Running and Writing Acceptance Tests

Acceptance Tests Often Cost Money to Run
Running an Acceptance Test
Writing an Acceptance Test
Acceptance Test Sweepers
- Running Test Sweepers
- Writing Test Sweepers
Acceptance Test Checklists

Terraform includes an acceptance test harness that does most of the repetitive work involved in testing a resource. For additional information about testing Terraform Providers, see the Extending Terraform documentation.

Acceptance Tests Often Cost Money to Run

Because acceptance tests create real resources, they often cost money to run. Because the resources only exist for a short period of time, the total amount of money required is usually a relatively small. Nevertheless, we don't want financial limitations to be a barrier to contribution, so if you are unable to pay to run acceptance tests for your contribution, mention this in your pull request. We will happily accept "best effort" implementations of acceptance tests and run them for you on our side. This might mean that your PR takes a bit longer to merge, but it most definitely is not a blocker for contributions.

Running an Acceptance Test

Acceptance tests can be run using the testacc target in the Terraform Makefile. The individual tests to run can be controlled using a regular expression. Prior to running the tests provider configuration details such as access keys must be made available as environment variables.

For example, to run an acceptance test against the Amazon Web Services provider, the following environment variables must be set:

# Using a profile
export AWS_PROFILE=...
# Otherwise
export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=...
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=...
export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION=...

Please note that the default region for the testing is us-west-2 and must be overridden via the AWS_DEFAULT_REGION environment variable, if necessary. This is especially important for testing AWS GovCloud (US), which requires:

export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION=us-gov-west-1

Tests can then be run by specifying a regular expression defining the tests to run and the package in which the tests are defined:

$ make testacc TESTS=TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName PKG=cloudwatch
==> Checking that code complies with gofmt requirements...
TF_ACC=1 go test ./internal/service/cloudwatch/... -v -count 1 -parallel 20 -run=TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName -timeout 180m
=== RUN   TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName
=== PAUSE TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName
=== CONT  TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName
--- PASS: TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName (25.33s)
PASS
ok  	github.com/hashicorp/terraform-provider-aws/internal/service/cloudwatch	25.387s

Entire resource test suites can be targeted by using the naming convention to write the regular expression. For example, to run all tests of the aws_cloudwatch_dashboard resource rather than just the updateName test, you can start testing like this:

$ make testacc TESTS=TestAccCloudWatchDashboard PKG=cloudwatch
==> Checking that code complies with gofmt requirements...
TF_ACC=1 go test ./internal/service/cloudwatch/... -v -count 1 -parallel 20 -run=TestAccCloudWatchDashboard -timeout 180m
=== RUN   TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_basic
=== PAUSE TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_basic
=== RUN   TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_update
=== PAUSE TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_update
=== RUN   TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName
=== PAUSE TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName
=== CONT  TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_basic
=== CONT  TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName
=== CONT  TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_update
--- PASS: TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_basic (15.83s)
--- PASS: TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_updateName (26.69s)
--- PASS: TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_update (27.72s)
PASS
ok  	github.com/hashicorp/terraform-provider-aws/internal/service/cloudwatch	27.783s

Running acceptance tests requires version 0.12.26 or higher of the Terraform CLI to be installed.

For advanced developers, the acceptance testing framework accepts some additional environment variables that can be used to control Terraform CLI binary selection, logging, and other behaviors. See the Extending Terraform documentation for more information.

Please Note: On macOS 10.14 and later (and some Linux distributions), the default user open file limit is 256. This may cause unexpected issues when running the acceptance testing since this can prevent various operations from occurring such as opening network connections to AWS. To view this limit, the ulimit -n command can be run. To update this limit, run ulimit -n 1024 (or higher).

Running Cross-Account Tests

Certain testing requires multiple AWS accounts. This additional setup is not typically required and the testing will return an error (shown below) if your current setup does not have the secondary AWS configuration:

$ make testacc TESTS=TestAccRDSInstance_DBSubnetGroupName_ramShared PKG=rds
TF_ACC=1 go test ./internal/service/rds/... -v -count 1 -parallel 20 -run=TestAccRDSInstance_DBSubnetGroupName_ramShared -timeout 180m
=== RUN   TestAccRDSInstance_DBSubnetGroupName_ramShared
=== PAUSE TestAccRDSInstance_DBSubnetGroupName_ramShared
=== CONT  TestAccRDSInstance_DBSubnetGroupName_ramShared
    acctest.go:674: skipping test because at least one environment variable of [AWS_ALTERNATE_PROFILE AWS_ALTERNATE_ACCESS_KEY_ID] must be set. Usage: credentials for running acceptance testing in alternate AWS account.
--- SKIP: TestAccRDSInstance_DBSubnetGroupName_ramShared (0.85s)
PASS
ok      github.com/hashicorp/terraform-provider-aws/internal/service/rds        0.888s

Running these acceptance tests is the same as before, except the following additional AWS credential information is required:

# Using a profile
export AWS_ALTERNATE_PROFILE=...
# Otherwise
export AWS_ALTERNATE_ACCESS_KEY_ID=...
export AWS_ALTERNATE_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=...

