From 8a5ecbca09ba45cfa0bcaab4c0cdfe108792a278 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Norman Meier <norman@berty.tech>
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2023 19:55:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/44] feat: grc20 registry

Signed-off-by: Norman Meier <norman@berty.tech>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno      |  2 +
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod        |  1 +
 .../gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod    |  6 ++
 .../r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno  | 44 +++++++++++++++
 .../grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno    | 55 +++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 108 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
index 39ab9260d3a..fc28446717a 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry"
 	"gno.land/r/demo/users"
 )
 
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ var (
 
 func init() {
 	foo = grc20.NewAdminToken("Foo", "FOO", 4)
+	grc20_registry.Register(foo.GRC20())
 	foo.Mint(admin, 1000000*10000)                                    // @administrator (1M)
 	foo.Mint("g1u7y667z64x2h7vc6fmpcprgey4ck233jaww9zq", 10000*10000) // @manfred (10k)
 }
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
index 1dbe9e01e4f..7d199825d33 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@ require (
         "gno.land/p/demo/ufmt" v0.0.0-latest
         "gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20" v0.0.0-latest
         "gno.land/r/demo/users" v0.0.0-latest
+        "gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry" v0.0.0-latest
 )
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8715926faf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry
+
+require (
+    "gno.land/p/demo/avl" v0.0.0-latest
+    "gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20" v0.0.0-latest
+)
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8f0f6d10df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package grc20_registry
+
+import (
+	"std"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gno.land/p/demo/avl"
+	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
+)
+
+var registry = avl.NewTree() // pkg path -> IGRC20
+
+func Register(token grc20.IGRC20) {
+	caller := std.PrevRealm().PkgPath()
+	registry.Set(caller, token)
+}
+
+func Get(pkgPath string) (grc20.IGRC20, bool) {
+	coinI, ok := registry.Get(pkgPath)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	coin, ok := coinI.(grc20.IGRC20)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("internal error: registered object is not a GRC20 token")
+	}
+	return coin, true
+}
+
+func Render(path string) string {
+	s := "# GRC20 Registry\n\n" +
+		"## Registered Tokens\n\n"
+	registry.Iterate("", "", func(pkgPath string, tokenI interface{}) bool {
+		token, ok := tokenI.(grc20.IGRC20)
+		pkgWebPath := strings.TrimPrefix(pkgPath, "gno.land")
+		if ok {
+			s += "- [" + token.GetName() + " (" + pkgPath + ")](" + pkgWebPath + ")\n"
+		} else {
+			s += "- [internal error: registered object is not a GRC20 token (" + pkgPath + ")](" + pkgWebPath + ")\n"
+		}
+		return false
+	})
+	return s
+}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3b1475c17d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package grc20_registry
+
+import (
+	"std"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
+)
+
+func TestRegistry(t *testing.T) {
+	coin := &dummyImpl{}
+	realmAddr := std.CurrentRealm().PkgPath()
+	Register(coin)
+	regCoin, ok := Get(realmAddr)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("expected to find coin")
+	}
+	if coin.GetSymbol() != "TST" {
+		t.Fatal("expected coin to have symbol TST")
+	}
+	expected := `# GRC20 Registry
+
+## Registered Tokens
+
+* [TestToken ()]()
+`
+	got := Render("")
+	if got != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("expected `%s`, got `%s`", expected, got)
+	}
+
+	// we test this here because there is more chance to find a bug after a token has been registered
+	if _, ok := Get("0xdeadbeef"); ok {
+		t.Fatal("expected not to find coin")
+	}
+}
+
+type dummyImpl struct{}
+
+// FIXME: this should fail.
+var _ grc20.IGRC20 = (*dummyImpl)(nil)
+
+func (impl *dummyImpl) GetName() string                               { return "TestToken" }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) GetSymbol() string                             { return "TST" }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) GetDecimals() uint                             { panic("not implemented") }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) TotalSupply() uint64                           { panic("not implemented") }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) BalanceOf(account std.Address) (uint64, error) { panic("not implemented") }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64) error  { panic("not implemented") }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) (uint64, error) {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}
+func (impl *dummyImpl) Approve(spender std.Address, amount uint64) error { panic("not implemented") }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error {
+	panic("not implemented")
+}

From 9c5fcde65e0717b5f3bd6f0946ff790cb8b73514 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 19:35:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 02/44] initial commit of receiver implied realm for pkg
 methods

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go | 13 +++++++++++++
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go   | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
index 94232e014d2..f6b0d2ed4c1 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
@@ -1629,6 +1629,19 @@ func (m *Machine) PushFrameCall(cx *CallExpr, fv *FuncValue, recv TypedValue) {
 	rlm := pv.GetRealm()
 	if rlm != nil && m.Realm != rlm {
 		m.Realm = rlm // enter new realm
+	} else if rlm == nil && recv.V != nil { // XXX maybe improve this part.
+		// maybe this is a bound method of a recv of a realm.
+		// in that case, inherit the realm of the receiver.
+		obj, ok := recv.V.(Object)
+		if ok {
+			recvOID := obj.GetObjectInfo().ID
+			if !recvOID.IsZero() {
+				recvPVOID := ObjectIDFromPkgID(recvOID.PkgID)
+				pv := m.Store.GetObject(recvPVOID).(*PackageValue)
+				rlm := pv.GetRealm()
+				m.Realm = rlm
+			}
+		}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 567aea58284..66f3ff56edf 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -70,12 +70,21 @@ func (pid PkgID) Bytes() []byte {
 }
 
 func PkgIDFromPkgPath(path string) PkgID {
+	fmt.Printf("PkgPath %s -> PkgID %v", path,
+		PkgID{HashBytes([]byte(path))})
 	return PkgID{HashBytes([]byte(path))}
 }
 
+// Returns the ObjectID of the PackageValue associated with path.
 func ObjectIDFromPkgPath(path string) ObjectID {
+	pkgID := PkgIDFromPkgPath(path)
+	return ObjectIDFromPkgID(pkgID)
+}
+
+// Returns the ObjectID of the PackageValue associated with pkgID.
+func ObjectIDFromPkgID(pkgID PkgID) ObjectID {
 	return ObjectID{
-		PkgID:   PkgIDFromPkgPath(path),
+		PkgID:   pkgID,
 		NewTime: 1, // by realm logic.
 	}
 }
@@ -145,6 +154,10 @@ func (rlm *Realm) DidUpdate(po, xo, co Object) {
 		return // do nothing.
 	}
 	if po.GetObjectID().PkgID != rlm.ID {
+		fmt.Println("PO", po.String())
+		fmt.Println("PO.PKGID", po.GetObjectID().PkgID)
+		fmt.Println("rlm", rlm)
+		fmt.Println("rlm.ID", rlm.ID)
 		panic("cannot modify external-realm or non-realm object")
 	}
 	// From here on, po is real (not new-real).

From a9bee164dcd3ceec2e3c856a21c110a278712cd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 20:16:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 03/44] deref receiver before checking if object

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go | 13 ++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
index f6b0d2ed4c1..95f1a90fa2a 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
@@ -1632,7 +1632,18 @@ func (m *Machine) PushFrameCall(cx *CallExpr, fv *FuncValue, recv TypedValue) {
 	} else if rlm == nil && recv.V != nil { // XXX maybe improve this part.
 		// maybe this is a bound method of a recv of a realm.
 		// in that case, inherit the realm of the receiver.
-		obj, ok := recv.V.(Object)
+		recvv := recv.V
+		// deref if pointer.
+		// XXX I guess we want to deref as much as possible.
+		for {
+			if pv, ok := recvv.(PointerValue); ok {
+				recvv = pv.Deref().V
+			} else {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		// Now check if it is an object.
+		obj, ok := recvv.(Object)
 		if ok {
 			recvOID := obj.GetObjectInfo().ID
 			if !recvOID.IsZero() {

From bc47c25f45ebf691d3db4ec6015dba4bd9155d9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Oct 2023 20:23:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 04/44] ...

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 66f3ff56edf..f4a4b17dcb5 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ func (pid PkgID) Bytes() []byte {
 }
 
 func PkgIDFromPkgPath(path string) PkgID {
-	fmt.Printf("PkgPath %s -> PkgID %v", path,
-		PkgID{HashBytes([]byte(path))})
+	// fmt.Printf("PkgPath %s -> PkgID %v", path,
+	//	PkgID{HashBytes([]byte(path))})
 	return PkgID{HashBytes([]byte(path))}
 }
 
@@ -154,10 +154,10 @@ func (rlm *Realm) DidUpdate(po, xo, co Object) {
 		return // do nothing.
 	}
 	if po.GetObjectID().PkgID != rlm.ID {
-		fmt.Println("PO", po.String())
-		fmt.Println("PO.PKGID", po.GetObjectID().PkgID)
-		fmt.Println("rlm", rlm)
-		fmt.Println("rlm.ID", rlm.ID)
+		// fmt.Println("PO", po.String())
+		// fmt.Println("PO.PKGID", po.GetObjectID().PkgID)
+		// fmt.Println("rlm", rlm)
+		// fmt.Println("rlm.ID", rlm.ID)
 		panic("cannot modify external-realm or non-realm object")
 	}
 	// From here on, po is real (not new-real).

From ec4d71734048712f1bf3ab7ceb6e8750c82e5314 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 06:17:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 05/44] ...

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go   | 36 +++++++++++++---------------------
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go |  1 +
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
index 95f1a90fa2a..8665e049e9f 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
@@ -1627,33 +1627,25 @@ func (m *Machine) PushFrameCall(cx *CallExpr, fv *FuncValue, recv TypedValue) {
 	}
 	m.Package = pv
 	rlm := pv.GetRealm()
-	if rlm != nil && m.Realm != rlm {
-		m.Realm = rlm // enter new realm
-	} else if rlm == nil && recv.V != nil { // XXX maybe improve this part.
-		// maybe this is a bound method of a recv of a realm.
-		// in that case, inherit the realm of the receiver.
-		recvv := recv.V
-		// deref if pointer.
-		// XXX I guess we want to deref as much as possible.
-		for {
-			if pv, ok := recvv.(PointerValue); ok {
-				recvv = pv.Deref().V
-			} else {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		// Now check if it is an object.
-		obj, ok := recvv.(Object)
-		if ok {
+	if rlm == nil && recv.IsDefined() {
+		// if bound method, get realm from receiver.
+		obj := recv.GetFirstObject(m.Store)
+		if obj == nil {
+			// panic("XXX not sure why this would be")
+			fmt.Println("XXX XXX", recv.String())
+		} else {
 			recvOID := obj.GetObjectInfo().ID
 			if !recvOID.IsZero() {
-				recvPVOID := ObjectIDFromPkgID(recvOID.PkgID)
-				pv := m.Store.GetObject(recvPVOID).(*PackageValue)
-				rlm := pv.GetRealm()
-				m.Realm = rlm
+				recvPkgOID := ObjectIDFromPkgID(recvOID.PkgID)
+				pv := m.Store.GetObject(recvPkgOID).(*PackageValue)
+				rlm = pv.GetRealm() // done
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	if rlm != nil && m.Realm != rlm {
+		// enter new realm
+		m.Realm = rlm
+	}
 }
 
 func (m *Machine) PushFrameGoNative(cx *CallExpr, fv *NativeValue) {
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
index f2afc393d05..39f9af27ecb 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
@@ -332,6 +332,7 @@ func (tv *TypedValue) GetFirstObject(store Store) Object {
 		// something in it; in that case, ignore the base.  That will
 		// likely require maybe a preparation step in persistence
 		// ( or unlikely, a second type of ref-counting).
+		// XXX is there an issue with Base=nil pointers here cross realm?
 		if cv.Base != nil {
 			return cv.Base.(Object)
 		} else {

From 75b1d104ddd65d8135668a505c0ea9f78db0b5d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Oct 2023 14:10:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 06/44] add realmtest

---
 .../demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno  | 24 +++++++++++++++
 .../r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno    | 29 +++++++++++++++++++
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go                  |  6 +++-
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno     | 17 +++++++++++
 4 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
 create mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6d46203e98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package p_crossrealm
+
+type Stringer interface {
+	String() string
+}
+
+type Container struct {
+	A int
+	B Stringer
+}
+
+func (c *Container) Touch() *Container {
+	c.A += 1
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *Container) Print() {
+	println("A:", c.A)
+	if c.B == nil {
+		println("B: undefined")
+	} else {
+		println("B:", c.B.String())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..97273f642de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package crossrealm
+
+import (
+	"gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm"
+	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
+)
+
+type LocalStruct struct {
+	A int
+}
+
+func (ls *LocalStruct) String() string {
+	return ufmt.Sprintf("LocalStruct{%d}", ls.A)
+}
+
+// local is saved locally in this realm
+var local *LocalStruct
+
+func init() {
+	local = &LocalStruct{A: 123}
+}
+
+// Make1 returns a local object wrapped by a p struct
+func Make1() *p_crossrealm.Container {
+	return &p_crossrealm.Container{
+		A: 1,
+		B: local,
+	}
+}
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
index 8665e049e9f..b01c7e5ca80 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
@@ -221,7 +221,11 @@ func (m *Machine) RunMemPackage(memPkg *std.MemPackage, save bool) (*PackageNode
 	} else {
 		pn = NewPackageNode(Name(memPkg.Name), memPkg.Path, &FileSet{})
 		pv = pn.NewPackage()
-		m.Store.SetBlockNode(pn)
+		if true { // TODO finish SetBlockNode()
+			m.Store.SetBlockNode(pn)
+		} else {
+			// TODO m.Store.SetCacheBlockNode(pn)
+		}
 		m.Store.SetCachePackage(pv)
 	}
 	m.SetActivePackage(pv)
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..23451e6f5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+package crossrealm_test
+
+import (
+	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	// even though we are running within a realm,
+	// we aren't storing the result of crossrealm.Make1(),
+	// so this should print fine.
+	crossrealm.Make1().Touch().Print()
+}
+
+// Output:
+// A: 2
+// B: LocalStruct{123}

From 60162b99103b89cdd4114aadeff731f3ec67d42b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 09:06:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 07/44] feat: add p/demo/fqname

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno    | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/gno.mod       |  3 ++
 3 files changed, 110 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/gno.mod

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..459aaccd664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Package fqname provides utilities for handling fully qualified identifiers in
+// Gno. A fully qualified identifier typically includes a package path followed
+// by a dot (.) and then the name of a variable, function, type, or other
+// package-level declaration.
+package fqname
+
+import "strings"
+
+// Parse splits a fully qualified identifier into its package path and name
+// components. It handles cases with and without slashes in the package path.
+//
+//	pkgpath, name := fqname.Parse("gno.land/p/demo/avl.Tree")
+//	ufmt.Sprintf("Package: %s, Name: %s\n", id.Package, id.Name)
+//	// Output: Package: gno.land/p/demo/avl, Name: Tree
+func Parse(fqname string) (pkgpath, name string) {
+	// Find the index of the last slash.
+	lastSlashIndex := strings.LastIndex(fqname, "/")
+	if lastSlashIndex == -1 {
+		// No slash found, handle it as a simple package name with dot notation.
+		dotIndex := strings.LastIndex(fqname, ".")
+		if dotIndex == -1 {
+			return fqname, ""
+		}
+		return fqname[:dotIndex], fqname[dotIndex+1:]
+	}
+
+	// Get the part after the last slash.
+	afterSlash := fqname[lastSlashIndex+1:]
+
+	// Check for a dot in the substring after the last slash.
+	dotIndex := strings.Index(afterSlash, ".")
+	if dotIndex == -1 {
+		// No dot found after the last slash
+		return fqname, ""
+	}
+
+	// Split at the dot to separate the base and the suffix.
+	base := fqname[:lastSlashIndex+1+dotIndex]
+	suffix := afterSlash[dotIndex+1:]
+
+	return base, suffix
+}
+
+// Construct a qualified identifier.
+//
+//	fqName := fqname.Construct("gno.land/r/demo/foo20", "GRC20")
+//	fmt.Println("Fully Qualified Name:", fqName)
+//	// Output: gno.land/r/demo/foo20.GRC20
+func Construct(pkgpath, name string) string {
+	if name == "" {
+		return pkgpath
+	}
+	return pkgpath + "." + name
+}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..57edefb07e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package fqname
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"gno.land/p/demo/uassert"
+)
+
+func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input           string
+		expectedPkgPath string
+		expectedName    string
+	}{
+		{"gno.land/p/demo/avl.Tree", "gno.land/p/demo/avl", "Tree"},
+		{"gno.land/p/demo/avl", "gno.land/p/demo/avl", ""},
+		{"gno.land/p/demo/avl.Tree.Node", "gno.land/p/demo/avl", "Tree.Node"},
+		{"gno.land/p/demo/avl/nested.Package.Func", "gno.land/p/demo/avl/nested", "Package.Func"},
+		{"path/filepath.Split", "path/filepath", "Split"},
+		{"path.Split", "path", "Split"},
+		{"path/filepath", "path/filepath", ""},
+		{"path", "path", ""},
+		{"", "", ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		pkgpath, name := Parse(tt.input)
+		uassert.Equal(t, tt.expectedPkgPath, pkgpath, "Package path did not match")
+		uassert.Equal(t, tt.expectedName, name, "Name did not match")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConstruct(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		pkgpath  string
+		name     string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{"gno.land/r/demo/foo20", "GRC20", "gno.land/r/demo/foo20.GRC20"},
+		{"gno.land/r/demo/foo20", "", "gno.land/r/demo/foo20"},
+		{"path", "", "path"},
+		{"path", "Split", "path.Split"},
+		{"path/filepath", "", "path/filepath"},
+		{"path/filepath", "Split", "path/filepath.Split"},
+		{"", "JustName", ".JustName"},
+		{"", "", ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		result := Construct(tt.pkgpath, tt.name)
+		uassert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result, "Constructed FQName did not match expected")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/gno.mod
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1282e262303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/gno.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module gno.land/p/demo/fqname
+
+require gno.land/p/demo/uassert v0.0.0-latest

