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<title>Harvard University Center for Geographic Analysis</title>
<meta name="description" content="G.C. Millar Harvard University Center for Geographic Analysis Presentation">
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<!-- Title slide -->
<section data-background="white">
<br><h3 style="font-size:32px">People & the Environment: Geo-analytical Guidelines for Measuring Environmental Interaction</h3>
<h6 style="color:grey;font-size:28px">Garrett C. Millar</h6>
<img style="position: relative;vertical-align:middle" width="32%" src="img/space_time_cube.gif">
<h3 style = "font-size: 24px">Harvard University Center for Geographic Analysis</h3>
<h6 style = "color : grey;font-size: 22px">September 2019 </h6>
<br>
<img height="30px" style="margin-top: 0.2em" src="img/logos/cga_ncstate_hms.png">
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Hi everyone, and thank you for coming today. A special thank you to Dr. Peter James for inviting and organizing this talk.
<li> My name is Garrett Millar, I'm a PhD student in Geospatial Analytics at North Carolina State University. Geospatial Analytics--the science of WHERE things HAPPEN.
<li> I'm here today to talk with you all about People & the Environment. Well, that could mean just about anything right? So more specifically, we'll be looking at ways to measure and also map how people interact with the environment.
<li> To do so, we'll go over different geo-analytical guidelines, techniques, and software tools, for empirically measuring people's environmental interaction and experience.
<li> LETS GET STARTED!!
<!-- Garrett Millar is a User Experience Researcher and Geospatial Scientist. In 2016, he earned his Bachelor's Degree in Psychology at North Carolina State University. Carrying extensive domain knowledge in the Cognitive Sciences, particularly the experience and knowhow for collecting biometric data, Garrett transitioned to the field of Geospatial Science in 2017. Where now, as a third year PhD student at North Carolina State's Center for Geospatial Analytics, he develops and evaluates geospatial applications and visualizations. A particular focus of his research is placed on using mobile sensing technologies like smart watches to improve our understanding of how people experience their environment. Lastly, he and his 6-month old German Shepherd puppy, Cassius, really enjoy the outdoors -->
<!-- Mobile sensing technologies like smart watches are going mainstream. With improvements in quality, affordability, and ability, they provide a unique opportunity for spatial sciences. They particularly provide the opportunity to understand not only how people behave, but more importantly, how they experience their environment. By providing a human-centered approach for extracting contextual physiological information from mobile sensor data, geospatial analytics provides the capability to derive where, when, and in particular, how people’s behavior, experience, and health relate to their surrounding environment. Results are directly applicable in domains such as urban planning, environmental health, and epidemiology, wherein researchers can efficiently explore how human behavior varies as a function of location, space, and time. This talk will be delivered with an overall focus on People & the Environment. During which, various geo-analytical guidelines, techniques, and software tools, will be presented for empirically measuring people's environmental interaction and experience. -->
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<section data-background="img/getting-around-loop-1MB.gif" data-background-size="100%" >
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<!-- <p class="credit text-bottom" style="font-size: 8px">Credit: https://www.bu.edu/articles/2018/i-get-around</p> -->
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> In our daily comings and goings between home, work and school, the streets and bike paths we choose to navigate are also an emotional map of our commute.
<li> Where do we consistently experience frustration with traffic?
<li> Or anxiety from a tricky intersection?
<li> I believe questions such as these are becoming more and more important to ask
<li> Mainly because the ways we now get around town, or go to and from work and school, continue to become more diverse, and more popular:
<ul>
<li> skateboarding
<li> mopeds
<li> biking
<li> walking
<li> electric scooters
</ul>
<li> Questions such as places where we find ourselves consistently getting stressed, or always feel more at ease are the ones we'll be asking, exploring, and hopefully answering together today.
<li> And if some of you are able to walk away with some answers to these questions, then I'll consider today's presentation a success :D
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<section data-background="img/emotion.jpg" data-background-size="100%" >
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> So what I'll particular be talking about today is how mapping the locations of strong emotions can help improve the human experience
<li> Specifically because it can help decision-makers (urban / city planners) identify where environments inspire either calm or stress.
<li> But before we get into that, let's start from the very, very top, by asking some overarching questions:
<ul>
<li> <b> why emotions? </b>
<li> <b> and why would we want to try and map them? </b>
</ul>
<li> Well, emotions play a major role in our day-to-day lives, as they play a large part in how we perceive and experience the world.
<li> People can experience a wide range of different emotions, but usually depend on the context, or the place, in which they are experienced.