Running Cross-Region Tests

Certain testing requires multiple AWS regions. Additional setup is not typically required because the testing defaults the second AWS region to us-east-1 and the third AWS region to us-east-2.

Running these acceptance tests is the same as before, but if you wish to override the second and third regions:

export AWS_ALTERNATE_REGION=...
export AWS_THIRD_REGION=...

Running Only Short Tests

Some tests have been manually marked as long-running (longer than 300 seconds) and can be skipped using the -short flag. However, we are adding long-running guards little by little and many services have no guarded tests.

Where guards have been implemented, do not always skip long-running tests. However, for intermediate test runs during development, or to verify functionality unrelated to the specific long-running tests, skipping long-running tests makes work more efficient. We recommend that for the final test run before submitting a PR that you run affected tests without the -short flag.

If you want to run only short-running tests, you can use either one of these equivalent statements. Note the use of -short.

For example:

% make testacc TESTS='TestAccECSTaskDefinition_' PKG=ecs TESTARGS=-short

Or:

% TF_ACC=1 go test ./internal/service/ecs/... -v -count 1 -parallel 20 -run='TestAccECSTaskDefinition_' -short -timeout 180m

Writing an Acceptance Test

Terraform has a framework for writing acceptance tests which minimises the amount of boilerplate code necessary to use common testing patterns. This guide is meant to augment the general Extending Terraform documentation with Terraform AWS Provider specific conventions and helpers.

Anatomy of an Acceptance Test

This section describes in detail how the Terraform acceptance testing framework operates with respect to the Terraform AWS Provider. We recommend those unfamiliar with this provider, or Terraform resource testing in general, take a look here first to generally understand how we interact with AWS and the resource code to verify functionality.

The entry point to the framework is the resource.ParallelTest() function. This wraps our testing to work with the standard Go testing framework, while also preventing unexpected usage of AWS by requiring the TF_ACC=1 environment variable. This function accepts a TestCase parameter, which has all the details about the test itself. For example, this includes the test steps (TestSteps) and how to verify resource deletion in the API after all steps have been run (CheckDestroy).

Each TestStep proceeds by applying some Terraform configuration using the provider under test, and then verifying that results are as expected by making assertions using the provider API. It is common for a single test function to exercise both the creation of and updates to a single resource. Most tests follow a similar structure.

Pre-flight checks are made to ensure that sufficient provider configuration is available to be able to proceed - for example in an acceptance test targeting AWS, AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY must be set prior to running acceptance tests. This is common to all tests exercising a single provider.

Most assertion functions are defined out of band with the tests. This keeps the tests readable, and allows reuse of assertion functions across different tests of the same type of resource. The definition of a complete test looks like this:

func TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_basic(t *testing.T) {
	var dashboard cloudwatch.GetDashboardOutput
	rInt := acctest.RandInt()
	resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
		PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t) },
		ErrorCheck:   acctest.ErrorCheck(t, cloudwatch.EndpointsID),
		Providers:    acctest.Providers,
		CheckDestroy: testAccCheckDashboardDestroy,
		Steps: []resource.TestStep{
			{
				Config: testAccDashboardConfig(rInt),
				Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
					testAccCheckDashboardExists("aws_cloudwatch_dashboard.foobar", &dashboard),
					resource.TestCheckResourceAttr("aws_cloudwatch_dashboard.foobar", "dashboard_name", testAccDashboardName(rInt)),
				),
			},
		},
	})
}

When executing the test, the following steps are taken for each TestStep:

The Terraform configuration required for the test is applied. This is responsible for configuring the resource under test, and any dependencies it may have. For example, to test the aws_cloudwatch_dashboard resource, a valid configuration with the requisite fields is required. This results in configuration which looks like this:

resource "aws_cloudwatch_dashboard" "foobar" {
  dashboard_name = "terraform-test-dashboard-%d"
  dashboard_body = <<EOF
  {
    "widgets": [{
      "type": "text",
      "x": 0,
      "y": 0,
      "width": 6,
      "height": 6,
      "properties": {
        "markdown": "Hi there from Terraform: CloudWatch"
      }
    }]
  }
  EOF
}

Assertions are run using the provider API. These use the provider API directly rather than asserting against the resource state. For example, to verify that the aws_cloudwatch_dashboard described above was created successfully, a test function like this is used:

func testAccCheckDashboardExists(n string, dashboard *cloudwatch.GetDashboardOutput) resource.TestCheckFunc {
  return func(s *terraform.State) error {
    rs, ok := s.RootModule().Resources[n]
    if !ok {
      return fmt.Errorf("Not found: %s", n)
    }

    conn := acctest.Provider.Meta().(*conns.AWSClient).CloudWatchConn
    params := cloudwatch.GetDashboardInput{
      DashboardName: aws.String(rs.Primary.ID),
    }

    resp, err := conn.GetDashboard(&params)
    if err != nil {
      return err
    }

    *dashboard = *resp

    return nil
  }
}

Notice that the only information used from the Terraform state is the ID of the resource. For computed properties, we instead assert that the value saved in the Terraform state was the expected value if possible. The testing framework provides helper functions for several common types of check - for example:

resource.TestCheckResourceAttr("aws_cloudwatch_dashboard.foobar", "dashboard_name", testAccDashboardName(rInt)),

The resources created by the test are destroyed. This step happens automatically, and is the equivalent of calling terraform destroy.