From 621a877a859a0e148c037e0f9c30049bba679c70 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 09:19:35 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 08/44] feat: add fqname.RenderLink

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno    | 18 ++++++++++++++++
 .../gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno    | 21 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
index 459aaccd664..09513d50341 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
@@ -52,3 +52,21 @@ func Construct(pkgpath, name string) string {
 	}
 	return pkgpath + "." + name
 }
+
+// RenderLink creates a formatted link for a fully qualified identifier.
+// If the package path starts with "gno.land", it converts it to a markdown link.
+// If the domain is different or missing, it returns the input as is.
+func RenderLink(pkgPath, slug string) string {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(pkgPath, "gno.land") {
+		pkgLink := strings.TrimPrefix(pkgPath, "gno.land")
+		if slug != "" {
+			link := pkgPath + "." + slug
+			return "[" + pkgPath + "](" + pkgLink + ")." + slug
+		}
+		return "[" + pkgPath + "](" + pkgLink + ")"
+	}
+	if slug != "" {
+		return pkgPath + "." + slug
+	}
+	return pkgPath
+}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno
index 57edefb07e3..55a220776be 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname_test.gno
@@ -51,3 +51,24 @@ func TestConstruct(t *testing.T) {
 		uassert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result, "Constructed FQName did not match expected")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRenderLink(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		pkgPath  string
+		slug     string
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{"gno.land/p/demo/avl", "Tree", "[gno.land/p/demo/avl](/p/demo/avl).Tree"},
+		{"gno.land/p/demo/avl", "", "[gno.land/p/demo/avl](/p/demo/avl)"},
+		{"github.com/a/b", "C", "github.com/a/b.C"},
+		{"example.com/pkg", "Func", "example.com/pkg.Func"},
+		{"gno.land/r/demo/foo20", "GRC20", "[gno.land/r/demo/foo20](/r/demo/foo20).GRC20"},
+		{"gno.land/r/demo/foo20", "", "[gno.land/r/demo/foo20](/r/demo/foo20)"},
+		{"", "", ""},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		result := RenderLink(tt.pkgPath, tt.slug)
+		uassert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result, "Rendered link did not match expected")
+	}
+}

From e545bfb5acf59f7a5dc5b6d369a0c6c41b5065f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 09:39:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 09/44] chore: refactor grc20_registry

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod    |  7 ++-
 .../r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno  | 51 ++++++++++-------
 .../grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno    | 56 +++++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod
index 8715926faf8..bf8820a0390 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 module gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry
 
 require (
-    "gno.land/p/demo/avl" v0.0.0-latest
-    "gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20" v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/p/demo/avl v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/p/demo/fqname v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20 v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/p/demo/urequire v0.0.0-latest
 )
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno
index 8f0f6d10df2..010dffbd477 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno
@@ -2,43 +2,52 @@ package grc20_registry
 
 import (
 	"std"
-	"strings"
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/avl"
+	"gno.land/p/demo/fqname"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
+	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
 )
 
 var registry = avl.NewTree() // pkg path -> IGRC20
 
-func Register(token grc20.IGRC20) {
-	caller := std.PrevRealm().PkgPath()
-	registry.Set(caller, token)
+func Register(token grc20.IGRC20, slug string) {
+	rlmPath := std.PrevRealm().PkgPath()
+	key := fqname.Construct(rlmPath, slug)
+	registry.Set(key, token)
 }
 
-func Get(pkgPath string) (grc20.IGRC20, bool) {
-	coinI, ok := registry.Get(pkgPath)
+func Get(key string) grc20.IGRC20 {
+	token, ok := registry.Get(key)
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, false
+		return nil
 	}
-	coin, ok := coinI.(grc20.IGRC20)
-	if !ok {
-		panic("internal error: registered object is not a GRC20 token")
+	return token.(grc20.IGRC20)
+}
+
+func MustGet(key string) grc20.IGRC20 {
+	token := Get(key)
+	if token == nil {
+		panic("unknown token: " + key)
 	}
-	return coin, true
+	return token
 }
 
 func Render(path string) string {
-	s := "# GRC20 Registry\n\n" +
-		"## Registered Tokens\n\n"
-	registry.Iterate("", "", func(pkgPath string, tokenI interface{}) bool {
-		token, ok := tokenI.(grc20.IGRC20)
-		pkgWebPath := strings.TrimPrefix(pkgPath, "gno.land")
-		if ok {
-			s += "- [" + token.GetName() + " (" + pkgPath + ")](" + pkgWebPath + ")\n"
-		} else {
-			s += "- [internal error: registered object is not a GRC20 token (" + pkgPath + ")](" + pkgWebPath + ")\n"
-		}
+	s := ""
+
+	// TODO: add pagination
+	count := 0
+	registry.Iterate("", "", func(key string, tokenI interface{}) bool {
+		count++
+		token := tokenI.(grc20.IGRC20)
+		rlmPath, slug := fqname.Parse(key)
+		rlmLink := fqname.RenderLink(rlmPath, slug)
+		s += ufmt.Sprintf("- **%s** - %s\n", token.GetName(), rlmLink)
 		return false
 	})
+	if count == 0 {
+		return "No registered token."
+	}
 	return s
 }
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno
index 3b1475c17d1..c6d1e246154 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno
@@ -5,34 +5,46 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
+	"gno.land/p/demo/urequire"
 )
 
 func TestRegistry(t *testing.T) {
-	coin := &dummyImpl{}
+	std.TestSetRealm(std.NewCodeRealm("gno.land/r/demo/foo"))
 	realmAddr := std.CurrentRealm().PkgPath()
-	Register(coin)
-	regCoin, ok := Get(realmAddr)
-	if !ok {
-		t.Fatal("expected to find coin")
-	}
-	if coin.GetSymbol() != "TST" {
-		t.Fatal("expected coin to have symbol TST")
-	}
-	expected := `# GRC20 Registry
-
-## Registered Tokens
-
-* [TestToken ()]()
+	tokenImpl := &dummyImpl{}
+
+	// register
+	Register(tokenImpl, "")
+	regToken := Get(realmAddr)
+	urequire.True(t, regToken != nil, "expected to find a token") // fixme: use urequire.NotNil
+	urequire.Equal(t, regToken.GetSymbol(), "TST")
+
+	expected := `- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo)
 `
 	got := Render("")
-	if got != expected {
-		t.Fatalf("expected `%s`, got `%s`", expected, got)
-	}
-
-	// we test this here because there is more chance to find a bug after a token has been registered
-	if _, ok := Get("0xdeadbeef"); ok {
-		t.Fatal("expected not to find coin")
-	}
+	urequire.Equal(t, expected, got)
+
+	// 404
+	invalidToken := Get("0xdeadbeef")
+	urequire.True(t, invalidToken == nil)
+
+	// register with a slug
+	Register(tokenImpl, "mySlug")
+	regToken = Get(realmAddr + ".mySlug")
+	urequire.True(t, regToken != nil, "expected to find a token") // fixme: use urequire.NotNil
+	urequire.Equal(t, regToken.GetSymbol(), "TST")
+
+	// override
+	Register(tokenImpl, "")
+	regToken = Get(realmAddr + "")
+	urequire.True(t, regToken != nil, "expected to find a token") // fixme: use urequire.NotNil
+	urequire.Equal(t, regToken.GetSymbol(), "TST")
+
+	expected = `- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo)
+- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo).mySlug
+`
+	got = Render("")
+	urequire.Equal(t, expected, got)
 }
 
 type dummyImpl struct{}

From cdbe6da4894cd6cd179497b0c747bdc6b2a87c2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 09:45:30 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 10/44] chore: rename grc20reg

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno                   | 7 +++----
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod                     | 1 -
 .../gno.land/r/demo/{grc20_registry => grc20reg}/gno.mod   | 2 +-
 .../grc20_registry.gno => grc20reg/grc20reg.gno}           | 2 +-
 .../grc20_registry_test.gno => grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno} | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 rename examples/gno.land/r/demo/{grc20_registry => grc20reg}/gno.mod (84%)
 rename examples/gno.land/r/demo/{grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno => grc20reg/grc20reg.gno} (97%)
 rename examples/gno.land/r/demo/{grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno => grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno} (99%)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
index 89444c665e7..6a18d048ca0 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ import (
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
-	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry"
-	"gno.land/r/demo/users"
-
 	pusers "gno.land/p/demo/users"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/users"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ var (
 
 func init() {
 	foo = grc20.NewAdminToken("Foo", "FOO", 4)
-	grc20_registry.Register(foo.GRC20())
+	grc20reg.Register(foo.GRC20(), "")
 	foo.Mint(admin, 1000000*10000)                                    // @administrator (1M)
 	foo.Mint("g1u7y667z64x2h7vc6fmpcprgey4ck233jaww9zq", 10000*10000) // @manfred (10k)
 }
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
index f5307735182..bf50c3b5202 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
@@ -5,6 +5,5 @@ require (
 	gno.land/p/demo/uassert v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/users v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/r/demo/users v0.0.0-latest
 )
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/gno.mod
similarity index 84%
rename from examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod
rename to examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/gno.mod
index bf8820a0390..f02ee09c35a 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/gno.mod
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-module gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry
+module gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg
 
 require (
 	gno.land/p/demo/avl v0.0.0-latest
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
similarity index 97%
rename from examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno
rename to examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
index 010dffbd477..b64a3f96347 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package grc20_registry
+package grc20reg
 
 import (
 	"std"
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
similarity index 99%
rename from examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno
rename to examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
index c6d1e246154..51bc20d3318 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20_registry/grc20_registry_test.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package grc20_registry
+package grc20reg
 
 import (
 	"std"

From a65537bf67beb45ff72de4c7c9ba1afe4aeef60e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 09:48:50 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 11/44] chore: emit event on registration

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
index b64a3f96347..acacc67afa8 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ func Register(token grc20.IGRC20, slug string) {
 	rlmPath := std.PrevRealm().PkgPath()
 	key := fqname.Construct(rlmPath, slug)
 	registry.Set(key, token)
+	std.Emit(
+		registerEvent,
+		"pkgpath", rlmPath,
+		"slug", slug,
+	)
 }
 
 func Get(key string) grc20.IGRC20 {
@@ -51,3 +56,5 @@ func Render(path string) string {
 	}
 	return s
 }
+
+const registerEvent = "register"

From e8668f0ad1934d9b47a27a860dcbbdafccdcb194 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 14:24:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 12/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno      |  4 +-
 .../gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno     |  6 +-
 .../gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno    | 57 +++++++++++++++++++
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/gno.mod       |  1 +
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno    |  9 ++-
 5 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
index 6a18d048ca0..5907fe197f6 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ var (
 
 func init() {
 	foo = grc20.NewAdminToken("Foo", "FOO", 4)
-	grc20reg.Register(foo.GRC20(), "")
+	pub := foo.GRC20()
+	proxy := grc20reg.Proxify(pub)
+	grc20reg.Register(proxy.GetName, "")
 	foo.Mint(admin, 1000000*10000)                                    // @administrator (1M)
 	foo.Mint("g1u7y667z64x2h7vc6fmpcprgey4ck233jaww9zq", 10000*10000) // @manfred (10k)
 }
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
index acacc67afa8..b1572ce2c77 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@ import (
 
 var registry = avl.NewTree() // pkg path -> IGRC20
 
+// func Register(getName func() string, slug string) {
+
 func Register(token grc20.IGRC20, slug string) {
+	// proxy := tmpproxy{getName: getName}
+	proxy := Proxify(token)
 	rlmPath := std.PrevRealm().PkgPath()
 	key := fqname.Construct(rlmPath, slug)
-	registry.Set(key, token)
+	registry.Set(key, proxy)
 	std.Emit(
 		registerEvent,
 		"pkgpath", rlmPath,
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1b18b9064b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package grc20reg
+
+import (
+	"std"
+
+	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
+)
+
+// FIXME; delete this file.
+// we currently have a gnovm limitation:
+//
+//	panic: cannot modify external-realm or non-realm object
+type tmpproxy struct {
+	getName      func() string
+	getSymbol    func() string
+	getDecimals  func() uint
+	totalSupply  func() uint64
+	balanceOf    func(std.Address) (uint64, error)
+	transfer     func(std.Address, uint64) error
+	allowance    func(owner, spender std.Address) (uint64, error)
+	approve      func(std.Address, uint64) error
+	transferFrom func(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error
+}
+
+func Proxify(input grc20.IGRC20) *tmpproxy {
+	return &tmpproxy{
+		getName:      input.GetName,
+		getSymbol:    input.GetSymbol,
+		getDecimals:  input.GetDecimals,
+		totalSupply:  input.TotalSupply,
+		balanceOf:    input.BalanceOf,
+		transfer:     input.Transfer,
+		allowance:    input.Allowance,
+		approve:      input.Approve,
+		transferFrom: input.TransferFrom,
+	}
+}
+
+var _ grc20.IGRC20 = (*tmpproxy)(nil)
+
+func (impl *tmpproxy) GetName() string                               { return impl.getName() }
+func (impl *tmpproxy) GetSymbol() string                             { return impl.getSymbol() }
+func (impl *tmpproxy) GetDecimals() uint                             { return impl.getDecimals() }
+func (impl *tmpproxy) TotalSupply() uint64                           { return impl.totalSupply() }
+func (impl *tmpproxy) BalanceOf(account std.Address) (uint64, error) { return impl.balanceOf(account) }
+func (impl *tmpproxy) Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64) error  { return impl.transfer(to, amount) }
+func (impl *tmpproxy) Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) (uint64, error) {
+	return impl.allowance(owner, spender)
+}
+
+func (impl *tmpproxy) Approve(spender std.Address, amount uint64) error {
+	return impl.approve(spender, amount)
+}
+
+func (impl *tmpproxy) TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error {
+	return impl.transferFrom(from, to, amount)
+}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/gno.mod
index f076e90e068..c7081ce6963 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/gno.mod
@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@ require (
 	gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20 v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/users v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/r/demo/users v0.0.0-latest
 )
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
index 4896d23499e..b6be85497d3 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@ import (
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
-
-	"gno.land/r/demo/users"
-
 	pusers "gno.land/p/demo/users"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/users"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -19,6 +18,10 @@ var (
 	WUGNOT = wugnot.GRC20()
 )
 
+func init() {
+	grc20reg.Register(WUGNOT, "")
+}
+
 const (
 	ugnotMinDeposit  uint64 = 1000
 	wugnotMinDeposit uint64 = 1

From 3f83d0165da65a3c363834feba68eed438446b35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 14:29:02 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 13/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno      |  2 +
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod        |  1 +
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno      |  4 +-
 .../r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno      |  2 +
 .../gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno     |  8 +--
 .../gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno    | 57 -------------------
 6 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
index 7388d87d24d..d33fd266727 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ var (
 func init() {
 	banker = grc20.NewAdminToken("Bar", "BAR", 4)
 	Token = banker.GRC20()
+	grc20reg.Register(token, "")
 }
 
 func Faucet() string {
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod
index fd804beb4c4..15f50259d74 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod
@@ -4,4 +4,5 @@ require (
 	gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20 v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/testutils v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg v0.0.0-latest
 )
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
index 5907fe197f6..45139ff33cf 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
@@ -18,11 +18,9 @@ var (
 
 func init() {
 	foo = grc20.NewAdminToken("Foo", "FOO", 4)
-	pub := foo.GRC20()
-	proxy := grc20reg.Proxify(pub)
-	grc20reg.Register(proxy.GetName, "")
 	foo.Mint(admin, 1000000*10000)                                    // @administrator (1M)
 	foo.Mint("g1u7y667z64x2h7vc6fmpcprgey4ck233jaww9zq", 10000*10000) // @manfred (10k)
+	grc20reg.Register(foo.GRC20(), "")
 }
 
 // method proxies as public functions.
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
index 0146d945f0d..09262e78d1f 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/avl"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
 )
 
 // XXX: the p/grc20 library needs a refactor to change names (i.e., adminToken)
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ func NewTokenWithAdmin(name, symbol string, decimals uint, initialMint uint64, a
 		admin:      admin,
 	}
 	tokens.Set(symbol, &t)
+	grc20reg.Register(newToken.GRC20(), symbol)
 }
 
