki-private/issues/1118

Special notes for your reviewer:

Checklist

• Reviewed the CONTRIBUTING.md guide (required)
• Documentation added
• Tests updated
• Title matches the required conventional commits format, see here
  • Note that Promtail is considered to be feature complete, and future development for logs collection will be in Grafana Alloy. As such, feat PRs are unlikely to be accepted unless a case can be made for the feature actually being a bug fix to existing behavior.
• Changes that require user attention or interaction to upgrade are documented in docs/sources/setup/upgrade/_index.md
• If the change is deprecating or removing a configuration option, update the deprecated-config.yaml and deleted-config.yaml files respectively in the tools/deprecated-config-checker directory. Example PR

[cyriltovena]

LGTM