Assertions are made against the provider API to verify that the resources have indeed been removed. If these checks fail, the test fails and reports "dangling resources". The code to ensure that the aws_cloudwatch_dashboard shown above has been destroyed looks like this:

func testAccCheckDashboardDestroy(s *terraform.State) error {
  conn := acctest.Provider.Meta().(*conns.AWSClient).CloudWatchConn

  for _, rs := range s.RootModule().Resources {
    if rs.Type != "aws_cloudwatch_dashboard" {
      continue
    }

    params := cloudwatch.GetDashboardInput{
      DashboardName: aws.String(rs.Primary.ID),
    }

    _, err := conn.GetDashboard(&params)
    if err == nil {
      return fmt.Errorf("Dashboard still exists: %s", rs.Primary.ID)
    }
    if !isDashboardNotFoundErr(err) {
      return err
    }
  }

  return nil
}

These functions usually test only for the resource directly under test.

Resource Acceptance Testing

Most resources that implement standard Create, Read, Update, and Delete functionality should follow the pattern below. Each test type has a section that describes them in more detail:

basic: This represents the bare minimum verification that the resource can be created, read, deleted, and optionally imported.
disappears: A test that verifies Terraform will offer to recreate a resource if it is deleted outside of Terraform (e.g., via the Console) instead of returning an error that it cannot be found.
Per Attribute: A test that verifies the resource with a single additional argument can be created, read, optionally updated (or force resource recreation), deleted, and optionally imported.

The leading sections below highlight additional recommended patterns.

Test Configurations

Most of the existing test configurations you will find in the Terraform AWS Provider are written in the following function-based style:

func TestAccExampleThing_basic(t *testing.T) {
  // ... omitted for brevity ...

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    // ... omitted for brevity ...
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleThingConfig(),
        // ... omitted for brevity ...
      },
    },
  })
}

func testAccExampleThingConfig() string {
  return `
resource "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  # ... omitted for brevity ...
}
`
}

Even when no values need to be passed in to the test configuration, we have found this setup to be the most flexible for allowing that to be easily implemented. Any configurable values are handled via fmt.Sprintf(). Using text/template or other templating styles is explicitly forbidden.

For consistency, resources in the test configuration should be named resource "..." "test" unless multiple of that resource are necessary.

We discourage re-using test configurations across test files (except for some common configuration helpers we provide) as it is much harder to discover potential testing regressions.

Please also note that the newline on the first line of the configuration (before resource) and the newline after the last line of configuration (after }) are important to allow test configurations to be easily combined without generating Terraform configuration language syntax errors.

Combining Test Configurations

We include a helper function, acctest.ConfigCompose() for iteratively building and chaining test configurations together. It accepts any number of configurations to combine them. This simplifies a single resource's testing by allowing the creation of a "base" test configuration for all the other test configurations (if necessary) and also allows the maintainers to curate common configurations. Each of these is described in more detail in below sections.

Please note that we do discourage excessive chaining of configurations such as implementing multiple layers of "base" configurations. Usually these configurations are harder for maintainers and other future readers to understand due to the multiple levels of indirection.

Base Test Configurations

If a resource requires the same Terraform configuration as a prerequisite for all test configurations, then a common pattern is implementing a "base" test configuration that is combined with each test configuration.

For example:

func testAccExampleThingConfigBase() string {
  return `
resource "aws_iam_role" "test" {
  # ... omitted for brevity ...
}

resource "aws_iam_role_policy" "test" {
  # ... omitted for brevity ...
}
`
}

func testAccExampleThingConfig() string {
  return acctest.ConfigCompose(
    testAccExampleThingConfigBase(),
    `
resource "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  # ... omitted for brevity ...
}
`)
}

Available Common Test Configurations

These test configurations are typical implementations we have found or allow testing to implement best practices easier, since the Terraform AWS Provider testing is expected to run against various AWS Regions and Partitions.

acctest.AvailableEC2InstanceTypeForRegion("type1", "type2", ...): Typically used to replace hardcoded EC2 Instance Types. Uses aws_ec2_instance_type_offering data source to return an available EC2 Instance Type in preferred ordering. Reference the instance type via: data.aws_ec2_instance_type_offering.available.instance_type. Use acctest.AvailableEC2InstanceTypeForRegionNamed("name", "type1", "type2", ...) to specify a name for the data source
acctest.ConfigLatestAmazonLinuxHvmEbsAmi(): Typically used to replace hardcoded EC2 Image IDs (ami-12345678). Uses aws_ami data source to find the latest Amazon Linux image. Reference the AMI ID via: data.aws_ami.amzn-ami-minimal-hvm-ebs.id

Randomized Naming

For AWS resources that require unique naming, the tests should implement a randomized name, typically coded as a rName variable in the test and passed as a parameter to creating the test configuration.