 // method proxies as public functions.
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
index b1572ce2c77..44f028f1081 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
@@ -9,16 +9,12 @@ import (
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
 )
 
-var registry = avl.NewTree() // pkg path -> IGRC20
-
-// func Register(getName func() string, slug string) {
+var registry = avl.NewTree() // rlmPath[.slug] -> IGRC20
 
 func Register(token grc20.IGRC20, slug string) {
-	// proxy := tmpproxy{getName: getName}
-	proxy := Proxify(token)
 	rlmPath := std.PrevRealm().PkgPath()
 	key := fqname.Construct(rlmPath, slug)
-	registry.Set(key, proxy)
+	registry.Set(key, token)
 	std.Emit(
 		registerEvent,
 		"pkgpath", rlmPath,
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b18b9064b8..00000000000
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/tmp_proxy.gno
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-package grc20reg
-
-import (
-	"std"
-
-	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
-)
-
-// FIXME; delete this file.
-// we currently have a gnovm limitation:
-//
-//	panic: cannot modify external-realm or non-realm object
-type tmpproxy struct {
-	getName      func() string
-	getSymbol    func() string
-	getDecimals  func() uint
-	totalSupply  func() uint64
-	balanceOf    func(std.Address) (uint64, error)
-	transfer     func(std.Address, uint64) error
-	allowance    func(owner, spender std.Address) (uint64, error)
-	approve      func(std.Address, uint64) error
-	transferFrom func(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error
-}
-
-func Proxify(input grc20.IGRC20) *tmpproxy {
-	return &tmpproxy{
-		getName:      input.GetName,
-		getSymbol:    input.GetSymbol,
-		getDecimals:  input.GetDecimals,
-		totalSupply:  input.TotalSupply,
-		balanceOf:    input.BalanceOf,
-		transfer:     input.Transfer,
-		allowance:    input.Allowance,
-		approve:      input.Approve,
-		transferFrom: input.TransferFrom,
-	}
-}
-
-var _ grc20.IGRC20 = (*tmpproxy)(nil)
-
-func (impl *tmpproxy) GetName() string                               { return impl.getName() }
-func (impl *tmpproxy) GetSymbol() string                             { return impl.getSymbol() }
-func (impl *tmpproxy) GetDecimals() uint                             { return impl.getDecimals() }
-func (impl *tmpproxy) TotalSupply() uint64                           { return impl.totalSupply() }
-func (impl *tmpproxy) BalanceOf(account std.Address) (uint64, error) { return impl.balanceOf(account) }
-func (impl *tmpproxy) Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64) error  { return impl.transfer(to, amount) }
-func (impl *tmpproxy) Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) (uint64, error) {
-	return impl.allowance(owner, spender)
-}
-
-func (impl *tmpproxy) Approve(spender std.Address, amount uint64) error {
-	return impl.approve(spender, amount)
-}
-
-func (impl *tmpproxy) TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error {
-	return impl.transferFrom(from, to, amount)
-}

From 10719e7cbb45d4457cce9aec54038e79e6fa8701 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 15:05:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 14/44] Revert "Merge remote-tracking branch
 'origin/dev/jae/boundmethodrealm' into dev/moul/grc20reg"

This reverts commit e1a79feba2a603be0d10b9edbf47d31b5d365910, reversing
changes made to e8668f0ad1934d9b47a27a860dcbbdafccdcb194.
---
 .../demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno  | 24 ---------------
 .../r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno    | 29 -------------------
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go                  | 24 ++-------------
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go                    | 15 +---------
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno     | 17 -----------
 5 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
 delete mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
 delete mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d46203e98c..00000000000
--- a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-package p_crossrealm
-
-type Stringer interface {
-	String() string
-}
-
-type Container struct {
-	A int
-	B Stringer
-}
-
-func (c *Container) Touch() *Container {
-	c.A += 1
-	return c
-}
-
-func (c *Container) Print() {
-	println("A:", c.A)
-	if c.B == nil {
-		println("B: undefined")
-	} else {
-		println("B:", c.B.String())
-	}
-}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
deleted file mode 100644
index 97273f642de..00000000000
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-package crossrealm
-
-import (
-	"gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm"
-	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
-)
-
-type LocalStruct struct {
-	A int
-}
-
-func (ls *LocalStruct) String() string {
-	return ufmt.Sprintf("LocalStruct{%d}", ls.A)
-}
-
-// local is saved locally in this realm
-var local *LocalStruct
-
-func init() {
-	local = &LocalStruct{A: 123}
-}
-
-// Make1 returns a local object wrapped by a p struct
-func Make1() *p_crossrealm.Container {
-	return &p_crossrealm.Container{
-		A: 1,
-		B: local,
-	}
-}
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
index 413ff006ec5..aa89b643ea6 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
@@ -279,11 +279,7 @@ func (m *Machine) runMemPackage(memPkg *std.MemPackage, save, overrides bool) (*
 	} else {
 		pn = NewPackageNode(Name(memPkg.Name), memPkg.Path, &FileSet{})
 		pv = pn.NewPackage()
-		if true { // TODO finish SetBlockNode()
-			m.Store.SetBlockNode(pn)
-		} else {
-			// TODO m.Store.SetCacheBlockNode(pn)
-		}
+		m.Store.SetBlockNode(pn)
 		m.Store.SetCachePackage(pv)
 	}
 	m.SetActivePackage(pv)
@@ -1744,24 +1740,8 @@ func (m *Machine) PushFrameCall(cx *CallExpr, fv *FuncValue, recv TypedValue) {
 	}
 	m.Package = pv
 	rlm := pv.GetRealm()
-	if rlm == nil && recv.IsDefined() {
-		// if bound method, get realm from receiver.
-		obj := recv.GetFirstObject(m.Store)
-		if obj == nil {
-			// panic("XXX not sure why this would be")
-			fmt.Println("XXX XXX", recv.String())
-		} else {
-			recvOID := obj.GetObjectInfo().ID
-			if !recvOID.IsZero() {
-				recvPkgOID := ObjectIDFromPkgID(recvOID.PkgID)
-				pv := m.Store.GetObject(recvPkgOID).(*PackageValue)
-				rlm = pv.GetRealm() // done
-			}
-		}
-	}
 	if rlm != nil && m.Realm != rlm {
-		// enter new realm
-		m.Realm = rlm
+		m.Realm = rlm // enter new realm
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 093cc934658..3a55b2e14b4 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -70,21 +70,12 @@ func (pid PkgID) Bytes() []byte {
 }
 
 func PkgIDFromPkgPath(path string) PkgID {
-	// fmt.Printf("PkgPath %s -> PkgID %v", path,
-	//	PkgID{HashBytes([]byte(path))})
 	return PkgID{HashBytes([]byte(path))}
 }
 
-// Returns the ObjectID of the PackageValue associated with path.
 func ObjectIDFromPkgPath(path string) ObjectID {
-	pkgID := PkgIDFromPkgPath(path)
-	return ObjectIDFromPkgID(pkgID)
-}
-
-// Returns the ObjectID of the PackageValue associated with pkgID.
-func ObjectIDFromPkgID(pkgID PkgID) ObjectID {
 	return ObjectID{
-		PkgID:   pkgID,
+		PkgID:   PkgIDFromPkgPath(path),
 		NewTime: 1, // by realm logic.
 	}
 }
@@ -154,10 +145,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) DidUpdate(po, xo, co Object) {
 		return // do nothing.
 	}
 	if po.GetObjectID().PkgID != rlm.ID {
-		// fmt.Println("PO", po.String())
-		// fmt.Println("PO.PKGID", po.GetObjectID().PkgID)
-		// fmt.Println("rlm", rlm)
-		// fmt.Println("rlm.ID", rlm.ID)
 		panic("cannot modify external-realm or non-realm object")
 	}
 
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno
deleted file mode 100644
index 23451e6f5d1..00000000000
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm13.gno
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
-package crossrealm_test
-
-import (
-	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	// even though we are running within a realm,
-	// we aren't storing the result of crossrealm.Make1(),
-	// so this should print fine.
-	crossrealm.Make1().Touch().Print()
-}
-
-// Output:
-// A: 2
-// B: LocalStruct{123}

From b8a8282dbaea40c09288d41dd8ecd734acef3a94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 15:34:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 15/44] override pv and rlm if method receiver has one

---
 gnovm/cmd/gno/run_test.go      |  2 +-
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go   | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go |  5 -----
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go     |  9 ++++++++-
 4 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/cmd/gno/run_test.go b/gnovm/cmd/gno/run_test.go
index 06f9a8dc3a5..79a873cdfe5 100644
--- a/gnovm/cmd/gno/run_test.go
+++ b/gnovm/cmd/gno/run_test.go
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TestRunApp(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			args:             []string{"run", "-debug-addr", "invalidhost:17538", "../../tests/integ/debugger/sample.gno"},
-			errShouldContain: "listen tcp: lookup invalidhost",
+			errShouldContain: "listen tcp",
 		},
 		{
 			args:                 []string{"run", "../../tests/integ/invalid_assign/main.gno"},
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
index 864384ea122..22a891da26f 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
@@ -1734,8 +1734,23 @@ func (m *Machine) PushFrameCall(cx *CallExpr, fv *FuncValue, recv TypedValue) {
 	if pv == nil {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("package value missing in store: %s", fv.PkgPath))
 	}
-	m.Package = pv
 	rlm := pv.GetRealm()
+	if rlm == nil && recv.IsDefined() {
+		obj := recv.GetFirstObject(m.Store)
+		if obj == nil {
+			// could be a nil receiver.
+			// just ignore.
+		} else {
+			recvOID := obj.GetObjectInfo().ID
+			if !recvOID.IsZero() {
+				// override the pv and rlm with receiver's.
+				recvPkgOID := ObjectIDFromPkgID(recvOID.PkgID)
+				pv = m.Store.GetObject(recvPkgOID).(*PackageValue)
+				rlm = pv.GetRealm() // done
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	m.Package = pv
 	if rlm != nil && m.Realm != rlm {
 		m.Realm = rlm // enter new realm
 	}
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
index 24d70b5dd84..adc096c506b 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
@@ -328,11 +328,6 @@ func (oi *ObjectInfo) GetIsTransient() bool {
 func (tv *TypedValue) GetFirstObject(store Store) Object {
 	switch cv := tv.V.(type) {
 	case PointerValue:
-		// TODO: in the future, consider skipping the base if persisted
-		// ref-count would be 1, e.g. only this pointer refers to
-		// something in it; in that case, ignore the base.  That will
-		// likely require maybe a preparation step in persistence
-		// ( or unlikely, a second type of ref-counting).
 		return cv.Base.(Object)
 	case *ArrayValue:
 		return cv
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 3a55b2e14b4..3710524130a 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -73,9 +73,16 @@ func PkgIDFromPkgPath(path string) PkgID {
 	return PkgID{HashBytes([]byte(path))}
 }
 
+// Returns the ObjectID of the PackageValue associated with path.
 func ObjectIDFromPkgPath(path string) ObjectID {
+	pkgID := PkgIDFromPkgPath(path)
+	return ObjectIDFromPkgID(pkgID)
+}
+
+// Returns the ObjectID of the PackageValue associated with pkgID.
+func ObjectIDFromPkgID(pkgID PkgID) ObjectID {
 	return ObjectID{
-		PkgID:   PkgIDFromPkgPath(path),
+		PkgID:   pkgID,
 		NewTime: 1, // by realm logic.
 	}
 }

From 1a86dbbe16d2c8489c4d20a287c91ab16fb0013c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 15:34:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 16/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno     | 39 ++++++++++++-------
 .../r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno         | 13 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
index 44f028f1081..c87f07e0af7 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
@@ -39,22 +39,35 @@ func MustGet(key string) grc20.IGRC20 {
 }
 
 func Render(path string) string {
-	s := ""
-
-	// TODO: add pagination
-	count := 0
-	registry.Iterate("", "", func(key string, tokenI interface{}) bool {
-		count++
-		token := tokenI.(grc20.IGRC20)
+	switch {
+	case path == "": // home
+		// TODO: add pagination
+		s := ""
+		count := 0
+		registry.Iterate("", "", func(key string, tokenI interface{}) bool {
+			count++
+			token := tokenI.(grc20.IGRC20)
+			rlmPath, slug := fqname.Parse(key)
+			rlmLink := fqname.RenderLink(rlmPath, slug)
+			s += ufmt.Sprintf("- **%s** - %s\n", token.GetName(), rlmLink)
+			return false
+		})
+		if count == 0 {
+			return "No registered token."
+		}
+		return s
+	default: // specific token
+		key := path
+		token := MustGet(key)
 		rlmPath, slug := fqname.Parse(key)
 		rlmLink := fqname.RenderLink(rlmPath, slug)
-		s += ufmt.Sprintf("- **%s** - %s\n", token.GetName(), rlmLink)
-		return false
-	})
-	if count == 0 {
-		return "No registered token."
+		s := ufmt.Sprintf("# %s\n", token.GetName())
+		s += ufmt.Sprintf("- symbol: **%s**\n", token.GetSymbol())
+		s += ufmt.Sprintf("- realm: %s\n", rlmLink)
+		s += ufmt.Sprintf("- decimals: %d\n", token.GetDecimals())
+		s += ufmt.Sprintf("- total supply: %d\n", token.TotalSupply())
+		return s
 	}
-	return s
 }
 
 const registerEvent = "register"
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
index 51bc20d3318..3e2c3ba896b 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
@@ -45,6 +45,15 @@ func TestRegistry(t *testing.T) {
 `
 	got = Render("")
 	urequire.Equal(t, expected, got)
+
+	expected = `# TestToken
+- symbol: **TST**
+- realm: [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo).mySlug
+- decimals: 1337
+- total supply: 1234567
+`
+	got = Render("gno.land/r/demo/foo.mySlug")
+	urequire.Equal(t, expected, got)
 }
 
 type dummyImpl struct{}
@@ -54,8 +63,8 @@ var _ grc20.IGRC20 = (*dummyImpl)(nil)
 
 func (impl *dummyImpl) GetName() string                               { return "TestToken" }
 func (impl *dummyImpl) GetSymbol() string                             { return "TST" }
-func (impl *dummyImpl) GetDecimals() uint                             { panic("not implemented") }
-func (impl *dummyImpl) TotalSupply() uint64                           { panic("not implemented") }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) GetDecimals() uint                             { return 1337 }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) TotalSupply() uint64                           { return 1234567 }
 func (impl *dummyImpl) BalanceOf(account std.Address) (uint64, error) { panic("not implemented") }
 func (impl *dummyImpl) Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64) error  { panic("not implemented") }
 func (impl *dummyImpl) Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) (uint64, error) {

From 23f7173e816ae21c10170bb18e9da3300eee5822 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 15:35:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 17/44] add tests

---
 .../demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno  | 24 +++++++
 .../r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno    | 29 ++++++++
 .../testdata/gno_test/realm_boundmethod.txtar | 71 +++++++++++++++++++
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/values.go                   |  2 -
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm14.gno     | 17 +++++
 5 files changed, 141 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
 create mode 100644 gnovm/cmd/gno/testdata/gno_test/realm_boundmethod.txtar
 create mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm14.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6d46203e98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/p_crossrealm.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package p_crossrealm
+
+type Stringer interface {
+	String() string
+}
+
+type Container struct {
+	A int
+	B Stringer
+}
+
+func (c *Container) Touch() *Container {
+	c.A += 1
+	return c
+}
+
+func (c *Container) Print() {
+	println("A:", c.A)
+	if c.B == nil {
+		println("B: undefined")
+	} else {
+		println("B:", c.B.String())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..97273f642de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package crossrealm
+
+import (
+	"gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm"
+	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
+)
+
+type LocalStruct struct {
+	A int
+}
+
+func (ls *LocalStruct) String() string {
+	return ufmt.Sprintf("LocalStruct{%d}", ls.A)
+}
+
+// local is saved locally in this realm
+var local *LocalStruct
+
+func init() {
+	local = &LocalStruct{A: 123}
+}
+
+// Make1 returns a local object wrapped by a p struct
+func Make1() *p_crossrealm.Container {
+	return &p_crossrealm.Container{
+		A: 1,
+		B: local,
+	}
+}
diff --git a/gnovm/cmd/gno/testdata/gno_test/realm_boundmethod.txtar b/gnovm/cmd/gno/testdata/gno_test/realm_boundmethod.txtar
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9d935df74c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/cmd/gno/testdata/gno_test/realm_boundmethod.txtar
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Set up GNOROOT in the current directory.
+mkdir $WORK/gnovm
+symlink $WORK/gnovm/stdlibs -> $GNOROOT/gnovm/stdlibs
+env GNOROOT=$WORK
+
+gno test -v ./examples/gno.land/r/demo/realm2
+
+stderr '=== RUN   TestDo'
+stderr '--- PASS: TestDo.*'
+
+stderr '=== RUN   file/realm2_filetest.gno'
+stderr '--- PASS: file/realm2_filetest.*'
+
+-- examples/gno.land/p/demo/counter/gno.mod --
+module gno.land/p/demo/counter
+
+-- examples/gno.land/p/demo/counter/counter.gno --
+package counter
+
+type Counter struct {
+	n int
+}
+
+func (c *Counter) Inc() {
+	c.n++
+}
+
+-- examples/gno.land/r/demo/realm1/realm1.gno --
+package realm1
+
+import "gno.land/p/demo/counter"
+
+var c = counter.Counter{}
+
+func GetCounter() *counter.Counter {
+	return &c
+}
+
+-- examples/gno.land/r/demo/realm2/realm2.gno --
+package realm2
+
+import (
+	"gno.land/r/demo/realm1"
+)
+
+func Do() {
+	realm1.GetCounter().Inc()
+}
+
+-- examples/gno.land/r/demo/realm2/realm2_filetest.gno --
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/tests
+package tests
+
+import "gno.land/r/demo/realm2"
+
+func main() {
+	realm2.Do()
+	println("OK")
+}
+
+// Output:
+// OK
+
+-- examples/gno.land/r/demo/realm2/realm2_test.gno --
+package realm2
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestDo(t *testing.T) {
+	Do()
+}
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/values.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/values.go
index d38c083428c..125ae13fbcf 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/values.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/values.go
@@ -192,7 +192,6 @@ const (
 	PointerIndexNative     = -3 // Base is *NativeValue.
 )
 