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<!-- Intro -->
<section data-background="img/emotions_stimuli.png" data-background-size="100%" >
<!-- <h3>Emotions</h3> -->
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<!-- <li class="fragment fade-in">Why do emotions matter?</li>
<li class="fragment fade-in">Measuring emotion (skin conductance)</li>
<li class="fragment fade-in">Mapping emotional experiences</li> -->
<li> In fact, emotions are nothing more than a physiological response to some sort of stimuli, which tend to arise from our environment.
<li> Take for example whats being shown to you now. That is, a dog just trying to be friendly and say hello, but accidentally scares an unsuspecting cyclist passing by the dog's yard. I can promise the dog didn't mean to scare him, he's a good boy.
<li> The good boy, an external stimulus in the environment, barks, scares the cyclist (an initial physiological response), who is then stressed (emotion) following the encounter.
<!-- <li> But, the cyclist still became scared, and continues to feel uneasy afterward. Not only that, but research shows that if the cyclist takes that route in the future, and remembers the dog, he will even become stressed before even passing by the yard. Just knowing a stressful event is going to occur will affect someone's stress levels. This is where the context of where people experience emotion gets foggy. If someone can be stressed before, during, AND after experienceing a stressor in the environment, how in the world can we identify the stress's true cause? -->
<li> So, we need to have a way to look at what people are feeling not just in general, but EXACTLY where they are feeling it, so we can not only understand how we interact with our environment, but also understand and optimize our emotional and physical well-being.
<!-- <li> Traditional data, analytics, and visualizations fall short here. -->
<li> But, this apparent physiological response to a stimulus, would need to be measured in order to do so. So how would we go about doing so?
</aside>
</section>
<section data-background="white">
<h3>What is skin conductance?</h3>
<table class= "condensed no_border" width="100%">
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<col width="10%">
<col width="50%">
<tr class = "border_top no_space">
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<img width="100%" src="img/gsr_diagram/1-start.png">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Well, human emotion is a very complex phenomenon, and is extremely hard to pin down.
<li> Fortunately, there are physiological indicators that our bodies exhibit which can be used to infer whether or not someone is feeling an emotion in the first place.
<li> To break it down step by step:
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<section data-background="white">
<h3>What is skin conductance?</h3>
<table class= "condensed no_border" width="100%">
<col width="40%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="50%">
<tr class = "border_top no_space">
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<ol >
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<img width="100%" src="img/gsr_diagram/2-brain.png">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Well, human emotion is a very complex phenomenon, and is extremely hard to pin down.
<li> Fortunately, there are physiological indicators that our bodies exhibit which can be used to infer whether or not someone is feeling an emotion in the first place.
<li> To break it down step by step:
<ul>
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<section data-background="white">
<h3>What is skin conductance?</h3>
<table class= "condensed no_border" width="100%">
<col width="40%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="50%">
<tr class = "border_top no_space">
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<ol >
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
<li>Nervous system triggers sweat glands on hands and feet</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<img width="100%" src="img/gsr_diagram/3-nervous_system.png">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Well, human emotion is a very complex phenomenon, and is extremely hard to pin down.
<li> Fortunately, there are physiological indicators that our bodies exhibit which can be used to infer whether or not someone is feeling an emotion in the first place.
<li> To break it down step by step:
<ul>
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
<li>Nervous system triggers sweat glands on hands and feet</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<section data-background="white">
<h3>What is skin conductance?</h3>
<table class= "condensed no_border" width="100%">
<col width="40%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="50%">
<tr class = "border_top no_space">
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<ol >
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
<li>Nervous system triggers sweat glands on hands and feet</li>
<li>Hands and feet become slightly wetter</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<img width="100%" src="img/gsr_diagram/4-sweat.png">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Well, human emotion is a very complex phenomenon, and is extremely hard to pin down.
<li> Fortunately, there are physiological indicators that our bodies exhibit which can be used to infer whether or not someone is feeling an emotion in the first place.
<li> To break it down step by step:
<ul>
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
<li>Nervous system triggers sweat glands on hands and feet</li>
<li>Hands and feet become slightly wetter</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<section data-background="white">
<h3>What is skin conductance?</h3>
<table class= "condensed no_border" width="100%">
<col width="40%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="50%">
<tr class = "border_top no_space">
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<ol >
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
<li>Nervous system triggers sweat glands on hands and feet</li>
<li>Hands and feet become slightly wetter</li>
<li>Water conducts electricity</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<img width="100%" src="img/gsr_diagram/5-electricity.png">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Well, human emotion is a very complex phenomenon, and is extremely hard to pin down.