For example:

func TestAccExampleThing_basic(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  // ... omitted for brevity ...

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    // ... omitted for brevity ...
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleThingConfigName(rName),
        // ... omitted for brevity ...
      },
    },
  })
}

func testAccExampleThingConfigName(rName string) string {
  return fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  name = %[1]q
}
`, rName)
}

Typically the rName is always the first argument to the test configuration function, if used, for consistency.

Note that if rName (or any other variable) is used multiple times in the fmt.Sprintf() statement, do not repeat rName in the fmt.Sprintf() arguments. Using fmt.Sprintf(..., rName, rName), for example, would not be correct. Instead, use the indexed %[1]q (or %[x]q, %[x]s, %[x]t, or %[x]d, where x represents the index number) verb multiple times. For example:

func testAccExampleThingConfigName(rName string) string {
  return fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  name = %[1]q

  tags = {
    Name = %[1]q
  }
}
`, rName)
}

Other Recommended Variables

We also typically recommend saving a resourceName variable in the test that contains the resource reference, e.g., aws_example_thing.test, which is repeatedly used in the checks.

For example:

func TestAccExampleThing_basic(t *testing.T) {
  // ... omitted for brevity ...
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    // ... omitted for brevity ...
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        // ... omitted for brevity ...
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleThingExists(resourceName),
          acctest.CheckResourceAttrRegionalARN(resourceName, "arn", "example", fmt.Sprintf("thing/%s", rName)),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "description", ""),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "name", rName),
        ),
      },
      {
        ResourceName:      resourceName,
        ImportState:       true,
        ImportStateVerify: true,
      },
    },
  })
}

// below all TestAcc functions

func testAccExampleThingConfigName(rName string) string {
  return fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  name = %[1]q
}
`, rName)
}

Basic Acceptance Tests

Usually this test is implemented first. The test configuration should contain only required arguments (Required: true attributes) and it should check the values of all read-only attributes (Computed: true without Optional: true). If the resource supports it, it verifies import. It should NOT perform other TestStep such as updates or verify recreation.

These are typically named TestAcc{SERVICE}{THING}_basic, e.g., TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_basic

For example:

func TestAccExampleThing_basic(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t) },
    ErrorCheck:   acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),
    Providers:    acctest.Providers,
    CheckDestroy: testAccCheckExampleThingDestroy,
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleThingConfigName(rName),
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleThingExists(resourceName),
          acctest.CheckResourceAttrRegionalARN(resourceName, "arn", "example", fmt.Sprintf("thing/%s", rName)),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "description", ""),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "name", rName),
        ),
      },
      {
        ResourceName:      resourceName,
        ImportState:       true,
        ImportStateVerify: true,
      },
    },
  })
}

// below all TestAcc functions

func testAccExampleThingConfigName(rName string) string {
  return fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  name = %[1]q
}
`, rName)
}

PreChecks

Acceptance test cases have a PreCheck. The PreCheck ensures that the testing environment meets certain preconditions. If the environment does not meet the preconditions, Go skips the test. Skipping a test avoids reporting a failure and wasting resources where the test cannot succeed.

Here is an example of the default PreCheck:

func TestAccExampleThing_basic(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t) },
    // ... additional checks follow ...
  })
}

Extend the default PreCheck by adding calls to functions in the anonymous PreCheck function. The functions can be existing functions in the provider or custom functions you add for new capabilities.

Standard Provider PreChecks

If you add a new test that has preconditions which are checked by an existing provider function, use that standard PreCheck instead of creating a new one. Some existing tests are missing standard PreChecks and you can help by adding them where appropriate.

These are some of the standard provider PreChecks:

acctest.PreCheckPartitionHasService(serviceId string, t *testing.T) checks whether the current partition lists the service as part of its offerings. Note: AWS may not add new or public preview services to the service list immediately. This function will return a false positive in that case.
acctest.PreCheckOrganizationsAccount(t *testing.T) checks whether the current account can perform AWS Organizations tests.
acctest.PreCheckAlternateAccount(t *testing.T) checks whether the environment is set up for tests across accounts.
acctest.PreCheckMultipleRegion(t *testing.T, regions int) checks whether the environment is set up for tests across regions.