-/*
 func (pv *PointerValue) GetBase(store Store) Object {
 	switch cbase := pv.Base.(type) {
 	case nil:
@@ -207,7 +206,6 @@ func (pv *PointerValue) GetBase(store Store) Object {
 		panic("should not happen")
 	}
 }
-*/
 
 // cu: convert untyped; pass false for const definitions
 // TODO: document as something that enables into-native assignment.
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm14.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm14.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..23451e6f5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm14.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+package crossrealm_test
+
+import (
+	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	// even though we are running within a realm,
+	// we aren't storing the result of crossrealm.Make1(),
+	// so this should print fine.
+	crossrealm.Make1().Touch().Print()
+}
+
+// Output:
+// A: 2
+// B: LocalStruct{123}

From b1254a744f23f6697387fe82be2e31c04c430963 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 16:11:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 18/44] chore: add missing gno.mod files

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/gno.mod | 1 +
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/gno.mod   | 6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/gno.mod
 create mode 100644 examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/gno.mod

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/gno.mod
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8585cfd9c8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm/gno.mod
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/gno.mod
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..71a89ec2ec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/gno.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+module gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm
+
+require (
+	gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
+)

From d7508a0ad78e059a4824a6eb35f7c09ca9cce57c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 16:25:59 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 19/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno            | 2 +-
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno      | 3 ++-
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno | 6 +++---
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
index d33fd266727..f64c88d8763 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ var (
 func init() {
 	banker = grc20.NewAdminToken("Bar", "BAR", 4)
 	Token = banker.GRC20()
-	grc20reg.Register(token, "")
+	grc20reg.Register(Token, "")
 }
 
 func Faucet() string {
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
index c87f07e0af7..315b0e0449d 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ func Render(path string) string {
 			token := tokenI.(grc20.IGRC20)
 			rlmPath, slug := fqname.Parse(key)
 			rlmLink := fqname.RenderLink(rlmPath, slug)
-			s += ufmt.Sprintf("- **%s** - %s\n", token.GetName(), rlmLink)
+			infoLink := "/r/demo/grc20reg:" + key
+			s += ufmt.Sprintf("- **%s** - %s - [info](%s)\n", token.GetName(), rlmLink, infoLink)
 			return false
 		})
 		if count == 0 {
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
index 3e2c3ba896b..3fa72e685cb 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func TestRegistry(t *testing.T) {
 	urequire.True(t, regToken != nil, "expected to find a token") // fixme: use urequire.NotNil
 	urequire.Equal(t, regToken.GetSymbol(), "TST")
 
-	expected := `- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo)
+	expected := `- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo) - [info](/r/demo/grc20reg:gno.land/r/demo/foo)
 `
 	got := Render("")
 	urequire.Equal(t, expected, got)
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ func TestRegistry(t *testing.T) {
 	urequire.True(t, regToken != nil, "expected to find a token") // fixme: use urequire.NotNil
 	urequire.Equal(t, regToken.GetSymbol(), "TST")
 
-	expected = `- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo)
-- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo).mySlug
+	expected = `- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo) - [info](/r/demo/grc20reg:gno.land/r/demo/foo)
+- **TestToken** - [gno.land/r/demo/foo](/r/demo/foo).mySlug - [info](/r/demo/grc20reg:gno.land/r/demo/foo.mySlug)
 `
 	got = Render("")
 	urequire.Equal(t, expected, got)

From 752d9e7c60687764d60f57d9b51c2ff1870f29bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 16:30:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 20/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
index 09262e78d1f..0163785865f 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ import (
 
 // XXX: the p/grc20 library needs a refactor to change names (i.e., adminToken)
 
+func init() {
+	NewToken("lorem ipsum", "LOREM", 4, 0xcafebabe)
+}
+
 type token struct {
 	adminToken *grc20.AdminToken
 	admin      std.Address

From 0bf2937b4940a5b5c8e9e0b1043962fe6a69670d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 16:32:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 21/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
index 09513d50341..a877a041ef9 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/fqname/fqname.gno
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ func RenderLink(pkgPath, slug string) string {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(pkgPath, "gno.land") {
 		pkgLink := strings.TrimPrefix(pkgPath, "gno.land")
 		if slug != "" {
-			link := pkgPath + "." + slug
 			return "[" + pkgPath + "](" + pkgLink + ")." + slug
 		}
 		return "[" + pkgPath + "](" + pkgLink + ")"

From 9536cae52d319d06101381e9b01c27a5fa8b225a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 16:34:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 22/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
index bf50c3b5202..d0042e71c15 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/gno.mod
@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@ require (
 	gno.land/p/demo/uassert v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/users v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/r/demo/users v0.0.0-latest
 )

From 61a6e39a42c98781b02c71daccb435d9cc36ca9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 16:39:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 23/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod
index a430a1f9559..a9f04a702fb 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod
@@ -3,4 +3,5 @@ module gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory
 require (
 	gno.land/p/demo/avl v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20 v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg v0.0.0-latest
 )

From 10a5456868384c118b6703bbe91e19162e4b8dd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 18:17:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 24/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno | 20 ++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
index b6be85497d3..9c2e0b69465 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
@@ -91,17 +91,13 @@ func TotalSupply() uint64 {
 
 func BalanceOf(owner pusers.AddressOrName) uint64 {
 	balance, err := wugnot.BalanceOf(users.Resolve(owner))
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
+	checkErr(err)
 	return balance
 }
 
 func Allowance(owner, spender pusers.AddressOrName) uint64 {
 	allowance, err := wugnot.Allowance(users.Resolve(owner), users.Resolve(spender))
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
+	checkErr(err)
 	return allowance
 }
 
@@ -111,22 +107,22 @@ func Allowance(owner, spender pusers.AddressOrName) uint64 {
 func Transfer(to pusers.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
 	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
 	err := wugnot.Transfer(caller, users.Resolve(to), amount)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
+	checkErr(err)
 }
 
 func Approve(spender pusers.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
 	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
 	err := wugnot.Approve(caller, users.Resolve(spender), amount)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
+	checkErr(err)
 }
 
 func TransferFrom(from, to pusers.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
 	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
 	err := wugnot.TransferFrom(caller, users.Resolve(from), users.Resolve(to), amount)
+	checkErr(err)
+}
+
+func checkErr(err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}

From 6a41a93a8fb22025ddc9197705a69671743fecc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jul 2024 19:40:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 25/44] resave after init

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go | 91 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 gnovm/tests/imports.go       |  1 +
 2 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
index d4c152f64a2..850da3d3c0f 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
@@ -284,14 +284,29 @@ func (m *Machine) runMemPackage(memPkg *std.MemPackage, save, overrides bool) (*
 	}
 	m.SetActivePackage(pv)
 	// run files.
-	m.RunFiles(files.Files...)
-	// maybe save package value and mempackage.
+	updates := m.RunFileDecls(files.Files...)
+	// save package value and mempackage.
+	// XXX save condition will be removed once gonative is removed.
+	var throwaway *Realm
 	if save {
-		// store package values and types
-		m.savePackageValuesAndTypes()
+		// store new package values and types
+		throwaway = m.saveNewPackageValuesAndTypes()
+		if throwaway != nil {
+			m.Realm = throwaway
+		}
+	}
+	// run init functions
+	m.runInitFromUpdates(pv, updates)
+	// save again after init.
+	if save {
+		m.resavePackageValues(throwaway)
 		// store mempackage
 		m.Store.AddMemPackage(memPkg)
+		if throwaway != nil {
+			m.Realm = nil
+		}
 	}
+
 	return pn, pv
 }
 
@@ -494,13 +509,27 @@ func (m *Machine) injectLocOnPanic() {
 	}
 }
 
-// Add files to the package's *FileSet and run them.
-// This will also run each init function encountered.
+// Convenience for tests.
+// Production must not use this, because realm package init
+// must happen after persistence and realm finalization,
+// then changes from init persisted again.
 func (m *Machine) RunFiles(fns ...*FileNode) {
-	m.runFiles(fns...)
+	pv := m.Package
+	if pv == nil {
+		panic("RunFiles requires Machine.Package")
+	}
+	updates := m.runFileDecls(fns...)
+	m.runInitFromUpdates(pv, updates)
+}
+
+// Add files to the package's *FileSet and run decls in them.
+// This will also run each init function encountered.
+// Returns the updated typed values of package.
+func (m *Machine) RunFileDecls(fns ...*FileNode) []TypedValue {
+	return m.runFileDecls(fns...)
 }
 
-func (m *Machine) runFiles(fns ...*FileNode) {
+func (m *Machine) runFileDecls(fns ...*FileNode) []TypedValue {
 	// Files' package names must match the machine's active one.
 	// if there is one.
 	for _, fn := range fns {
@@ -628,11 +657,15 @@ func (m *Machine) runFiles(fns ...*FileNode) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Run new init functions.
-	// Go spec: "To ensure reproducible initialization
-	// behavior, build systems are encouraged to present
-	// multiple files belonging to the same package in
-	// lexical file name order to a compiler."
+	return updates
+}
+
+// Run new init functions.
+// Go spec: "To ensure reproducible initialization
+// behavior, build systems are encouraged to present
+// multiple files belonging to the same package in
+// lexical file name order to a compiler."
+func (m *Machine) runInitFromUpdates(pv *PackageValue, updates []TypedValue) {
 	for _, tv := range updates {
 		if tv.IsDefined() && tv.T.Kind() == FuncKind && tv.V != nil {
 			fv, ok := tv.V.(*FuncValue)
@@ -651,7 +684,10 @@ func (m *Machine) runFiles(fns ...*FileNode) {
 
 // Save the machine's package using realm finalization deep crawl.
 // Also saves declared types.
-func (m *Machine) savePackageValuesAndTypes() {
+// This happens before any init calls.
+// Returns a throwaway realm package is not a realm,
+// such as stdlibs or /p/ packages.
+func (m *Machine) saveNewPackageValuesAndTypes() (throwaway *Realm) {
 	// save package value and dependencies.
 	pv := m.Package
 	if pv.IsRealm() {
@@ -664,6 +700,7 @@ func (m *Machine) savePackageValuesAndTypes() {
 		rlm := NewRealm(pv.PkgPath)
 		rlm.MarkNewReal(pv)
 		rlm.FinalizeRealmTransaction(m.ReadOnly, m.Store)
+		throwaway = rlm
 	}
 	// save declared types.
 	if bv, ok := pv.Block.(*Block); ok {
@@ -675,6 +712,25 @@ func (m *Machine) savePackageValuesAndTypes() {
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Resave any changes to realm after init calls.
+// Pass in the realm from m.saveNewPackageValuesAndTypes()
+// in case a throwaway was created.
+func (m *Machine) resavePackageValues(rlm *Realm) {
+	// save package value and dependencies.
+	pv := m.Package
+	if pv.IsRealm() {
+		rlm = pv.Realm
+		rlm.FinalizeRealmTransaction(m.ReadOnly, m.Store)
+		// re-save package realm info.
+		m.Store.SetPackageRealm(rlm)
+	} else { // use the throwaway realm.
+		rlm.FinalizeRealmTransaction(m.ReadOnly, m.Store)
+	}
+	// types were already saved, and should not change
+	// even after running the init function.
 }
 
 func (m *Machine) RunFunc(fn Name) {
@@ -815,6 +871,13 @@ func (m *Machine) RunStatement(s Stmt) {
 // NOTE: to support realm persistence of types, must
 // first require the validation of blocknode locations.
 func (m *Machine) RunDeclaration(d Decl) {
+	if fd, ok := d.(*FuncDecl); ok && fd.Name == "init" {
+		// XXX or, consider running it, but why would this be needed?
+		// from a repl there is no need for init() functions.
+		// Also, there are complications with realms, where
+		// the realm must be persisted before init(), and persisted again.
+		panic("Machine.RunDeclaration cannot be used for init functions")
+	}
 	// Preprocess input using package block.  There should only
 	// be one block right now, and it's a *PackageNode.
 	pn := m.LastBlock().GetSource(m.Store).(*PackageNode)
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/imports.go b/gnovm/tests/imports.go
index 86c81be9a18..2fa07fb0fb4 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/imports.go
+++ b/gnovm/tests/imports.go
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ func TestStore(rootDir, filesPath string, stdin io.Reader, stdout, stderr io.Wri
 				// pkg := gno.NewPackageNode(gno.Name(memPkg.Name), memPkg.Path, nil)
 				// pv := pkg.NewPackage()
 				// m2.SetActivePackage(pv)
+				// XXX remove second arg 'false' and remove all gonative stuff.
 				return m2.RunMemPackage(memPkg, false)
 			}
 		}

From 4b3dabe71fbe55e90b89d424e2f20acbb8844a1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 08:04:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 26/44] chore(examples): make lint -> verbose

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/Makefile | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/examples/Makefile b/examples/Makefile
index 578b4faf15b..cdc73ee6b3a 100644
--- a/examples/Makefile
+++ b/examples/Makefile
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ test:
 
 .PHONY: lint
 lint:
-	go run ../gnovm/cmd/gno lint $(OFFICIAL_PACKAGES)
+	go run ../gnovm/cmd/gno lint -v $(OFFICIAL_PACKAGES)
 
 .PHONY: test.sync
 test.sync:

From bdb44bd604ad0c96af9a7006b17e5aa36205a378 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 09:36:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 27/44] test(gnovm): add test for bounding issue

---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno      |  6 +++++
 .../r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno    |  7 +++++
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno     | 26 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 39 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
index 162454800e8..efdd0cacbb3 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
@@ -14,12 +14,18 @@ import (
 var (
 	foo   *grc20.AdminToken
 	admin std.Address = "g1us8428u2a5satrlxzagqqa5m6vmuze025anjlj" // TODO: helper to change admin
+	pub   grc20.IGRC20
 )
 
 func init() {
 	foo = grc20.NewAdminToken("Foo", "FOO", 4)
 	foo.Mint(admin, 1000000*10000)                                    // @administrator (1M)
 	foo.Mint("g1u7y667z64x2h7vc6fmpcprgey4ck233jaww9zq", 10000*10000) // @manfred (10k)
+<<<<<<< Updated upstream
+=======
+	pub = foo.GRC20()
+	grc20reg.Register(pub, "")
+>>>>>>> Stashed changes
 }
 
 // method proxies as public functions.
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
index 97273f642de..0fdb5ff2308 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
@@ -27,3 +27,10 @@ func Make1() *p_crossrealm.Container {
 		B: local,
 	}
 }
+
+type Fooer interface{ Foo() }
+
+var fooer Fooer
+
+func SetFooer(f Fooer) { fooer = f }
+func CallFoo()         { fooer.Foo() }
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..16f01cf2701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+package crossrealm_test
+
+import (
+	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+)
+
+type fooer struct{}
+
+func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello") }
+
+var f *fooer
+
+func init() {
+	f = &fooer{}
+	crossrealm.SetFooer(f)
+	crossrealm.CallFoo()
+}
+
+func main() {
+	print(".")
+}
+
+// Output:
+// hello
+// .