<li> Fortunately, there are physiological indicators that our bodies exhibit which can be used to infer whether or not someone is feeling an emotion in the first place.
<li> To break it down step by step:
<ul>
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
<li>Nervous system triggers sweat glands on hands and feet</li>
<li>Hands and feet become slightly wetter</li>
<li>Water conducts electricity</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<section data-background="white">
<h3>What is skin conductance?</h3>
<table class= "condensed no_border" width="100%">
<col width="40%">
<col width="10%">
<col width="50%">
<tr class = "border_top no_space">
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<ol >
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
<li>Nervous system triggers sweat glands on hands and feet</li>
<li>Hands and feet become slightly wetter</li>
<li>Water conducts electricity</li>
<li>Electric current gets passed between two electrodes (conductivity)</li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; ">
<img width="100%" src="img/gsr_diagram/6-electrodes.png">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Well, human emotion is a very complex phenomenon, and is extremely hard to pin down.
<li> Fortunately, there are physiological indicators that our bodies exhibit which can be used to infer whether or not someone is feeling an emotion in the first place.
<li> To break it down step by step:
<ul>
<li>Brain senses emotion</li>
<li>Nervous system triggers sweat glands on hands and feet</li>
<li>Hands and feet become slightly wetter</li>
<li>Water conducts electricity</li>
<li>Electric current gets passed between two electrodes (conductivity)</li>
</ul>
<li>Then, technology like the Empatica E4, a wrist worn wearable specifically designed to measure skin conductance, uses two active electrodes on the bottom of the wrist to measure changes in people’s skin conductivity (or electric currents).
</ul>
</aside>
</section>
<!-- <section data-background="white">
<h3> Space-time Analytics of Human Physiology for Urban Planning </h3>
<ul>
<li class="fragment fade-in"><b>Research Objective</b>: Using mobile sensing to improve the understanding of how people experience their environment.
<li class="fragment fade-in">How?
<ul>
<li class="fragment fade-in">Examining spatial variation in people’s physiological responses in relation to the surrounding environment, to provide urban planners objective metrics on how individuals experience urban design elements.
</ul>
<li class="fragment fade-in">CHIPS cycle highway project (with Ondrej Mitas, Joost de Kruijff, Lisette Hoeke, Paul de Coevering)
<li class="fragment fade-in">CELTH Storysperience project (with Ondrej Mitas, Moniek Hover, Marcel Bastiaansen, Wilco Boode)
<br>
</ul>
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> So to do this, I started levaraging mobile sensing technologies like smart watches to try and improve our understanding of not only how people behave, but more importantly, how they experience their environment.
<li> This is done with additional hopes that understanding how we experience our cities, can naturally give rise to more informed design and development of our cities, thus resulting in the ability to call our cities "Smart"
<li> That is, cities that are able to operate in a sustainable, efficient and intelligent manner, encompass hopes of more efficient and greener living, increasingly oriented toward people's needs and a resulting betterment of their daily lives.
</ul>
<ul>
<li> I was given the opportunity to explore this research with two projects:
<ol>
<li> CHIPS: Cycle Highways Innovation for smarter People Transport and Spatial Planning
<li> CELTH: Centre of experience, leisure, tourism, & hospitality
<li> And while I wont be discussing this 2nd one, CELTH, I wanted to note how many amazing opportunities it provided me:
<ul>
<li> I was introduced to concepts of indoor mapping . . .
</ul>
</ol>
</ul>
</aside>
</section> -->
<!-- Why map emotion? -->
<section data-background="white" >
<h3> Why map emotion? </h3>
<table class= "condensed no_border" width="100%">
<col width="5%">
<col width="95%">
<tr class = "border_top no_space">
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</td>
<td style = "vertical-align : middle; "><br>
<img class="fragment fade-in" src="img/emotions_stimuli.png">
<br><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Now that we know how it can be measured, why would we want to try mapping it?</li>
<li> Well, remember, our good boy from earlier. <b>[CLICK]</b>
<li> He accidentally scared the cyclist when passing the yard. The cyclist was of course initially scared, but he also continued to feel uneasy afterward.
<li> Not only can someone continue to be stressed following a stressful event, but research also shows that if the cyclist takes that route in the future, and remembers the dog ahead of time, he will start to become stressed even before passing by the yard.