This is an example of using a standard PreCheck function. For an established service, such as WAF or FSx, use acctest.PreCheckPartitionHasService() and the service endpoint ID to check that a partition supports the service.

func TestAccExampleThing_basic(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t); acctest.PreCheckPartitionHasService(waf.EndpointsID, t) },
    // ... additional checks follow ...
  })
}

Custom PreChecks

In situations where standard PreChecks do not test for the required preconditions, create a custom PreCheck.

Below is an example of adding a custom PreCheck function. For a new or preview service that AWS does not include in the partition service list yet, you can verify the existence of the service with a simple read-only request (e.g., list all X service things). (For acceptance tests of established services, use acctest.PreCheckPartitionHasService() instead.)

func TestAccExampleThing_basic(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t), testAccPreCheckExample(t) },
    // ... additional checks follow ...
  })
}

func testAccPreCheckExample(t *testing.T) {
  conn := acctest.Provider.Meta().(*conns.AWSClient).ExampleConn
	input := &example.ListThingsInput{}
	_, err := conn.ListThings(input)
	if testAccPreCheckSkipError(err) {
		t.Skipf("skipping acceptance testing: %s", err)
	}
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("unexpected PreCheck error: %s", err)
	}
}

ErrorChecks

Acceptance test cases have an ErrorCheck. The ErrorCheck provides a chance to take a look at errors before the test fails. While most errors should result in test failure, some should not. For example, an error that indicates an API operation is not supported in a particular region should cause the test to skip instead of fail. Since errors should flow through the ErrorCheck, do not handle the vast majority of failing conditions. Instead, in ErrorCheck, focus on the rare errors that should cause a test to skip, or in other words, be ignored.

Common ErrorCheck

In many situations, the common ErrorCheck is sufficient. It will skip tests for several normal occurrences such as when AWS reports a feature is not supported in the current region.

Here is an example of the common ErrorCheck:

func TestAccExampleThing_basic(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    // PreCheck
    ErrorCheck:   acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),
    // ... additional checks follow ...
  })
}

Service-Specific ErrorChecks

However, some services have special conditions that aren't caught by the common ErrorCheck. In these cases, you can create a service-specific ErrorCheck.

To add a service-specific ErrorCheck, follow these steps:

Make sure there is not already an ErrorCheck for the service you have in mind. For example, search the codebase for acctest.RegisterServiceErrorCheckFunc(service.EndpointsID replacing "service" with the package name of the service you're working on (e.g., ec2). If there is already an ErrorCheck for the service, add to the existing service-specific ErrorCheck.
Create the service-specific ErrorCheck in an _test.go file for the service. See the example below.
Register the new service-specific ErrorCheck in the init() at the top of the _test.go file. See the example below.

An example of adding a service-specific ErrorCheck:

// just after the imports, create or add to the init() function
func init() {
  acctest.RegisterServiceErrorCheck(service.EndpointsID, testAccErrorCheckSkipService)
}

// ... additional code and tests ...

// this is the service-specific ErrorCheck
func testAccErrorCheckSkipService(t *testing.T) resource.ErrorCheckFunc {
	return acctest.ErrorCheckSkipMessagesContaining(t,
		"Error message specific to the service that indicates unsupported features",
		"You can include from one to many portions of error messages",
		"Be careful to not inadvertently capture errors that should not be skipped",
	)
}

Long-Running Test Guards

For any acceptance tests that typically run longer than 300 seconds (5 minutes), add a -short test guard at the top of the test function.

For example:

func TestAccExampleThing_longRunningTest(t *testing.T) {
  if testing.Short() {
    t.Skip("skipping long-running test in short mode")
  }

  // ... omitted for brevity ...

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    // ... omitted for brevity ...
  })
}

When running acceptances tests, tests with these guards can be skipped using the Go -short flag. See Running Only Short Tests for examples.

Disappears Acceptance Tests

This test is generally implemented second. It is straightforward to setup once the basic test is passing since it can reuse that test configuration. It prevents a common bug report with Terraform resources that error when they can not be found (e.g., deleted outside Terraform).

These are typically named TestAcc{SERVICE}{THING}_disappears, e.g., TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_disappears

For example:

func TestAccExampleThing_disappears(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t) },
    ErrorCheck:   acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),
    Providers:    acctest.Providers,
    CheckDestroy: testAccCheckExampleThingDestroy,
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleThingConfigName(rName),
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleThingExists(resourceName, &job),
          acctest.CheckResourceDisappears(acctest.Provider, ResourceExampleThing(), resourceName),
        ),
        ExpectNonEmptyPlan: true,
      },
    },
  })
}

If this test does fail, the fix for this is generally adding error handling immediately after the Read API call that catches the error and tells Terraform to remove the resource before returning the error:

output, err := conn.GetThing(input)

if isAWSErr(err, example.ErrCodeResourceNotFound, "") {
  log.Printf("[WARN] Example Thing (%s) not found, removing from state", d.Id())
  d.SetId("")
  return nil
}

if err != nil {
  return fmt.Errorf("error reading Example Thing (%s): %w", d.Id(), err)
}