From 7cba9cab9f2b2f3ed8ec52883fc8185356ced9c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 09:37:39 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 28/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno |  6 ------
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go               | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
index efdd0cacbb3..162454800e8 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20.gno
@@ -14,18 +14,12 @@ import (
 var (
 	foo   *grc20.AdminToken
 	admin std.Address = "g1us8428u2a5satrlxzagqqa5m6vmuze025anjlj" // TODO: helper to change admin
-	pub   grc20.IGRC20
 )
 
 func init() {
 	foo = grc20.NewAdminToken("Foo", "FOO", 4)
 	foo.Mint(admin, 1000000*10000)                                    // @administrator (1M)
 	foo.Mint("g1u7y667z64x2h7vc6fmpcprgey4ck233jaww9zq", 10000*10000) // @manfred (10k)
-<<<<<<< Updated upstream
-=======
-	pub = foo.GRC20()
-	grc20reg.Register(pub, "")
->>>>>>> Stashed changes
 }
 
 // method proxies as public functions.
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 3710524130a..8ecdb3f4904 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -567,6 +567,24 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewEscapedMarks(store Store) {
 					rlm.MarkDirty(po)
 				}
 				if eo.GetObjectID().IsZero() {
+					/*
+						println("@@@@@@@@1")
+						fmt.Printf("po: %v\n", po)
+						fmt.Printf("po.Info: %v\n", po.GetObjectInfo())
+						fmt.Printf("po.Owner: %v\n", po.GetOwner())
+						fmt.Printf("po.Hash: %v\n", po.GetHash())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsDeleted: %v\n", po.GetIsDeleted())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsDirty: %v\n", po.GetIsDirty())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsEscaped: %v\n", po.GetIsEscaped())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsNewDeleted: %v\n", po.GetIsNewDeleted())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsNewEscaped: %v\n", po.GetIsNewEscaped())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsOwned: %v\n", po.GetIsOwned())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsReal: %v\n", po.GetIsReal())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsNewReal: %v\n", po.GetIsNewReal())
+						fmt.Printf("po.IsTransient: %v\n", po.GetIsTransient())
+						println("@@@@@@@@2")
+						os.Exit(1)
+					*/
 					panic("new escaped mark has no object ID")
 				}
 				// escaped has no owner.

From 4ba7490ba18c2b6c35d4a984c571075dcdefcc1a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 09:38:11 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 29/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go | 18 ------------------
 1 file changed, 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 8ecdb3f4904..3710524130a 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -567,24 +567,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewEscapedMarks(store Store) {
 					rlm.MarkDirty(po)
 				}
 				if eo.GetObjectID().IsZero() {
-					/*
-						println("@@@@@@@@1")
-						fmt.Printf("po: %v\n", po)
-						fmt.Printf("po.Info: %v\n", po.GetObjectInfo())
-						fmt.Printf("po.Owner: %v\n", po.GetOwner())
-						fmt.Printf("po.Hash: %v\n", po.GetHash())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsDeleted: %v\n", po.GetIsDeleted())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsDirty: %v\n", po.GetIsDirty())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsEscaped: %v\n", po.GetIsEscaped())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsNewDeleted: %v\n", po.GetIsNewDeleted())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsNewEscaped: %v\n", po.GetIsNewEscaped())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsOwned: %v\n", po.GetIsOwned())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsReal: %v\n", po.GetIsReal())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsNewReal: %v\n", po.GetIsNewReal())
-						fmt.Printf("po.IsTransient: %v\n", po.GetIsTransient())
-						println("@@@@@@@@2")
-						os.Exit(1)
-					*/
 					panic("new escaped mark has no object ID")
 				}
 				// escaped has no owner.

From 621d59957e6e0380c74ed2160b7722d3b5682a61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 09:59:04 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 30/44] chore: fixup

---
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
index 16f01cf2701..f4e3d57b0fb 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
@@ -22,5 +22,7 @@ func main() {
 }
 
 // Output:
-// hello
-// .
+
+// Error:
+
+// Realm:

From b0a1e1ffbbc1a5d641eb18e7816c12a76a5aedaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 16:22:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 31/44] allow passing in an object about to be persisted in the
 previous realm

---
 .../r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno    |   7 +
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go                    |  20 +-
 gnovm/pkg/gnomod/file_test.go                 |   1 +
 gnovm/tests/file.go                           |   1 -
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno     |  30 +
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno     | 597 ++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 653 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
 create mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
index 97273f642de..0fdb5ff2308 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
@@ -27,3 +27,10 @@ func Make1() *p_crossrealm.Container {
 		B: local,
 	}
 }
+
+type Fooer interface{ Foo() }
+
+var fooer Fooer
+
+func SetFooer(f Fooer) { fooer = f }
+func CallFoo()         { fooer.Foo() }
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 3710524130a..df6100ee72f 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -171,6 +171,13 @@ func (rlm *Realm) DidUpdate(po, xo, co Object) {
 			if co.GetIsEscaped() {
 				// already escaped
 			} else {
+				if !co.GetIsReal() {
+					// this can happen if a ref +1
+					// new object gets passed into
+					// an external realm function.
+					co.SetIsNewReal(false)
+					rlm.MarkNewReal(co)
+				}
 				rlm.MarkNewEscaped(co)
 			}
 		} else if co.GetIsReal() {
@@ -375,6 +382,15 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewCreatedMarks(store Store) {
 			// oo.SetIsNewReal(false)
 			// skip if became deleted.
 			continue
+		} else if oo.GetIsReal() && oo.GetObjectID().PkgID != rlm.ID {
+			// the object was new real in this realm,
+			// but another realm saved it before
+			// this realm started finalizing.
+			// if debug { XXX uncomment in the future
+			if oo.GetObjectID().PkgID == rlm.ID {
+				panic("should have been saved in another realm")
+			}
+			// }
 		} else {
 			rlm.incRefCreatedDescendants(store, oo)
 		}
@@ -442,7 +458,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) incRefCreatedDescendants(store Store, oo Object) {
 				// NOTE: do not unset owner here,
 				// may become unescaped later
 				// in processNewEscapedMarks().
-				// NOTE: may already be escaped.
 				rlm.MarkNewEscaped(child)
 			}
 		} else {
@@ -569,6 +584,7 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewEscapedMarks(store Store) {
 				if eo.GetObjectID().IsZero() {
 					panic("new escaped mark has no object ID")
 				}
+
 				// escaped has no owner.
 				eo.SetOwner(nil)
 			}
@@ -1471,7 +1487,7 @@ func toRefValue(val Value) RefValue {
 		} else if oo.GetIsEscaped() {
 			if debug {
 				if !oo.GetOwnerID().IsZero() {
-					panic("cannot convert escaped object to ref value without an owner ID")
+					panic("cannot convert escaped object to ref value with an owner ID")
 				}
 			}
 			return RefValue{
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnomod/file_test.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnomod/file_test.go
index 7abfe16f340..7790e213c2f 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnomod/file_test.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnomod/file_test.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 const testRemote string = "test3.gno.land:26657"
 
+// XXX this test fails when the network is offline.
 func TestFetchDeps(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
 		desc                 string
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/file.go b/gnovm/tests/file.go
index 8ab60145bd5..347a61ec8ee 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/file.go
+++ b/gnovm/tests/file.go
@@ -307,7 +307,6 @@ func RunFileTest(rootDir string, path string, opts ...RunFileTestOption) error {
 						panic(fmt.Sprintf("fail on %s: got unexpected debug error(s): %v", path, gno.GetDebugErrors()))
 					}
 					// pnc is nil, errWanted empty, no gno debug errors
-					return nil
 				}
 			case "Output":
 				// panic if got unexpected error
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dc081dfc771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+package crossrealm_test
+
+import (
+	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+)
+
+type fooer struct{}
+
+func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello") }
+
+var f *fooer
+
+func init() {
+	f = &fooer{}
+	crossrealm.SetFooer(f)
+	crossrealm.CallFoo()
+}
+
+func main() {
+	print(".")
+}
+
+// Output:
+// hello
+// .
+
+// Error:
+
+// Realm:
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..db924432271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+package crossrealm_test
+
+import (
+	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+)
+
+type fooer struct{}
+
+func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello") }
+
+var f *fooer
+
+func main() {
+	f = &fooer{}
+	crossrealm.SetFooer(f)
+	crossrealm.CallFoo()
+	print(".")
+}
+
+// Output:
+// hello
+// .
+
+// Error:
+
+// Realm:
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
+// c[1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:7]={
+//     "Fields": [],
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:7",
+//         "ModTime": "0",
+//         "OwnerID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6",
+//         "RefCount": "1"
+//     }
+// }
+// c[1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6]={
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6",
+//         "IsEscaped": true,
+//         "ModTime": "0",
+//         "RefCount": "2"
+//     },
+//     "Value": {
+//         "T": {
+//             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//             "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//         },
+//         "V": {
+//             "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//             "Hash": "2aec554d4aaa9a1c37af933f8ca8d000088e4e7c",
+//             "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:7"
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+// u[1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:2]={
+//     "Blank": {},
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:2",
+//         "IsEscaped": true,
+//         "ModTime": "5",
+//         "RefCount": "2"
+//     },
+//     "Parent": null,
+//     "Source": {
+//         "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//         "BlockNode": null,
+//         "Location": {
+//             "Column": "0",
+//             "File": "",
+//             "Line": "0",
+//             "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//         }
+//     },
+//     "Values": [
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeType"
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeValue",
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.DeclaredType",
+//                     "Base": {
+//                         "@type": "/gno.StructType",
+//                         "Fields": [
+//                             {
+//                                 "Embedded": false,
+//                                 "Name": "A",
+//                                 "Tag": "",
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.PrimitiveType",
+//                                     "value": "32"
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         ],
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     },
+//                     "Methods": [
+//                         {
+//                             "T": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                 "Params": [
+//                                     {
+//                                         "Embedded": false,
+//                                         "Name": "ls",
+//                                         "Tag": "",
+//                                         "Type": {
+//                                             "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                                             "Elt": {
+//                                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                                 "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.LocalStruct"
+//                                             }
+//                                         }
+//                                     }
+//                                 ],
+//                                 "Results": [
+//                                     {
+//                                         "Embedded": false,
+//                                         "Name": "",
+//                                         "Tag": "",
+//                                         "Type": {
+//                                             "@type": "/gno.PrimitiveType",
+//                                             "value": "16"
+//                                         }
+//                                     }
+//                                 ]
+//                             },
+//                             "V": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                                 "Closure": null,
+//                                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                                 "IsMethod": true,
+//                                 "Name": "String",
+//                                 "NativeName": "",
+//                                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                                 "Source": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                                     "Location": {
+//                                         "Column": "1",
+//                                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                                         "Line": "12",
+//                                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                                     }
+//                                 },
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                     "Params": [
+//                                         {
+//                                             "Embedded": false,
+//                                             "Name": "ls",
+//                                             "Tag": "",
+//                                             "Type": {
+//                                                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                                                 "Elt": {
+//                                                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                                     "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.LocalStruct"
+//                                                 }
+//                                             }
+//                                         }
+//                                     ],
+//                                     "Results": [
+//                                         {
+//                                             "Embedded": false,
+//                                             "Name": "",
+//                                             "Tag": "",
+//                                             "Type": {
+//                                                 "@type": "/gno.PrimitiveType",
+//                                                 "value": "16"
+//                                             }
+//                                         }
+//                                     ]
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ],
+//                     "Name": "LocalStruct",
+//                     "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeType"
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeValue",
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.DeclaredType",
+//                     "Base": {
+//                         "@type": "/gno.InterfaceType",
+//                         "Generic": "",
+//                         "Methods": [
+//                             {
+//                                 "Embedded": false,
+//                                 "Name": "Foo",
+//                                 "Tag": "",
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                     "Params": [],
+//                                     "Results": []
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         ],
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     },
+//                     "Methods": [],
+//                     "Name": "Fooer",
+//                     "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [],
+//                 "Results": []
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "init.2",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                         "Line": "19",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [],
+//                     "Results": []
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [],
+//                 "Results": [
+//                     {
+//                         "Embedded": false,
+//                         "Name": "",
+//                         "Tag": "",
+//                         "Type": {
+//                             "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                             "Elt": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                 "ID": "gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm.Container"
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     }
+//                 ]
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "Make1",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                         "Line": "24",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [],
+//                     "Results": [
+//                         {
+//                             "Embedded": false,
+//                             "Name": "",
+//                             "Tag": "",
+//                             "Type": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                                 "Elt": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                     "ID": "gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm.Container"
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ]
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [
+//                     {
+//                         "Embedded": false,
+//                         "Name": "f",
+//                         "Tag": "",
+//                         "Type": {
+//                             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                             "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.Fooer"
+//                         }
+//                     }
+//                 ],
+//                 "Results": []
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "SetFooer",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                         "Line": "35",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [
+//                         {
+//                             "Embedded": false,
+//                             "Name": "f",
+//                             "Tag": "",
+//                             "Type": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                 "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.Fooer"
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ],
+//                     "Results": []
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [],
+//                 "Results": []
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "CallFoo",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                         "Line": "36",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [],
+//                     "Results": []
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                 "Elt": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                     "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.LocalStruct"
+//                 }
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
+//                 "Base": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Hash": "a75fdb389fedfcbbaa7f446d528c1e149726347c",
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:4"
+//                 },
+//                 "Index": "0",
+//                 "TV": null
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                 "Elt": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                     "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//                 }
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
+//                 "Base": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6"
+//                 },
+//                 "Index": "0",
+//                 "TV": null
+//             }
+//         }
+//     ]
+// }
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]
+// u[f5a516808f8976c33939133293d598ce3bca4e8d:2]={
+//     "Blank": {},
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "f5a516808f8976c33939133293d598ce3bca4e8d:2",
+//         "IsEscaped": true,
+//         "ModTime": "3",
+//         "RefCount": "2"
+//     },
+//     "Parent": null,
+//     "Source": {
+//         "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//         "BlockNode": null,
+//         "Location": {
+//             "Column": "0",
+//             "File": "",
+//             "Line": "0",
+//             "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//         }
+//     },
+//     "Values": [
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeType"
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeValue",
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.DeclaredType",
+//                     "Base": {
+//                         "@type": "/gno.StructType",
+//                         "Fields": [],
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                     },
+//                     "Methods": [
+//                         {
+//                             "T": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                 "Params": [
+//                                     {
+//                                         "Embedded": false,
+//                                         "Name": ".recv",
+//                                         "Tag": "",
+//                                         "Type": {
+//                                             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                             "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//                                         }
+//                                     }
+//                                 ],
+//                                 "Results": []
+//                             },
+//                             "V": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                                 "Closure": null,
+//                                 "FileName": "main.gno",
+//                                 "IsMethod": true,
+//                                 "Name": "Foo",
+//                                 "NativeName": "",
+//                                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test",
+//                                 "Source": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                                     "Location": {
+//                                         "Column": "1",
+//                                         "File": "main.gno",
+//                                         "Line": "10",
+//                                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                                     }
+//                                 },
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                     "Params": [
+//                                         {
+//                                             "Embedded": false,
+//                                             "Name": ".recv",
+//                                             "Tag": "",
+//                                             "Type": {
+//                                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                                 "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//                                             }
+//                                         }
+//                                     ],
+//                                     "Results": []
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ],
+//                     "Name": "fooer",
+//                     "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [],
+//                 "Results": []
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "f5a516808f8976c33939133293d598ce3bca4e8d:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "main.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "main",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "main.gno",
+//                         "Line": "14",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [],
+//                     "Results": []
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                 "Elt": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                     "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//                 }
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
+//                 "Base": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6"
+//                 },
+//                 "Index": "0",
+//                 "TV": null
+//             }
+//         }
+//     ]
+// }
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]

From cbf27535a6741619eb9f0e41567a0e8a0a860f45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 09:46:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 32/44] remove spurious lines

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go | 9 ---------
 1 file changed, 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index df6100ee72f..41a5e787667 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -382,15 +382,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewCreatedMarks(store Store) {
 			// oo.SetIsNewReal(false)
 			// skip if became deleted.
 			continue
-		} else if oo.GetIsReal() && oo.GetObjectID().PkgID != rlm.ID {
-			// the object was new real in this realm,
-			// but another realm saved it before
-			// this realm started finalizing.
-			// if debug { XXX uncomment in the future
-			if oo.GetObjectID().PkgID == rlm.ID {
-				panic("should have been saved in another realm")
-			}
-			// }
 		} else {
 			rlm.incRefCreatedDescendants(store, oo)
 		}

From 5f647fbcaf8893085a3f7d29b8e19544af450822 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 10:12:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 33/44] fix for all cases

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go | 12 ++++--------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 41a5e787667..56b7fe458fb 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -171,13 +171,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) DidUpdate(po, xo, co Object) {
 			if co.GetIsEscaped() {
 				// already escaped
 			} else {
-				if !co.GetIsReal() {
-					// this can happen if a ref +1
-					// new object gets passed into
-					// an external realm function.
-					co.SetIsNewReal(false)
-					rlm.MarkNewReal(co)
-				}
 				rlm.MarkNewEscaped(co)
 			}
 		} else if co.GetIsReal() {
@@ -573,7 +566,10 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewEscapedMarks(store Store) {
 					rlm.MarkDirty(po)
 				}
 				if eo.GetObjectID().IsZero() {
-					panic("new escaped mark has no object ID")
+					// this can happen if a ref +1
+					// new object gets passed into
+					// an external realm function.
+					rlm.assignNewObjectID(eo)
 				}
 
 				// escaped has no owner.