<li> Just knowing a stressful event is going to occur will affect someone's stress levels before experiencing the event (anticipatory stress). This is where the context of where people experience emotion starts to get a bit foggy.
<li> If someone can be stressed before, during, <b>AND</b> after experiencing a stressor in the environment, how in the world can we identify and locate the stress's true source?
<li> This is where traditional data, analytics, and visualizations fall short. They just can't match this needed level of spatial specificity and contextual clarity.
<li> To sum this all up, human emotion is a very complex phenomenon and extremely hard to pin down and measure. Spatial data provide a quantitative way of understanding the deeply important context of emotions, and the environmental stimuli that spark them.
<li> However, these methods and resulting data are of course still far from perfect, so we need to consider and address certain methodological limitations when conducting research such as this.
</aside>
</section>
<!-- <aside class="notes">
<li> Now that we know how it can be measured, why would we want to try mapping it?</li>
<li> Well, remember, our good boy from earlier.
<li> He accidentally scared the cyclist when passing the yard. The cyclist was of course initially scared, but he also continued to feel uneasy afterward.
<li> Not only can someone continue to be stressed following a stressful event, but research also shows that if the cyclist takes that route in the future, and remembers the dog ahead of time, he will start to become stressed even before passing by the yard.
<li> Just knowing a stressful event is going to occur will affect someone's stress levels. This is where the context of where people experience emotion gets foggy.
<li> If someone can be stressed before, during, <b>AND</b> after experiencing a stressor in the environment, how in the world can we identify the stress's true cause?
<li> This is where we see issues with traditional data, analytics, and visualizations. They just can't match this needed level of spatial specificity and contextual clarity.
<li> To sum this all up, human emotion is a very complex phenomenon and extremely hard to pin down and measure. Spatial data provide a quantitative way of understanding the deeply important context of emotions, and the environmental stimuli that spark them. -->
<!-- <li> By developing interactive geovisualizations that pair physiological data with detailed maps, we can start to better understand why people are having particular experiences in specific places. -->
<!-- * ^^ CONSIDER KEEPING ^^ * -->
<!-- <li> So, we need to have a way to look at what people are feeling not just in general, but EXACTLY where they are feeling it, so we can not only understand how we interact with our environment, but also understand and optimize our emotional and physical well-being. -->
<!-- <li> Traditional data, analytics, and visualizations fall short here. -->
<!-- What would even be mapped really?<br><br>
Could behavior even properly be mapped? <br><br>
Well turns out, people's stress can be mapped to measure how people respond to the environment, but properly? well kinda<br><br>
People are complex, and so is their behavior. Meaning we cant just rely on one data source to properly study it.
And its even worse if we used traditional visalization methods.
Here's what I mean. -->
<!-- </aside>
</section> -->
<section data-background="white" >
<h3> <b>Limitations</b> of Wearable Sensors </h3>
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<ul>
<li class="fragment fade-in">Measurement quality and accuracy
<li class="fragment fade-in">Less control over environmental factors
<li class="fragment fade-in">Physiological signals can contain noise and measurement errors
<li class="fragment fade-in"> <b>BUT</b>, all is not lost...
<br><br>
</ul>
</td>
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<li> First, measurement quality and accuracy of mobile-sensing devices cannot compete with laboratory instruments
<ul>
<li> This is mainly due to technical constraints of battery life and physical dimensions.
</ul>
<li>Second, using mobile-sensing devices gives us researchers less control over environmental factors and stimuli our subjects are exposed to
<ul>
<li> This of course makes it very difficult isolate how stimuli are impacting participants; and this weakens the internal validity of our results
</ul>
<li> Relatedly, real-world measurements of physiological signals tend to contain noise and measurement errors, making data interpretation even more difficult
</ol>
</aside>
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<h3> <b>Advantages</b> of Wearable Sensors </h3>
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<li class="fragment fade-in">More objective
<li class="fragment fade-in">Continuous measurement at high temporal resolutions
<li class="fragment fade-in">Reduce burden on participants
<li class="fragment fade-in">Provide clearest window into people's daily physiology
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<li> Real-time physiological signals recorded by wearable sensors are considered more objective than self-reported assessments, which tend to be biased
<li>Wearables allow for continuous measurement at a high temporal resolution of parts of seconds. This resolution cannot be obtained when relying on one-time measurements or self-report surveys alone.
<li> Wearables significantly reduce the burden on participants, who are not required to repeatedly complete surveys. This makes an extended data collection period—ranging from a few hours to several months—possible.