For children resources that are encapsulated by a parent resource, it is also preferable to verify that removing the parent resource will not generate an error either. These are typically named TestAcc{SERVICE}{THING}_disappears_{PARENT}, e.g., TestAccRoute53ZoneAssociation_disappears_Vpc

func TestAccExampleChildThing_disappears_ParentThing(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  parentResourceName := "aws_example_parent_thing.test"
  resourceName := "aws_example_child_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t) },
    ErrorCheck:   acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),
    Providers:    acctest.Providers,
    CheckDestroy: testAccCheckExampleChildThingDestroy,
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleThingConfigName(rName),
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleThingExists(resourceName),
          acctest.CheckResourceDisappears(acctest.Provider, ResourceExampleParentThing(), parentResourceName),
        ),
        ExpectNonEmptyPlan: true,
      },
    },
  })
}

Per Attribute Acceptance Tests

These are typically named TestAcc{SERVICE}{THING}_{ATTRIBUTE}, e.g., TestAccCloudWatchDashboard_Name

For example:

func TestAccExampleThing_Description(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t) },
    ErrorCheck:   acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),
    Providers:    acctest.Providers,
    CheckDestroy: testAccCheckExampleThingDestroy,
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleThingConfigDescription(rName, "description1"),
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleThingExists(resourceName),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "description", "description1"),
        ),
      },
      {
        ResourceName:      resourceName,
        ImportState:       true,
        ImportStateVerify: true,
      },
      {
        Config: testAccExampleThingConfigDescription(rName, "description2"),
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleThingExists(resourceName),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "description", "description2"),
        ),
      },
    },
  })
}

// below all TestAcc functions

func testAccExampleThingConfigDescription(rName string, description string) string {
  return fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  description = %[2]q
  name        = %[1]q
}
`, rName, description)
}

Cross-Account Acceptance Tests

When testing requires AWS infrastructure in a second AWS account, the below changes to the normal setup will allow the management or reference of resources and data sources across accounts:

In the PreCheck function, include acctest.PreCheckOrganizationsAccount(t) to ensure a standardized set of information is required for cross-account testing credentials
Declare a providers variable at the top of the test function: var providers []*schema.Provider
Switch usage of Providers: acctest.Providers to ProviderFactories: acctest.FactoriesAlternate(&providers)
Add acctest.ConfigAlternateAccountProvider() to the test configuration and use provider = awsalternate for cross-account resources. The resource that is the focus of the acceptance test should not use the alternate provider identification to simplify the testing setup.
For any TestStep that includes ImportState: true, add the Config that matches the previous TestStep Config

An example acceptance test implementation can be seen below:

func TestAccExample_basic(t *testing.T) {
  var providers []*schema.Provider
  resourceName := "aws_example.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck: func() {
      acctest.PreCheck(t)
      acctest.PreCheckOrganizationsAccount(t)
    },
    ErrorCheck:        acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),
    ProviderFactories: acctest.FactoriesAlternate(&providers),
    CheckDestroy:      testAccCheckExampleDestroy,
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleConfig(),
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleExists(resourceName),
          // ... additional checks ...
        ),
      },
      {
        Config:            testAccExampleConfig(),
        ResourceName:      resourceName,
        ImportState:       true,
        ImportStateVerify: true,
      },
    },
  })
}

func testAccExampleConfig() string {
  return acctest.ConfigAlternateAccountProvider() + fmt.Sprintf(`
# Cross account resources should be handled by the cross account provider.
# The standardized provider block to use is awsalternate as seen below.
resource "aws_cross_account_example" "test" {
  provider = awsalternate

  # ... configuration ...
}

# The resource that is the focus of the testing should be handled by the default provider,
# which is automatically done by not specifying the provider configuration in the resource.
resource "aws_example" "test" {
  # ... configuration ...
}
`)
}

Searching for usage of acctest.PreCheckOrganizationsAccount in the codebase will yield real world examples of this setup in action.

Cross-Region Acceptance Tests

When testing requires AWS infrastructure in a second or third AWS region, the below changes to the normal setup will allow the management or reference of resources and data sources across regions:

In the PreCheck function, include acctest.PreCheckMultipleRegion(t, ###) to ensure a standardized set of information is required for cross-region testing configuration. If the infrastructure in the second AWS region is also in a second AWS account also include acctest.PreCheckOrganizationsAccount(t)
Declare a providers variable at the top of the test function: var providers []*schema.Provider
Switch usage of Providers: acctest.Providers to ProviderFactories: acctest.FactoriesMultipleRegion(&providers, 2) (where the last parameter is number of regions)
Add acctest.ConfigMultipleRegionProvider(###) to the test configuration and use provider = awsalternate (and potentially provider = awsthird) for cross-region resources. The resource that is the focus of the acceptance test should not use the alternative providers to simplify the testing setup. If the infrastructure in the second AWS region is also in a second AWS account use testAccAlternateAccountAlternateRegionProviderConfig() (EC2) instead
For any TestStep that includes ImportState: true, add the Config that matches the previous TestStep Config