From bd889f712e32a2f9dc55f0d061ec69ca37c033db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 10:23:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 34/44] reset new escape for both cases

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 56b7fe458fb..a1b7798ed46 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -171,6 +171,13 @@ func (rlm *Realm) DidUpdate(po, xo, co Object) {
 			if co.GetIsEscaped() {
 				// already escaped
 			} else {
+				if !co.GetIsReal() {
+					// this can happen if a ref +1
+					// new object gets passed into
+					// an external realm function.
+					co.SetIsNewReal(false)
+					rlm.MarkNewReal(co)
+				}
 				rlm.MarkNewEscaped(co)
 			}
 		} else if co.GetIsReal() {
@@ -442,6 +449,13 @@ func (rlm *Realm) incRefCreatedDescendants(store Store, oo Object) {
 				// NOTE: do not unset owner here,
 				// may become unescaped later
 				// in processNewEscapedMarks().
+				if !child.GetIsReal() {
+					// this can happen if a ref +1
+					// new object gets passed into
+					// an external realm function.
+					child.SetIsNewReal(false)
+					rlm.MarkNewReal(child)
+				}
 				rlm.MarkNewEscaped(child)
 			}
 		} else {

From 00a2779d09981803e94379f4b97cff94158e67b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 10:53:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 35/44] optimized fix

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go | 35 ++++++++++++++-------------
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go     | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
index 511b44bfc73..a4a3a8dcf74 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
@@ -140,11 +140,12 @@ type ObjectInfo struct {
 	RefCount  int       // for persistence. deleted/gc'd if 0.
 	IsEscaped bool      `json:",omitempty"` // hash in iavl.
 	// MemRefCount int // consider for optimizations.
-	isDirty      bool
-	isDeleted    bool
-	isNewReal    bool
-	isNewEscaped bool
-	isNewDeleted bool
+	isDirty          bool
+	isDeleted        bool
+	isNewReal        bool
+	isNewEscaped     bool
+	isNewDeleted     bool
+	lastNewRealRealm PkgID
 
 	// XXX huh?
 	owner Object // mem reference to owner.
@@ -154,17 +155,19 @@ type ObjectInfo struct {
 // Note that "owner" is nil.
 func (oi *ObjectInfo) Copy() ObjectInfo {
 	return ObjectInfo{
-		ID:           oi.ID,
-		Hash:         oi.Hash.Copy(),
-		OwnerID:      oi.OwnerID,
-		ModTime:      oi.ModTime,
-		RefCount:     oi.RefCount,
-		IsEscaped:    oi.IsEscaped,
-		isDirty:      oi.isDirty,
-		isDeleted:    oi.isDeleted,
-		isNewReal:    oi.isNewReal,
-		isNewEscaped: oi.isNewEscaped,
-		isNewDeleted: oi.isNewDeleted,
+		ID:        oi.ID,
+		Hash:      oi.Hash.Copy(),
+		OwnerID:   oi.OwnerID,
+		ModTime:   oi.ModTime,
+		RefCount:  oi.RefCount,
+		IsEscaped: oi.IsEscaped,
+		// XXX do the following need copying too?
+		isDirty:          oi.isDirty,
+		isDeleted:        oi.isDeleted,
+		isNewReal:        oi.isNewReal,
+		isNewEscaped:     oi.isNewEscaped,
+		isNewDeleted:     oi.isNewDeleted,
+		lastNewRealRealm: oi.lastNewRealRealm,
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index a1b7798ed46..082b6297b17 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -171,14 +171,7 @@ func (rlm *Realm) DidUpdate(po, xo, co Object) {
 			if co.GetIsEscaped() {
 				// already escaped
 			} else {
-				if !co.GetIsReal() {
-					// this can happen if a ref +1
-					// new object gets passed into
-					// an external realm function.
-					co.SetIsNewReal(false)
-					rlm.MarkNewReal(co)
-				}
-				rlm.MarkNewEscaped(co)
+				rlm.MarkNewEscapedCheckCrossRealm(co)
 			}
 		} else if co.GetIsReal() {
 			rlm.MarkDirty(co)
@@ -272,6 +265,24 @@ func (rlm *Realm) MarkNewDeleted(oo Object) {
 	rlm.newDeleted = append(rlm.newDeleted, oo)
 }
 
+func (rlm *Realm) MarkNewEscapedCheckCrossRealm(oo Object) {
+	oi := oo.GetObjectInfo()
+	if !oi.GetIsReal() {
+		// this can happen if a ref +1
+		// new object gets passed into
+		// an external realm function.
+		if oi.lastNewRealRealm == rlm.ID {
+			// we already marked as new real here
+			// and appended to newCreated, skip.
+		} else {
+			oi.lastNewRealRealm = rlm.ID
+			oi.SetIsNewReal(false)
+			rlm.MarkNewReal(oo)
+		}
+	}
+	rlm.MarkNewEscaped(oo)
+}
+
 func (rlm *Realm) MarkNewEscaped(oo Object) {
 	if debug {
 		if !oo.GetIsNewReal() && !oo.GetIsReal() {
@@ -366,7 +377,13 @@ func (rlm *Realm) FinalizeRealmTransaction(readonly bool, store Store) {
 // and get assigned ids.
 func (rlm *Realm) processNewCreatedMarks(store Store) {
 	// Create new objects and their new descendants.
-	for _, oo := range rlm.newCreated {
+	// NOTE: the following range does not work
+	// because incRefCreatedDescendants may append to newCreated
+	// for the case when new escapes are found to have crossed.
+	// XXX write test.
+	// for _, oo := range rlm.newCreated {
+	for i := 0; i < len(rlm.newCreated); i++ {
+		oo := rlm.newCreated[i]
 		if debug {
 			if oo.GetIsDirty() {
 				panic("new created mark cannot be dirty")
@@ -449,14 +466,7 @@ func (rlm *Realm) incRefCreatedDescendants(store Store, oo Object) {
 				// NOTE: do not unset owner here,
 				// may become unescaped later
 				// in processNewEscapedMarks().
-				if !child.GetIsReal() {
-					// this can happen if a ref +1
-					// new object gets passed into
-					// an external realm function.
-					child.SetIsNewReal(false)
-					rlm.MarkNewReal(child)
-				}
-				rlm.MarkNewEscaped(child)
+				rlm.MarkNewEscapedCheckCrossRealm(child)
 			}
 		} else {
 			panic("child reference count should be greater than zero after increasing")

From 3a498f69bf209a1c279e5bb05033aac1007cfb10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 11:08:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 36/44] optimize

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go | 28 +++++++++++++++-------------
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go     | 28 ++++++++++------------------
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
index a4a3a8dcf74..015d7a59907 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/ownership.go
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@ type ObjectInfo struct {
 	RefCount  int       // for persistence. deleted/gc'd if 0.
 	IsEscaped bool      `json:",omitempty"` // hash in iavl.
 	// MemRefCount int // consider for optimizations.
-	isDirty          bool
-	isDeleted        bool
-	isNewReal        bool
-	isNewEscaped     bool
-	isNewDeleted     bool
-	lastNewRealRealm PkgID
+	isDirty                 bool
+	isDeleted               bool
+	isNewReal               bool
+	isNewEscaped            bool
+	isNewDeleted            bool
+	lastNewRealEscapedRealm PkgID
 
 	// XXX huh?
 	owner Object // mem reference to owner.
@@ -161,13 +161,15 @@ func (oi *ObjectInfo) Copy() ObjectInfo {
 		ModTime:   oi.ModTime,
 		RefCount:  oi.RefCount,
 		IsEscaped: oi.IsEscaped,
-		// XXX do the following need copying too?
-		isDirty:          oi.isDirty,
-		isDeleted:        oi.isDeleted,
-		isNewReal:        oi.isNewReal,
-		isNewEscaped:     oi.isNewEscaped,
-		isNewDeleted:     oi.isNewDeleted,
-		lastNewRealRealm: oi.lastNewRealRealm,
+		/*
+			// XXX do the following need copying too?
+			isDirty:          oi.isDirty,
+			isDeleted:        oi.isDeleted,
+			isNewReal:        oi.isNewReal,
+			isNewEscaped:     oi.isNewEscaped,
+			isNewDeleted:     oi.isNewDeleted,
+			lastNewRealEscapedRealm: oi.lastNewRealEscapedRealm,
+		*/
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 082b6297b17..5eedb36bbd9 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ type Realm struct {
 	created []Object // about to become real.
 	updated []Object // real objects that were modified.
 	deleted []Object // real objects that became deleted.
-	escaped []Object // real objects with refcount > 1.
 }
 
 // Creates a blank new realm with counter 0.
@@ -267,18 +266,18 @@ func (rlm *Realm) MarkNewDeleted(oo Object) {
 
 func (rlm *Realm) MarkNewEscapedCheckCrossRealm(oo Object) {
 	oi := oo.GetObjectInfo()
+	if oi.lastNewRealEscapedRealm == rlm.ID {
+		// already processed for this realm,
+		// see below.
+		return
+	}
 	if !oi.GetIsReal() {
 		// this can happen if a ref +1
 		// new object gets passed into
 		// an external realm function.
-		if oi.lastNewRealRealm == rlm.ID {
-			// we already marked as new real here
-			// and appended to newCreated, skip.
-		} else {
-			oi.lastNewRealRealm = rlm.ID
-			oi.SetIsNewReal(false)
-			rlm.MarkNewReal(oo)
-		}
+		oi.lastNewRealEscapedRealm = rlm.ID
+		oi.SetIsNewReal(false)
+		rlm.MarkNewReal(oo)
 	}
 	rlm.MarkNewEscaped(oo)
 }
@@ -318,8 +317,7 @@ func (rlm *Realm) FinalizeRealmTransaction(readonly bool, store Store) {
 			len(rlm.newDeleted) > 0 ||
 			len(rlm.created) > 0 ||
 			len(rlm.updated) > 0 ||
-			len(rlm.deleted) > 0 ||
-			len(rlm.escaped) > 0 {
+			len(rlm.deleted) > 0 {
 			panic("realm updates in readonly transaction")
 		}
 		return
@@ -335,8 +333,7 @@ func (rlm *Realm) FinalizeRealmTransaction(readonly bool, store Store) {
 		ensureUniq(rlm.updated)
 		if false ||
 			rlm.created != nil ||
-			rlm.deleted != nil ||
-			rlm.escaped != nil {
+			rlm.deleted != nil {
 			panic("realm should not have created, deleted, or escaped marks before beginning finalization")
 		}
 	}
@@ -355,7 +352,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) FinalizeRealmTransaction(readonly bool, store Store) {
 	rlm.markDirtyAncestors(store)
 	if debug {
 		ensureUniq(rlm.created, rlm.updated, rlm.deleted)
-		ensureUniq(rlm.escaped)
 	}
 	// save all the created and updated objects.
 	// hash calculation is done along the way,
@@ -546,7 +542,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) decRefDeletedDescendants(store Store, oo Object) {
 // objects get their original owners marked dirty (to be further
 // marked via markDirtyAncestors).
 func (rlm *Realm) processNewEscapedMarks(store Store) {
-	escaped := make([]Object, 0, len(rlm.newEscaped))
 	// These are those marked by MarkNewEscaped(),
 	// regardless of whether new-real or was real,
 	// but is always newly escaped,
@@ -572,7 +567,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewEscapedMarks(store Store) {
 			// we do that upon actually persisting
 			// the hash index.
 			// eo.SetIsNewEscaped(false)
-			escaped = append(escaped, eo)
 
 			// add to escaped, and mark dirty previous owner.
 			po := getOwner(store, eo)
@@ -601,7 +595,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewEscapedMarks(store Store) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	rlm.escaped = escaped // XXX is this actually used?
 }
 
 //----------------------------------------
@@ -816,7 +809,6 @@ func (rlm *Realm) clearMarks() {
 	rlm.created = nil
 	rlm.updated = nil
 	rlm.deleted = nil
-	rlm.escaped = nil
 }
 
 //----------------------------------------

From 60b99ccec391ea420a8806b1d744719dfbd69009 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 11:33:51 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 37/44] add test for crossrealm new escaped internal objects

---
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go                |   9 +-
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno | 680 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 683 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno

diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
index 5eedb36bbd9..5b046da53ac 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/realm.go
@@ -376,8 +376,7 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewCreatedMarks(store Store) {
 	// NOTE: the following range does not work
 	// because incRefCreatedDescendants may append to newCreated
 	// for the case when new escapes are found to have crossed.
-	// XXX write test.
-	// for _, oo := range rlm.newCreated {
+	// BAD: for _, oo := range rlm.newCreated {
 	for i := 0; i < len(rlm.newCreated); i++ {
 		oo := rlm.newCreated[i]
 		if debug {
@@ -583,11 +582,9 @@ func (rlm *Realm) processNewEscapedMarks(store Store) {
 					// exists, mark dirty.
 					rlm.MarkDirty(po)
 				}
+				// TODO: move to if debug { } once proven.
 				if eo.GetObjectID().IsZero() {
-					// this can happen if a ref +1
-					// new object gets passed into
-					// an external realm function.
-					rlm.assignNewObjectID(eo)
+					panic("new escaped object has no object ID")
 				}
 