<li> Finally, ambulatory measurements facilitate the investigation of people’s physiological signals during their daily routines in real-life situations, offering greater ecological validity than lab studies
</ol>
</aside>
</section>
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<aside class="notes">
So, I will be showing you two cases of where I've applied these concepts and methods we've been talking about, as well as what can be learned from applying these methods to each case.
2 projects to be discussed, then discuss how this may be applied in the future.
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We first have CHIPS, a project that I've been working on to study and map the stress of cyclists while biking down a cycling highway between two cities in the Netherlands Tilburg & Waalwijk.
</aside>
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<aside class="notes">
Then, there is Nuenen, a project measuring the emotional arousal and locations of its visitors, for both indoor, and outdoor exhibits.
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And last hopefully we have some time to talk about what all this work will look like further down the road.
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<!-- Relating to Cycling - Mini Experiment -->
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<aside class="notes">
Look at these videos. How do they make you feel? Look at the differences in the places. How do the differences in the places make you feel? <br><br>
Call on someone, "Imagine yourself in this scenario. What are your initial thoughts and / or feelings?"
</aside>
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<aside class="notes">
Look at these videos. How do they make you feel? Look at the differences in the places. How do the differences in the places make you feel? <br><br>
Call on someone, "Imagine yourself in this scenario. What are your initial thoughts and / or feelings?"
</aside>
</section>
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<aside class="notes">
Look at these videos. How do they make you feel? Look at the differences in the places. How do the differences in the places make you feel? <br><br>
Call on someone, "Imagine yourself in this scenario. What are your initial thoughts and / or feelings?"
</aside>
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<h3> CHIPS: Cycle Highway Project </h3>
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<!-- <li class="fragment fade-in">Test new wayfinding concepts (signage) -->
<li class="fragment fade-in"><b>Participants</b>: 12
<li class="fragment fade-in"><b>Cycle track</b>: 18 km cycle highway
<li class="fragment fade-in"><b>Type of bike</b>: e-bike
<!-- <li class="fragment fade-in">Before and after implementing new wayfinding -->
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<ul>
<li> CHIPS: Cycle Highways Innovation for smarter People Transport and Spatial Planning
<li> Now my research on this topic stems from a much larger project, the CHIPS project which spans Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK.
<!-- <li> And it aims to develop and promote cycle highways as an effective and cost efficient low carbon solution for commuting towards and from work (in urban areas specifically). -->
<li> And this project particularly involves infrastructure adaptation to increasing e-bike use.
<li> Basically, existing cycling infrastructure is not up to the standards required by heavy e-bike use.
<li> Just think how much faster an e-cyclist is in comparison to your standard manual bike.
<li> Signs (directions) are too small, cycle paths cant properly account for the presence of both regular and e-bike use (e-bikes passing by fast)
<li> And so to begin exploring how these cycle highways might be adapted to account for increasing e-bike use, researchers at Breda University of Applied Sciences ran a small study to collect some data along a cycling track between Tilburg and Waalwijk ... <b>NEXT SLIDE</b>
<!-- <li> Project partners from Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK are striving to develop solutions that will help regions and mobility stakeholders to:
<ol>
<li> Position cycle highways as a new mobility product
<li> Overcome physical and behavioural barriers that keep commuters from using cycle highways
<li> Maximize synergies between cycle highways and trains, buses and cars
<li> Upgrade cycle highways to key structuring elements in future spatial planning
<li> Monitor performance and assess impact
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</aside>
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<h3> Study Area & Cycle Track </h3>
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<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Just to quickly show what sort of cycling highway these participants biked on while their data was collected
<li> Also note that its about a 2 hour long bike ride or so
</ul>
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<h3> Study Area & Cycle Track </h3>
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<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> Just to quickly show what sort of cycling highway these participants biked on while their data was collected
<li> Also note that its about a 2 hour long bike ride or so
</ul>
</aside>
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<h3> Data Collection </h3>
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<!-- <p class="credit text-bottom" style="font-size: 12px">Credit: Lisette Hoeke | Breda University of Applied Sciences</p> -->
<aside class="notes">
<ul>
<li> <b> Briefly, describe / list the data collection efforts and methods here first . . . </b>
<br> <br>
<li> Mention stress last, then say the following :
<ul>
<li> So while human emotion is a very complex phenomenon, and extremely hard to pin down, there are physiological indicators that our bodies exhibit which can be used to infer whether or not someone is feeling an emotion in the first place. To break it down step by step:
<ol>
<li> Brain senses emotion