fix: exceptions raised in apply from a remote_function now surface in the client

[shobsi]

BEGIN_COMMIT_OVERRIDE
fix: code exception in remote_function now prevents retry and surfaces in the client (#387)
END_COMMIT_OVERRIDE

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Fixes internal issue 309699263 🦕

[tswast]

LGTM.

I've filed b/327662690 as a follow-up for an automatic call to _cached() inside apply() so that these errors happen as soon as possible. Since a remote function might do something non-deterministic, we need to do that to keep our results deterministic anyway.