 				// escaped has no owner.
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cb794c380d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+package crossrealm_test
+
+import (
+	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+)
+
+type container struct{ *fooer }
+
+func (container) Foo() { println("hello container") }
+
+type fooer struct{}
+
+var f *fooer
+
+func main() {
+	f = &fooer{}
+	c := &container{f}
+	crossrealm.SetFooer(c)
+	crossrealm.CallFoo()
+	print(".")
+}
+
+// Output:
+// hello container
+// .
+
+// Error:
+
+// Realm:
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
+// c[1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:7]={
+//     "Fields": [
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                 "Elt": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                     "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//                 }
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
+//                 "Base": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:8"
+//                 },
+//                 "Index": "0",
+//                 "TV": null
+//             }
+//         }
+//     ],
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:7",
+//         "ModTime": "0",
+//         "OwnerID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6",
+//         "RefCount": "1"
+//     }
+// }
+// c[1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6]={
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6",
+//         "ModTime": "0",
+//         "OwnerID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:2",
+//         "RefCount": "1"
+//     },
+//     "Value": {
+//         "T": {
+//             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//             "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.container"
+//         },
+//         "V": {
+//             "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//             "Hash": "2e88a06ae991c0b638c9dd94a2d80b19e476d114",
+//             "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:7"
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+// c[1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:9]={
+//     "Fields": [],
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:9",
+//         "ModTime": "0",
+//         "OwnerID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:8",
+//         "RefCount": "1"
+//     }
+// }
+// c[1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:8]={
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:8",
+//         "IsEscaped": true,
+//         "ModTime": "0",
+//         "RefCount": "2"
+//     },
+//     "Value": {
+//         "T": {
+//             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//             "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//         },
+//         "V": {
+//             "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//             "Hash": "e521635fd7846ccea2a330e7c114af77db07ee27",
+//             "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:9"
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+// u[1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:2]={
+//     "Blank": {},
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:2",
+//         "IsEscaped": true,
+//         "ModTime": "5",
+//         "RefCount": "2"
+//     },
+//     "Parent": null,
+//     "Source": {
+//         "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//         "BlockNode": null,
+//         "Location": {
+//             "Column": "0",
+//             "File": "",
+//             "Line": "0",
+//             "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//         }
+//     },
+//     "Values": [
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeType"
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeValue",
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.DeclaredType",
+//                     "Base": {
+//                         "@type": "/gno.StructType",
+//                         "Fields": [
+//                             {
+//                                 "Embedded": false,
+//                                 "Name": "A",
+//                                 "Tag": "",
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.PrimitiveType",
+//                                     "value": "32"
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         ],
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     },
+//                     "Methods": [
+//                         {
+//                             "T": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                 "Params": [
+//                                     {
+//                                         "Embedded": false,
+//                                         "Name": "ls",
+//                                         "Tag": "",
+//                                         "Type": {
+//                                             "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                                             "Elt": {
+//                                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                                 "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.LocalStruct"
+//                                             }
+//                                         }
+//                                     }
+//                                 ],
+//                                 "Results": [
+//                                     {
+//                                         "Embedded": false,
+//                                         "Name": "",
+//                                         "Tag": "",
+//                                         "Type": {
+//                                             "@type": "/gno.PrimitiveType",
+//                                             "value": "16"
+//                                         }
+//                                     }
+//                                 ]
+//                             },
+//                             "V": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                                 "Closure": null,
+//                                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                                 "IsMethod": true,
+//                                 "Name": "String",
+//                                 "NativeName": "",
+//                                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                                 "Source": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                                     "Location": {
+//                                         "Column": "1",
+//                                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                                         "Line": "12",
+//                                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                                     }
+//                                 },
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                     "Params": [
+//                                         {
+//                                             "Embedded": false,
+//                                             "Name": "ls",
+//                                             "Tag": "",
+//                                             "Type": {
+//                                                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                                                 "Elt": {
+//                                                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                                     "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.LocalStruct"
+//                                                 }
+//                                             }
+//                                         }
+//                                     ],
+//                                     "Results": [
+//                                         {
+//                                             "Embedded": false,
+//                                             "Name": "",
+//                                             "Tag": "",
+//                                             "Type": {
+//                                                 "@type": "/gno.PrimitiveType",
+//                                                 "value": "16"
+//                                             }
+//                                         }
+//                                     ]
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ],
+//                     "Name": "LocalStruct",
+//                     "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeType"
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeValue",
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.DeclaredType",
+//                     "Base": {
+//                         "@type": "/gno.InterfaceType",
+//                         "Generic": "",
+//                         "Methods": [
+//                             {
+//                                 "Embedded": false,
+//                                 "Name": "Foo",
+//                                 "Tag": "",
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                     "Params": [],
+//                                     "Results": []
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         ],
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     },
+//                     "Methods": [],
+//                     "Name": "Fooer",
+//                     "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [],
+//                 "Results": []
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "init.2",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                         "Line": "19",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [],
+//                     "Results": []
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [],
+//                 "Results": [
+//                     {
+//                         "Embedded": false,
+//                         "Name": "",
+//                         "Tag": "",
+//                         "Type": {
+//                             "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                             "Elt": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                 "ID": "gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm.Container"
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     }
+//                 ]
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "Make1",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                         "Line": "24",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [],
+//                     "Results": [
+//                         {
+//                             "Embedded": false,
+//                             "Name": "",
+//                             "Tag": "",
+//                             "Type": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                                 "Elt": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                     "ID": "gno.land/p/demo/tests/p_crossrealm.Container"
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ]
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [
+//                     {
+//                         "Embedded": false,
+//                         "Name": "f",
+//                         "Tag": "",
+//                         "Type": {
+//                             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                             "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.Fooer"
+//                         }
+//                     }
+//                 ],
+//                 "Results": []
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "SetFooer",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                         "Line": "35",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [
+//                         {
+//                             "Embedded": false,
+//                             "Name": "f",
+//                             "Tag": "",
+//                             "Type": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                 "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.Fooer"
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ],
+//                     "Results": []
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [],
+//                 "Results": []
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "CallFoo",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
+//                         "Line": "36",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [],
+//                     "Results": []
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                 "Elt": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                     "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.LocalStruct"
+//                 }
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
+//                 "Base": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Hash": "a75fdb389fedfcbbaa7f446d528c1e149726347c",
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:4"
+//                 },
+//                 "Index": "0",
+//                 "TV": null
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                 "Elt": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                     "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.container"
+//                 }
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
+//                 "Base": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Hash": "7041ec66b0edbe5faaa7e8e9baa1b2a862887964",
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:6"
+//                 },
+//                 "Index": "0",
+//                 "TV": null
+//             }
+//         }
+//     ]
+// }
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]
+// u[f5a516808f8976c33939133293d598ce3bca4e8d:2]={
+//     "Blank": {},
+//     "ObjectInfo": {
+//         "ID": "f5a516808f8976c33939133293d598ce3bca4e8d:2",
+//         "IsEscaped": true,
+//         "ModTime": "3",
+//         "RefCount": "2"
+//     },
+//     "Parent": null,
+//     "Source": {
+//         "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//         "BlockNode": null,
+//         "Location": {
+//             "Column": "0",
+//             "File": "",
+//             "Line": "0",
+//             "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//         }
+//     },
+//     "Values": [
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeType"
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeValue",
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.DeclaredType",
+//                     "Base": {
+//                         "@type": "/gno.StructType",
+//                         "Fields": [
+//                             {
+//                                 "Embedded": true,
+//                                 "Name": "fooer",
+//                                 "Tag": "",
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                                     "Elt": {
+//                                         "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                         "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//                                     }
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         ],
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                     },
+//                     "Methods": [
+//                         {
+//                             "T": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                 "Params": [
+//                                     {
+//                                         "Embedded": false,
+//                                         "Name": ".recv",
+//                                         "Tag": "",
+//                                         "Type": {
+//                                             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                             "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.container"
+//                                         }
+//                                     }
+//                                 ],
+//                                 "Results": []
+//                             },
+//                             "V": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                                 "Closure": null,
+//                                 "FileName": "main.gno",
+//                                 "IsMethod": true,
+//                                 "Name": "Foo",
+//                                 "NativeName": "",
+//                                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test",
+//                                 "Source": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                                     "Location": {
+//                                         "Column": "1",
+//                                         "File": "main.gno",
+//                                         "Line": "10",
+//                                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                                     }
+//                                 },
+//                                 "Type": {
+//                                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                                     "Params": [
+//                                         {
+//                                             "Embedded": false,
+//                                             "Name": ".recv",
+//                                             "Tag": "",
+//                                             "Type": {
+//                                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                                 "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.container"
+//                                             }
+//                                         }
+//                                     ],
+//                                     "Results": []
+//                                 }
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ],
+//                     "Name": "container",
+//                     "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeType"
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.TypeValue",
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.DeclaredType",
+//                     "Base": {
+//                         "@type": "/gno.StructType",
+//                         "Fields": [],
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                     },
+//                     "Methods": [],
+//                     "Name": "fooer",
+//                     "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                 "Params": [],
+//                 "Results": []
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
+//                 "Closure": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "f5a516808f8976c33939133293d598ce3bca4e8d:3"
+//                 },
+//                 "FileName": "main.gno",
+//                 "IsMethod": false,
+//                 "Name": "main",
+//                 "NativeName": "",
+//                 "NativePkg": "",
+//                 "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test",
+//                 "Source": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefNode",
+//                     "BlockNode": null,
+//                     "Location": {
+//                         "Column": "1",
+//                         "File": "main.gno",
+//                         "Line": "16",
+//                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
+//                     }
+//                 },
+//                 "Type": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.FuncType",
+//                     "Params": [],
+//                     "Results": []
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
+//                 "Elt": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                     "ID": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test.fooer"
+//                 }
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
+//                 "Base": {
+//                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                     "Escaped": true,
+//                     "ObjectID": "1712ac7adcfdc8e58a67e5615e20fb312394c4df:8"
+//                 },
+//                 "Index": "0",
+//                 "TV": null
+//             }
+//         }
+//     ]
+// }
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]

From 03e838bfc0d7db06e2f36367f7068c5af9a57fd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 13:49:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 38/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .../r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno    |  7 ++--
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno     | 26 +++++++++++++--
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno     | 26 +++++++++++++--
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno     | 33 +++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
index 0fdb5ff2308..acb040c1ca8 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm/crossrealm.gno
@@ -32,5 +32,8 @@ type Fooer interface{ Foo() }
 
 var fooer Fooer
 
-func SetFooer(f Fooer) { fooer = f }
-func CallFoo()         { fooer.Foo() }
+func SetFooer(f Fooer) Fooer {
+	fooer = f
+	return fooer
+}
+func CallFoo() { fooer.Foo() }
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
index db924432271..f2720c54769 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
@@ -325,7 +325,17 @@ func main() {
 //                         }
 //                     }
 //                 ],
-//                 "Results": []
+//                 "Results": [
+//                     {
+//                         "Embedded": false,
+//                         "Name": "",
+//                         "Tag": "",
+//                         "Type": {
+//                             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                             "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.Fooer"
+//                         }
+//                     }
+//                 ]
 //             },
 //             "V": {
 //                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
@@ -363,7 +373,17 @@ func main() {
 //                             }
 //                         }
 //                     ],
-//                     "Results": []
+//                     "Results": [
+//                         {
+//                             "Embedded": false,
+//                             "Name": "",
+//                             "Tag": "",
+//                             "Type": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                 "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.Fooer"
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ]
 //                 }
 //             }
 //         },
@@ -392,7 +412,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
-//                         "Line": "36",
+//                         "Line": "39",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
 //                     }
 //                 },
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
index cb794c380d3..298655f7291 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
@@ -376,7 +376,17 @@ func main() {
 //                         }
 //                     }
 //                 ],
-//                 "Results": []
+//                 "Results": [
+//                     {
+//                         "Embedded": false,
+//                         "Name": "",
+//                         "Tag": "",
+//                         "Type": {
+//                             "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                             "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.Fooer"
+//                         }
+//                     }
+//                 ]
 //             },
 //             "V": {
 //                 "@type": "/gno.FuncValue",
@@ -414,7 +424,17 @@ func main() {
 //                             }
 //                         }
 //                     ],
-//                     "Results": []
+//                     "Results": [
+//                         {
+//                             "Embedded": false,
+//                             "Name": "",
+//                             "Tag": "",
+//                             "Type": {
+//                                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                                 "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm.Fooer"
+//                             }
+//                         }
+//                     ]
 //                 }
 //             }
 //         },
@@ -443,7 +463,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "crossrealm.gno",
-//                         "Line": "36",
+//                         "Line": "39",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
 //                     }
 //                 },
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..45441d4572d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+package crossrealm_test
+
+import (
+	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+)
+
+type fooer struct{}
+
+func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello") }
+
+var f crossrealm.Fooer = crossrealm.SetFooer(&fooer{})
+
+func init() {
+	crossrealm.CallFoo()
+}
+
+func main() {
+	crossrealm.CallFoo()
+	print(".")
+}
+
+// Output:
+// hello
+// hello
+// .
+
+// Error:
+
+// Realm:
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]

From 71b74f42c918ec6e44e50ef299e322efb003d07f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 13:53:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 39/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno |  6 ++++--
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno | 10 ++++++----
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno | 10 ++++++----
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno |  8 +++++---
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
index dc081dfc771..c2c5575bfcd 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm15.gno
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 package crossrealm_test
 
 import (
+	"std"
+
 	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
 )
 
 type fooer struct{}
 
-func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello") }
+func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello " + std.CurrentRealm().PkgPath()) }
 
 var f *fooer
 
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ func main() {
 }
 
 // Output:
-// hello
+// hello gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
 // .
 
 // Error:
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
index f2720c54769..47797631975 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 package crossrealm_test
 
 import (
+	"std"
+
 	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
 )
 
 type fooer struct{}
 
-func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello") }
+func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello " + std.CurrentRealm().PkgPath()) }
 
 var f *fooer
 
@@ -19,7 +21,7 @@ func main() {
 }
 
 // Output:
-// hello
+// hello gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
 // .
 
 // Error:
@@ -529,7 +531,7 @@ func main() {
 //                                     "Location": {
 //                                         "Column": "1",
 //                                         "File": "main.gno",
-//                                         "Line": "10",
+//                                         "Line": "12",
 //                                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
 //                                     }
 //                                 },
@@ -581,7 +583,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "main.gno",
-//                         "Line": "14",
+//                         "Line": "16",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
 //                     }
 //                 },
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
index 298655f7291..d0f488d86b2 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 package crossrealm_test
 
 import (
+	"std"
+
 	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
 )
 
 type container struct{ *fooer }
 
-func (container) Foo() { println("hello container") }
+func (container) Foo() { println("hello container " + std.CurrentRealm().PkgPath()) }
 
 type fooer struct{}
 
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ func main() {
 }
 
 // Output:
-// hello container
+// hello container gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
 // .
 
 // Error:
@@ -593,7 +595,7 @@ func main() {
 //                                     "Location": {
 //                                         "Column": "1",
 //                                         "File": "main.gno",
-//                                         "Line": "10",
+//                                         "Line": "12",
 //                                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
 //                                     }
 //                                 },
@@ -664,7 +666,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "main.gno",
-//                         "Line": "16",
+//                         "Line": "18",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"
 //                     }
 //                 },
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno
index 45441d4572d..cc46e3df514 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm18.gno
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 package crossrealm_test
 
 import (
+	"std"
+
 	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
 )
 
 type fooer struct{}
 
-func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello") }
+func (fooer) Foo() { println("hello " + std.CurrentRealm().PkgPath()) }
 
 var f crossrealm.Fooer = crossrealm.SetFooer(&fooer{})
 
@@ -21,8 +23,8 @@ func main() {
 }
 
 // Output:
-// hello
-// hello
+// hello gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+// hello gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
 // .
 
 // Error:

From 4ca57af51b3a0350c9204478999bbf76c036313d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 15:46:49 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 40/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 gnovm/stdlibs/math/overflow/overflow.gno | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gnovm/stdlibs/math/overflow/overflow.gno b/gnovm/stdlibs/math/overflow/overflow.gno
index 9bdeff0720f..0bc2e03a522 100644
--- a/gnovm/stdlibs/math/overflow/overflow.gno
+++ b/gnovm/stdlibs/math/overflow/overflow.gno
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func Div8p(a, b int8) int8 {
 func Quo8(a, b int8) (int8, int8, bool) {
 	if b == 0 {
 		return 0, 0, false
-	} else if b == -1 && a == math.MinInt8 {
+	} else if b == -1 && a == int8(math.MinInt8) {
 		return 0, 0, false
 	}
 	c := a / b
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ func Div16p(a, b int16) int16 {
 func Quo16(a, b int16) (int16, int16, bool) {
 	if b == 0 {
 		return 0, 0, false
-	} else if b == -1 && a == math.MinInt16 {
+	} else if b == -1 && a == int16(math.MinInt16) {
 		return 0, 0, false
 	}
 	c := a / b
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ func Div32p(a, b int32) int32 {
 func Quo32(a, b int32) (int32, int32, bool) {
 	if b == 0 {
 		return 0, 0, false
-	} else if b == -1 && a == math.MinInt32 {
+	} else if b == -1 && a == int32(math.MinInt32) {
 		return 0, 0, false
 	}
 	c := a / b

From a91c84a6c67e4cf3c4b1e159b560c1adceb5b0bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jaekwon <jae@tendermint.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 16:05:33 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 41/44] change realm to receiver's

---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/tests.gno      |  2 +
 gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go                  | 54 +++++++++-----
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno     |  3 +-
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno     |  3 +-
 .../files/zrealm_crossrealm19_stdlibs.gno     | 37 ++++++++++
 .../files/zrealm_crossrealm3_stdlibs.gno      | 11 ++-
 .../files/zrealm_crossrealm4_stdlibs.gno      | 12 ++--
 .../files/zrealm_crossrealm5_stdlibs.gno      |  8 +--
 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_tests0_stdlibs.gno   | 70 +++++++++++--------
 9 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm19_stdlibs.gno

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/tests.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/tests.gno
index 773412c3db9..2489a2214ba 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/tests.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/tests/tests.gno
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ type TestRealmObject struct {
 	Field string
 }
 
+var TestRealmObjectValue TestRealmObject
+
 func ModifyTestRealmObject(t *TestRealmObject) {
 	t.Field += "_modified"
 }
diff --git a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
index 850da3d3c0f..c8afd774ab9 100644
--- a/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
+++ b/gnovm/pkg/gnolang/machine.go
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ func (e Exception) Sprint(m *Machine) string {
 
 type Machine struct {
 	// State
-	Ops        []Op // main operations
-	NumOps     int
+	Ops        []Op          // operations stack
+	NumOps     int           // number of operations
 	Values     []TypedValue  // buffer of values to be operated on
 	NumValues  int           // number of values
 	Exprs      []Expr        // pending expressions
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ type Machine struct {
 	Package    *PackageValue // active package
 	Realm      *Realm        // active realm
 	Alloc      *Allocator    // memory allocations
-	Exceptions []Exception
-	NumResults int   // number of results returned
-	Cycles     int64 // number of "cpu" cycles
+	Exceptions []Exception   // exceptions stack
+	NumResults int           // number of results returned
+	Cycles     int64         // number of "cpu" cycles performed
 
 	Debugger Debugger
 
@@ -199,6 +199,7 @@ func (m *Machine) Release() {
 	machinePool.Put(m)
 }
 
+// Convenience for initial setup of the machine.
 func (m *Machine) SetActivePackage(pv *PackageValue) {
 	if err := m.CheckEmpty(); err != nil {
 		panic(errors.Wrap(err, "set package when machine not empty"))
@@ -210,6 +211,14 @@ func (m *Machine) SetActivePackage(pv *PackageValue) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (m *Machine) setCurrentPackage(pv *PackageValue) {
+	m.Package = pv
+	rlm := pv.GetRealm()
+	if rlm != nil {
+		m.Realm = rlm
+	}
+}
+
 //----------------------------------------
 // top level Run* methods.
 
