diff --git a/tests/e2e/reproduce_17780_test.go b/tests/e2e/reproduce_17780_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a9fa8b90d9a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/reproduce_17780_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The etcd Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	pb "go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/etcdserverpb"
+	clientv3 "go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/pkg/v3/stringutil"
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/tests/v3/framework/e2e"
+)
+
+// TestReproduce17780 reproduces the issue: https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/issues/17780.
+func TestReproduce17780(t *testing.T) {
+	e2e.BeforeTest(t)
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	clus, cerr := e2e.NewEtcdProcessCluster(ctx, t,
+		e2e.WithClusterSize(3),
+		e2e.WithGoFailEnabled(true),
+		e2e.WithSnapshotCount(1000),
+		e2e.WithCompactionBatchLimit(100),
+		e2e.WithWatchProcessNotifyInterval(100*time.Millisecond),
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, cerr)
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() { clus.Stop() })
+
+	leaderIdx := clus.WaitLeader(t)
+	targetIdx := (leaderIdx + 1) % clus.Cfg.ClusterSize
+
+	cli := newClient(t, clus.Procs[targetIdx].EndpointsGRPC(), e2e.ClientConfig{})
+
+	// Revision: 2 -> 198 for new keys
+	n := 198
+	valueSize := 16
+	for i := 2; i <= n; i++ {
+		_, err := cli.Put(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), stringutil.RandString(uint(valueSize)))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	// Revision: 199 -> 201 for delete keys with compared revision
+	for i := 199; i <= 201; i++ {
+		key := fmt.Sprintf("%d", i-100)
+		rev := i - 100
+
+		resp, err := cli.Txn(ctx).If(clientv3.Cmp{
+			Result:      pb.Compare_EQUAL,
+			Target:      pb.Compare_MOD,
+			Key:         []byte(key),
+			TargetUnion: &pb.Compare_ModRevision{int64(rev)},
+		}).Then(clientv3.OpDelete(key)).
+			Else(clientv3.OpGet("/")).Commit()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.True(t, resp.Succeeded)
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, clus.Procs[targetIdx].Failpoints().SetupHTTP(ctx, "compactBeforeSetFinishedCompact", `panic`))
+
+	_, err := cli.Compact(ctx, 201, clientv3.WithCompactPhysical())
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, clus.Procs[targetIdx].Restart(ctx))
+
+	time.Sleep(3 * time.Second) // wait for replay WAL
+
+	// NOTE: We should not decrease the revision if there is no record
+	// about finished compact operation.
+	resp, err := cli.Get(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%d", n))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, resp.Header.Revision, int64(201))
+
+	// Revision 99 should be deleted by compaction.
+	resp, err = cli.Get(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%d", 99))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, resp.Count == 0)
+
+	next := 300
+	for i := 202; i <= next; i++ {
+		_, err := cli.Put(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), stringutil.RandString(uint(valueSize)))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	expectedRevision := next
+	for procIdx, proc := range clus.Procs {
+		cli = newClient(t, proc.EndpointsGRPC(), e2e.ClientConfig{})
+		resp, err := cli.Get(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%d", next))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, resp.Header.Revision, int64(expectedRevision),
+			fmt.Sprintf("LeaderIdx: %d, Current: %d", leaderIdx, procIdx))
+	}
+}