diff --git a/tidy3d/components/autograd.py b/tidy3d/components/autograd.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b44b43f8b..000000000
--- a/tidy3d/components/autograd.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-# utilities for working with autograd
-
-import copy
-import typing
-
-import numpy as np
-import pydantic.v1 as pd
-import xarray as xr
-from autograd.builtins import dict as dict_ag
-from autograd.extend import Box, defvjp, primitive
-from autograd.tracer import getval
-
-from tidy3d.components.type_util import _add_schema
-
-from .types import ArrayFloat2D, ArrayLike, Bound, Complex, Size1D
-
-# add schema to the Box
-_add_schema(Box, title="AutogradBox", field_type_str="autograd.tracer.Box")
-
-# make sure Boxes in tidy3d properly define VJPs for copy operations, for computational graph
-_copy = primitive(copy.copy)
-_deepcopy = primitive(copy.deepcopy)
-
-defvjp(_copy, lambda ans, x: lambda g: _copy(g))
-defvjp(_deepcopy, lambda ans, x, memo: lambda g: _deepcopy(g, memo))
-
-Box.__copy__ = lambda v: _copy(v)
-Box.__deepcopy__ = lambda v, memo: _deepcopy(v, memo)
-
-# Types for floats, or collections of floats that can also be autograd tracers
-TracedFloat = typing.Union[float, Box]
-TracedPositiveFloat = typing.Union[pd.PositiveFloat, Box]
-TracedSize1D = typing.Union[Size1D, Box]
-TracedSize = typing.Union[tuple[TracedSize1D, TracedSize1D, TracedSize1D], Box]
-TracedCoordinate = typing.Union[tuple[TracedFloat, TracedFloat, TracedFloat], Box]
-TracedVertices = typing.Union[ArrayFloat2D, Box]
-
-# poles
-TracedComplex = typing.Union[Complex, Box]
-TracedPoleAndResidue = typing.Tuple[TracedComplex, TracedComplex]
-
-# The data type that we pass in and out of the web.run() @autograd.primitive
-AutogradTraced = typing.Union[Box, ArrayLike]
-AutogradFieldMap = dict_ag[tuple[str, ...], AutogradTraced]
-
-
-def get_static(x: typing.Any) -> typing.Any:
-    """Get the 'static' (untraced) version of some value."""
-    return getval(x)
-
-
-# TODO: could we move this into a DataArray method?
-def integrate_within_bounds(arr: xr.DataArray, dims: list[str], bounds: Bound) -> xr.DataArray:
-    """integrate a data array within bounds, assumes bounds are [2, N] for N dims."""
-
-    _arr = arr.copy()
-
-    # order bounds with dimension first (N, 2)
-    bounds = np.array(bounds).T
-
-    all_coords = {}
-
-    # loop over all dimensions
-    for dim, (bmin, bmax) in zip(dims, bounds):
-        bmin = get_static(bmin)
-        bmax = get_static(bmax)
-
-        coord_values = _arr.coords[dim].values
-
-        # reset all coordinates outside of bounds to the bounds, so that dL = 0 in integral
-        coord_values[coord_values < bmin] = bmin
-        coord_values[coord_values > bmax] = bmax
-
-        all_coords[dim] = coord_values
-
-    _arr = _arr.assign_coords(**all_coords)
-
-    # uses trapezoidal rule
-    # https://docs.xarray.dev/en/stable/generated/xarray.DataArray.integrate.html
-    return _arr.integrate(coord=dims)
-
-
-__all__ = [
-    "Box",
-    "primitive",
-    "defvjp",
-    "get_static",
-    "integrate_within_bounds",
-]
diff --git a/tidy3d/components/source.py b/tidy3d/components/source.py
index db5c9b4cf..6716731e1 100644
--- a/tidy3d/components/source.py
+++ b/tidy3d/components/source.py
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ class CustomFieldSource(FieldSource, PlanarSource):
     Example
     -------
 
-    >>> sim_empty = sim.updated_copy(monitors = [Flux_monitor],
+    >>> sim_empty = sim.updated_copy(monitors = [Flux_monitor],  # doctest: +SKIP
     ...             structures = [],
     ...             grid_spec= sim.grid_spec.updated_copy(override_structures = sim.structures)
     ...             )