@@ -1797,29 +1806,36 @@ func (m *Machine) PushFrameCall(cx *CallExpr, fv *FuncValue, recv TypedValue) {
 		m.Printf("+F %#v\n", fr)
 	}
 	m.Frames = append(m.Frames, fr)
-	pv := fv.GetPackage(m.Store)
-	if pv == nil {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("package value missing in store: %s", fv.PkgPath))
-	}
-	rlm := pv.GetRealm()
-	if rlm == nil && recv.IsDefined() {
+	if recv.IsDefined() {
+		// If the receiver is defined, we enter the receiver's realm.
 		obj := recv.GetFirstObject(m.Store)
 		if obj == nil {
 			// could be a nil receiver.
-			// just ignore.
+			// set package and realm of function.
+			pv := fv.GetPackage(m.Store)
+			if pv == nil {
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("package value missing in store: %s", fv.PkgPath))
+			}
+			m.setCurrentPackage(pv) // maybe new realm
 		} else {
 			recvOID := obj.GetObjectInfo().ID
-			if !recvOID.IsZero() {
+			if recvOID.IsZero() {
+				// receiver isn't owned yet.
+				// just continue with current package and realm.
+				// XXX is this reasonable?
+			} else {
 				// override the pv and rlm with receiver's.
 				recvPkgOID := ObjectIDFromPkgID(recvOID.PkgID)
-				pv = m.Store.GetObject(recvPkgOID).(*PackageValue)
-				rlm = pv.GetRealm() // done
+				pv := m.Store.GetObject(recvPkgOID).(*PackageValue)
+				m.setCurrentPackage(pv) // maybe new realm
 			}
 		}
-	}
-	m.Package = pv
-	if rlm != nil && m.Realm != rlm {
-		m.Realm = rlm // enter new realm
+	} else {
+		pv := fv.GetPackage(m.Store)
+		if pv == nil {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("package value missing in store: %s", fv.PkgPath))
+		}
+		m.setCurrentPackage(pv) // maybe new realm
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
index db924432271..0fef0148b7d 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm16.gno
@@ -443,6 +443,7 @@ func main() {
 //         }
 //     ]
 // }
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
 // switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]
 // u[f5a516808f8976c33939133293d598ce3bca4e8d:2]={
 //     "Blank": {},
@@ -593,5 +594,3 @@ func main() {
 //         }
 //     ]
 // }
-// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
-// switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
index cb794c380d3..b3cdfc885ca 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm17.gno
@@ -494,6 +494,7 @@ func main() {
 //         }
 //     ]
 // }
+// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
 // switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]
 // u[f5a516808f8976c33939133293d598ce3bca4e8d:2]={
 //     "Blank": {},
@@ -676,5 +677,3 @@ func main() {
 //         }
 //     ]
 // }
-// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"]
-// switchrealm["gno.land/r/crossrealm_test"]
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm19_stdlibs.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm19_stdlibs.gno
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6a51623f7bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm19_stdlibs.gno
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// PKGPATH: gno.land/r/crossrealm_test
+package crossrealm_test
+
+import (
+	"std"
+
+	crossrealm "gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm"
+)
+
+type fooer struct {
+	s string
+}
+
+func (f *fooer) Foo() {
+	f.s = "B"
+	println("hello " + f.s + " " + std.CurrentRealm().PkgPath())
+}
+
+var f *fooer
+
+func init() {
+	f = &fooer{s: "A"}
+	crossrealm.SetFooer(f)
+	crossrealm.CallFoo()
+}
+
+func main() {
+	print(".")
+}
+
+// Output:
+// hello B gno.land/r/demo/tests/crossrealm
+// .
+
+// Error:
+
+// Realm:
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm3_stdlibs.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm3_stdlibs.gno
index 6aa9c5247d8..105066c5ba7 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm3_stdlibs.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm3_stdlibs.gno
@@ -13,10 +13,15 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func main() {
-	// NOTE: but it is invalid to modify it using an external realm function.
+	// NOTE: it is valid to modify it using an external realm function,
+	// because the receiver makes the function run under this realm.
 	somevalue.Modify()
 	println(somevalue)
+	// we can even modify it directly.
+	somevalue.Field = "test_modified_directly"
+	println(somevalue)
 }
 
-// Error:
-// cannot modify external-realm or non-realm object
+// Output:
+// (struct{("test_modified" string)} gno.land/r/demo/tests.TestRealmObject)
+// (struct{("test_modified_directly" string)} gno.land/r/demo/tests.TestRealmObject)
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm4_stdlibs.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm4_stdlibs.gno
index 6aa9c5247d8..ed73b7ad6bb 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm4_stdlibs.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm4_stdlibs.gno
@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ import (
 	"gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 )
 
-// NOTE: it is valid to persist external realm types.
-var somevalue tests.TestRealmObject
+// NOTE: it is valid to persist a pointer to an external object
+var somevalue *tests.TestRealmObject
 
 func init() {
-	somevalue.Field = "test"
+	somevalue = &tests.TestRealmObjectValue
 }
 
 func main() {
-	// NOTE: but it is invalid to modify it using an external realm function.
+	// NOTE: it is valid to modify it using the external realm function.
 	somevalue.Modify()
 	println(somevalue)
 }
 
-// Error:
-// cannot modify external-realm or non-realm object
+// Output:
+// &(struct{("_modified" string)} gno.land/r/demo/tests.TestRealmObject)
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm5_stdlibs.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm5_stdlibs.gno
index 6aa9c5247d8..c7560b21463 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm5_stdlibs.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_crossrealm5_stdlibs.gno
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ import (
 )
 
 // NOTE: it is valid to persist external realm types.
-var somevalue tests.TestRealmObject
+var somevalue *tests.TestRealmObject
 
 func init() {
-	somevalue.Field = "test"
+	somevalue = &tests.TestRealmObjectValue
 }
 
 func main() {
-	// NOTE: but it is invalid to modify it using an external realm function.
-	somevalue.Modify()
+	// NOTE: but it is invalid to modify it directly.
+	somevalue.Field = "test"
 	println(somevalue)
 }
 
diff --git a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_tests0_stdlibs.gno b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_tests0_stdlibs.gno
index 70ac3dd810d..5cd57c71a4a 100644
--- a/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_tests0_stdlibs.gno
+++ b/gnovm/tests/files/zrealm_tests0_stdlibs.gno
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func main() {
 
 // Realm:
 // switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests"]
-// c[0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:18]={
+// c[0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:19]={
 //     "Fields": [
 //         {
 //             "T": {
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ func main() {
 //         }
 //     ],
 //     "ObjectInfo": {
-//         "ID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:18",
+//         "ID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:19",
 //         "ModTime": "0",
-//         "OwnerID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:17",
+//         "OwnerID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:18",
 //         "RefCount": "1"
 //     }
 // }
-// c[0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:17]={
+// c[0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:18]={
 //     "ObjectInfo": {
-//         "ID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:17",
+//         "ID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:18",
 //         "ModTime": "0",
-//         "OwnerID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:16",
+//         "OwnerID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:17",
 //         "RefCount": "1"
 //     },
 //     "Value": {
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ func main() {
 //         },
 //         "V": {
 //             "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
-//             "Hash": "d3d6ffa52602f2bc976051d79294d219750aca64",
-//             "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:18"
+//             "Hash": "6b9b731f6118c2419f23ba57e1481679f17f4a8f",
+//             "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:19"
 //         }
 //     }
 // }
-// c[0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:16]={
+// c[0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:17]={
 //     "Data": null,
 //     "List": [
 //         {
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ func main() {
 //                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
 //                 "Base": {
 //                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
-//                     "Hash": "4ea1e08156f3849b74a0f41f92cd4b48fb94926b",
-//                     "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:11"
+//                     "Hash": "148d314678615253ee2032d7ecff6b144b474baf",
+//                     "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:12"
 //                 },
 //                 "Index": "0",
 //                 "TV": null
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ func main() {
 //                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
 //                 "Base": {
 //                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
-//                     "Hash": "ce86ea1156e75a44cd9d7ba2261819b100aa4ed1",
-//                     "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:14"
+//                     "Hash": "fa414e1770821b8deb8e6d46d97828c47f7d5fa5",
+//                     "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:15"
 //                 },
 //                 "Index": "0",
 //                 "TV": null
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ func main() {
 //                 "@type": "/gno.PointerValue",
 //                 "Base": {
 //                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
-//                     "Hash": "b66192fbd8a8dde79b6f854b5cc3c4cc965cfd92",
-//                     "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:17"
+//                     "Hash": "aaa64d049cf8660d689780acac9f546f270eaa4e",
+//                     "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:18"
 //                 },
 //                 "Index": "0",
 //                 "TV": null
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ func main() {
 //         }
 //     ],
 //     "ObjectInfo": {
-//         "ID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:16",
+//         "ID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:17",
 //         "ModTime": "0",
 //         "OwnerID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:2",
 //         "RefCount": "1"
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func main() {
 //     "ObjectInfo": {
 //         "ID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:2",
 //         "IsEscaped": true,
-//         "ModTime": "15",
+//         "ModTime": "16",
 //         "RefCount": "5"
 //     },
 //     "Parent": null,
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ func main() {
 //                                     "Location": {
 //                                         "Column": "1",
 //                                         "File": "tests.gno",
-//                                         "Line": "56",
+//                                         "Line": "58",
 //                                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 //                                     }
 //                                 },
@@ -1197,7 +1197,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "tests.gno",
-//                         "Line": "52",
+//                         "Line": "54",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 //                     }
 //                 },
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "tests.gno",
-//                         "Line": "74",
+//                         "Line": "76",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 //                     }
 //                 },
@@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "tests.gno",
-//                         "Line": "79",
+//                         "Line": "81",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 //                     }
 //                 },
@@ -1318,7 +1318,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "tests.gno",
-//                         "Line": "87",
+//                         "Line": "89",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 //                     }
 //                 },
@@ -1364,7 +1364,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "tests.gno",
-//                         "Line": "91",
+//                         "Line": "93",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 //                     }
 //                 },
@@ -1420,7 +1420,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "tests.gno",
-//                         "Line": "95",
+//                         "Line": "97",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 //                     }
 //                 },
@@ -1477,7 +1477,7 @@ func main() {
 //                     "Location": {
 //                         "Column": "1",
 //                         "File": "tests.gno",
-//                         "Line": "99",
+//                         "Line": "101",
 //                         "PkgPath": "gno.land/r/demo/tests"
 //                     }
 //                 },
@@ -1512,8 +1512,8 @@ func main() {
 //                 "@type": "/gno.SliceValue",
 //                 "Base": {
 //                     "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
-//                     "Hash": "ad25f70f66c8c53042afd1377e5ff5ab744bf1a5",
-//                     "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:16"
+//                     "Hash": "3c58838c5667649add1ff8ee48a1cdc187fcd2ef",
+//                     "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:17"
 //                 },
 //                 "Length": "3",
 //                 "Maxcap": "3",
@@ -1563,6 +1563,17 @@ func main() {
 //         },
 //         {
 //             "T": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.RefType",
+//                 "ID": "gno.land/r/demo/tests.TestRealmObject"
+//             },
+//             "V": {
+//                 "@type": "/gno.RefValue",
+//                 "Hash": "5e56ba76fc0add1a3a67f7a8b6709f4f27215f93",
+//                 "ObjectID": "0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:10"
+//             }
+//         },
+//         {
+//             "T": {
 //                 "@type": "/gno.PointerType",
 //                 "Elt": {
 //                     "@type": "/gno.RefType",
@@ -1590,10 +1601,7 @@ func main() {
 //         }
 //     ]
 // }
-// d[0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:13]
-// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests_foo"]
-// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests_foo"]
-// switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests_foo"]
+// d[0ffe7732b4d549b4cf9ec18bd68641cd2c75ad0a:14]
 // switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests_foo"]
 // switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests"]
 // switchrealm["gno.land/r/demo/tests_test"]

From f48048bd9c6c96ceae53d68c9b4e0831817c1baf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 21:54:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 42/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno               | 2 +-
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod                 | 2 +-
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod          | 2 +-
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno | 2 +-
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno             | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
index a3d05b9212c..3aaec94041a 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/bar20.gno
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ var (
 func init() {
 	banker = grc20.NewBanker("Bar", "BAR", 4)
 	Token = banker.Token()
- 	grc20reg.Register(Token, "")
+	grc20reg.Register(Token, "")
 }
 
 func Faucet() string {
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod
index 7443c5eb9e6..9fb0f083e1b 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/bar20/gno.mod
@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@ require (
 	gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20 v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/testutils v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/urequire v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg v0.0.0-latest
 )
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod
index 6c815d3c680..db0000d998c 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/gno.mod
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory
 require (
 	gno.land/p/demo/avl v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20 v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/ownable v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg v0.0.0-latest
 )
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
index cc531a0e128..5fe0687984a 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20factory/grc20factory.gno
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ import (
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/avl"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
-	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ownable"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
 )
 
 var instances avl.Tree // symbol -> instance
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
index 7178abd4587..67d7779105f 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/wugnot/wugnot.gno
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
 	pusers "gno.land/p/demo/users"
- 	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
 	"gno.land/r/demo/users"
 )
 

From 90730568925135a324fc5758a5138d4954ab6274 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 22:05:05 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 43/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno | 12 ++++++------
 .../gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno | 18 ++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
index 315b0e0449d..5009f7d8086 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg.gno
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ import (
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
 )
 
-var registry = avl.NewTree() // rlmPath[.slug] -> IGRC20
+var registry = avl.NewTree() // rlmPath[.slug] -> Token
 
-func Register(token grc20.IGRC20, slug string) {
+func Register(token grc20.Token, slug string) {
 	rlmPath := std.PrevRealm().PkgPath()
 	key := fqname.Construct(rlmPath, slug)
 	registry.Set(key, token)
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ func Register(token grc20.IGRC20, slug string) {
 	)
 }
 
-func Get(key string) grc20.IGRC20 {
+func Get(key string) grc20.Token {
 	token, ok := registry.Get(key)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return token.(grc20.IGRC20)
+	return token.(grc20.Token)
 }
 
-func MustGet(key string) grc20.IGRC20 {
+func MustGet(key string) grc20.Token {
 	token := Get(key)
 	if token == nil {
 		panic("unknown token: " + key)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func Render(path string) string {
 		count := 0
 		registry.Iterate("", "", func(key string, tokenI interface{}) bool {
 			count++
-			token := tokenI.(grc20.IGRC20)
+			token := tokenI.(grc20.Token)
 			rlmPath, slug := fqname.Parse(key)
 			rlmLink := fqname.RenderLink(rlmPath, slug)
 			infoLink := "/r/demo/grc20reg:" + key
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
index 3fa72e685cb..83f639de0c4 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg/grc20reg_test.gno
@@ -59,17 +59,15 @@ func TestRegistry(t *testing.T) {
 type dummyImpl struct{}
 
 // FIXME: this should fail.
-var _ grc20.IGRC20 = (*dummyImpl)(nil)
+var _ grc20.Token = (*dummyImpl)(nil)
 
-func (impl *dummyImpl) GetName() string                               { return "TestToken" }
-func (impl *dummyImpl) GetSymbol() string                             { return "TST" }
-func (impl *dummyImpl) GetDecimals() uint                             { return 1337 }
-func (impl *dummyImpl) TotalSupply() uint64                           { return 1234567 }
-func (impl *dummyImpl) BalanceOf(account std.Address) (uint64, error) { panic("not implemented") }
-func (impl *dummyImpl) Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64) error  { panic("not implemented") }
-func (impl *dummyImpl) Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) (uint64, error) {
-	panic("not implemented")
-}
+func (impl *dummyImpl) GetName() string                                  { return "TestToken" }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) GetSymbol() string                                { return "TST" }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) GetDecimals() uint                                { return 1337 }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) TotalSupply() uint64                              { return 1234567 }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) BalanceOf(account std.Address) uint64             { panic("not implemented") }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64) error     { panic("not implemented") }
+func (impl *dummyImpl) Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) uint64      { panic("not implemented") }
 func (impl *dummyImpl) Approve(spender std.Address, amount uint64) error { panic("not implemented") }
 func (impl *dummyImpl) TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error {
 	panic("not implemented")

From 67e53538c9dcc65d92e8c9f85808e94758055498 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jul 2024 22:30:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 44/44] chore: fixup

Signed-off-by: moul <94029+moul@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 examples/gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20/token.gno  | 43 -------------------
 examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20_test.gno | 15 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20/token.gno b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20/token.gno
index e13599e90bb..7f3b784932a 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20/token.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20/token.gno
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ package grc20
 
 import (
 	"std"
-
-	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/exts"
 )
 
 // token implements the Token interface.
@@ -45,44 +43,3 @@ func (t *token) TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error {
 	}
 	return t.banker.Transfer(from, to, amount)
 }
-
-type Token2 interface {
-	exts.TokenMetadata
-
-	// Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
-	TotalSupply() uint64
-
-	// Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
-	BalanceOf(account std.Address) uint64
-
-	// Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
-	//
-	// Returns an error if the operation failed.
-	Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64) error
-
-	// Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
-	// allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
-	// zero by default.
-	//
-	// This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
-	Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) uint64
-
-	// Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
-	//
-	// Returns an error if the operation failed.
-	//
-	// IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
-	// that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
-	// transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
-	// condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
-	// desired value afterwards:
-	// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
-	Approve(spender std.Address, amount uint64) error
-
-	// Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
-	// allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
-	// allowance.
-	//
-	// Returns an error if the operation failed.
-	TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error
-}
diff --git a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20_test.gno b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20_test.gno
index 77c99d0525e..91b4a5ede3f 100644
--- a/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20_test.gno
+++ b/examples/gno.land/r/demo/foo20/foo20_test.gno
@@ -71,10 +71,21 @@ func TestErrConditions(t *testing.T) {
 		fn   func()
 	}
 
-	std.TestSetOrigCaller(users.Resolve(admin))
+	banker.Mint(std.Address(admin), 10000)
 	{
 		tests := []test{
-			{"Transfer(admin, 1)", "cannot send transfer to self", func() { Transfer(admin, 1) }},
+			{"Transfer(admin, 1)", "cannot send transfer to self", func() {
+				// XXX: should replace with:
+				//    Transfer(admin, 1)
+				// but there is currently a limitation in
+				// manipulating the frame stack and simulate
+				// calling this package from an outside point of
+				// view.
+				adminAddr := std.Address(admin)
+				if err := banker.Transfer(adminAddr, adminAddr, 1); err != nil {
+					panic(err)
+				}
+			}},
 			{"Approve(empty, 1))", "invalid address", func() { Approve(empty, 1) }},
 		}
 		for _, tc := range tests {