An example acceptance test implementation can be seen below:

func TestAccExample_basic(t *testing.T) {
  var providers []*schema.Provider
  resourceName := "aws_example.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck: func() {
      acctest.PreCheck(t)
      acctest.PreCheckMultipleRegion(t, 2)
    },
    ErrorCheck:        acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),
    ProviderFactories: acctest.FactoriesMultipleRegion(&providers, 2),
    CheckDestroy:      testAccCheckExampleDestroy,
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleConfig(),
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleExists(resourceName),
          // ... additional checks ...
        ),
      },
      {
        Config:            testAccExampleConfig(),
        ResourceName:      resourceName,
        ImportState:       true,
        ImportStateVerify: true,
      },
    },
  })
}

func testAccExampleConfig() string {
  return acctest.ConfigMultipleRegionProvider(2) + fmt.Sprintf(`
# Cross region resources should be handled by the cross region provider.
# The standardized provider is awsalternate as seen below.
resource "aws_cross_region_example" "test" {
  provider = awsalternate

  # ... configuration ...
}

# The resource that is the focus of the testing should be handled by the default provider,
# which is automatically done by not specifying the provider configuration in the resource.
resource "aws_example" "test" {
  # ... configuration ...
}
`)
}

Searching for usage of acctest.PreCheckMultipleRegion in the codebase will yield real world examples of this setup in action.

Service-Specific Region Acceptance Testing

Certain AWS service APIs are only available in specific AWS regions. For example as of this writing, the pricing service is available in ap-south-1 and us-east-1, but no other regions or partitions. When encountering these types of services, the acceptance testing can be setup to automatically detect the correct region(s), while skipping the testing in unsupported partitions.

To prepare the shared service functionality, create a file named internal/service/{SERVICE}/acc_test.go. A starting example with the Pricing service (internal/service/pricing/acc_test.go):

package aws

import (
  "context"
  "sync"
  "testing"

  "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/endpoints"
  "github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/pricing"
  "github.com/hashicorp/terraform-plugin-sdk/v2/diag"
  "github.com/hashicorp/terraform-plugin-sdk/v2/helper/schema"
  "github.com/hashicorp/terraform-plugin-sdk/v2/terraform"
  "github.com/hashicorp/terraform-provider-aws/internal/acctest"
  "github.com/hashicorp/terraform-provider-aws/internal/provider"
)

// testAccPricingRegion is the chosen Pricing testing region
//
// Cached to prevent issues should multiple regions become available.
var testAccPricingRegion string

// testAccProviderPricing is the Pricing provider instance
//
// This Provider can be used in testing code for API calls without requiring
// the use of saving and referencing specific ProviderFactories instances.
//
// testAccPreCheckPricing(t) must be called before using this provider instance.
var testAccProviderPricing *schema.Provider

// testAccProviderPricingConfigure ensures the provider is only configured once
var testAccProviderPricingConfigure sync.Once

// testAccPreCheckPricing verifies AWS credentials and that Pricing is supported
func testAccPreCheckPricing(t *testing.T) {
  acctest.PreCheckPartitionHasService(pricing.EndpointsID, t)

  // Since we are outside the scope of the Terraform configuration we must
  // call Configure() to properly initialize the provider configuration.
  testAccProviderPricingConfigure.Do(func() {
    testAccProviderPricing = provider.Provider()

    config := map[string]interface{}{
      "region": testAccGetPricingRegion(),
    }

    diags := testAccProviderPricing.Configure(context.Background(), terraform.NewResourceConfigRaw(config))

    if diags != nil && diags.HasError() {
      for _, d := range diags {
        if d.Severity == diag.Error {
          t.Fatalf("error configuring Pricing provider: %s", d.Summary)
        }
      }
    }
  })
}

// testAccPricingRegionProviderConfig is the Terraform provider configuration for Pricing region testing
//
// Testing Pricing assumes no other provider configurations
// are necessary and overwrites the "aws" provider configuration.
func testAccPricingRegionProviderConfig() string {
  return acctest.ConfigRegionalProvider(testAccGetPricingRegion())
}

// testAccGetPricingRegion returns the Pricing region for testing
func testAccGetPricingRegion() string {
  if testAccPricingRegion != "" {
    return testAccPricingRegion
  }

  if rs, ok := endpoints.RegionsForService(endpoints.DefaultPartitions(), testAccGetPartition(), pricing.ServiceName); ok {
    // return available region (random if multiple)
    for regionID := range rs {
      testAccPricingRegion = regionID
      return testAccPricingRegion
    }
  }

  testAccPricingRegion = testAccGetRegion()

  return testAccPricingRegion
}

For the resource or data source acceptance tests, the key items to adjust are:

Ensure TestCase uses ProviderFactories: acctest.ProviderFactories instead of Providers: acctest.Providers
Add the call for the new PreCheck function (keeping acctest.PreCheck(t)), e.g. PreCheck: func() { acctest.PreCheck(t); testAccPreCheckPricing(t) },
If the testing is for a managed resource with a CheckDestroy function, ensure it uses the new provider instance, e.g. testAccProviderPricing, instead of acctest.Provider.
If the testing is for a managed resource with a Check...Exists function, ensure it uses the new provider instance, e.g. testAccProviderPricing, instead of acctest.Provider.
In each TestStep configuration, ensure the new provider configuration function is called, e.g.

func testAccDataSourcePricingProductConfigRedshift() string {
  return acctest.ConfigCompose(
    testAccPricingRegionProviderConfig(),
    `
# ... test configuration ...
`)
}

If the testing configurations require more than one region, reach out to the maintainers for further assistance.

Acceptance Test Concurrency

Certain AWS service APIs allow a limited number of a certain component, while the acceptance testing runs at a default concurrency of twenty tests at a time. For example as of this writing, the SageMaker service only allows one SageMaker Domain per AWS Region. Running the tests with the default concurrency will fail with API errors relating to the component quota being exceeded.

When encountering these types of components, the acceptance testing can be setup to limit the available concurrency of that particular component. When limited to one component at a time, this may also be referred to as serializing the acceptance tests.

To convert to serialized (one test at a time) acceptance testing:

Convert all existing capital T test functions with the limited component to begin with a lowercase t, e.g., TestAccSagemakerDomain_basic becomes testAccSagemakerDomain_basic. This will prevent the test framework from executing these tests directly as the prefix Test is required.
- In each of these test functions, convert resource.ParallelTest to resource.Test
Create a capital T TestAcc{Service}{Thing}_serial test function that then references all the lowercase t test functions. If multiple test files are referenced, this new test be created in a new shared file such as internal/service/{SERVICE}/{SERVICE}_test.go. The contents of this test can be setup like the following:

func TestAccExampleThing_serial(t *testing.T) {
	testCases := map[string]map[string]func(t *testing.T){
		"Thing": {
			"basic":        testAccExampleThing_basic,
			"disappears":   testAccExampleThing_disappears,
			// ... potentially other resource tests ...
		},
		// ... potentially other top level resource test groups ...
	}

	for group, m := range testCases {
		m := m
		t.Run(group, func(t *testing.T) {
			for name, tc := range m {
				tc := tc
				t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
					tc(t)
				})
			}
		})
	}
}

NOTE: Future iterations of these acceptance testing concurrency instructions will include the ability to handle more than one component at a time including service quota lookup, if supported by the service API.

Data Source Acceptance Testing

Writing acceptance testing for data sources is similar to resources, with the biggest changes being:

Adding DataSource to the test and configuration naming, such as TestAccExampleThingDataSource_Filter
The basic test may be named after the easiest lookup attribute instead, e.g., TestAccExampleThingDataSource_Name
No disappears testing
Almost all checks should be done with resource.TestCheckResourceAttrPair() to compare the data source attributes to the resource attributes
The usage of an additional dataSourceName variable to store a data source reference, e.g., data.aws_example_thing.test

Data sources testing should still use the CheckDestroy function of the resource, just to continue verifying that there are no dangling AWS resources after a test is run.

Please note that we do not recommend re-using test configurations between resources and their associated data source as it is harder to discover testing regressions. Authors are encouraged to potentially implement similar "base" configurations though.

For example:

func TestAccExampleThingDataSource_Name(t *testing.T) {
  rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
  dataSourceName := "data.aws_example_thing.test"
  resourceName := "aws_example_thing.test"

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
    PreCheck:     func() { acctest.PreCheck(t) },
    ErrorCheck:   acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),
    Providers:    acctest.Providers,
    CheckDestroy: testAccCheckExampleThingDestroy,
    Steps: []resource.TestStep{
      {
        Config: testAccExampleThingDataSourceConfigName(rName),
        Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
          testAccCheckExampleThingExists(resourceName),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttrPair(resourceName, "arn", dataSourceName, "arn"),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttrPair(resourceName, "description", dataSourceName, "description"),
          resource.TestCheckResourceAttrPair(resourceName, "name", dataSourceName, "name"),
        ),
      },
    },
  })
}

// below all TestAcc functions

func testAccExampleThingDataSourceConfigName(rName string) string {
  return fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  name = %[1]q
}

data "aws_example_thing" "test" {
  name = aws_example_thing.test.name
}
`, rName)
}

Acceptance Test Sweepers

When running the acceptance tests, especially when developing or troubleshooting Terraform resources, its possible for code bugs or other issues to prevent the proper destruction of AWS infrastructure. To prevent lingering resources from consuming quota or causing unexpected billing, the Terraform Plugin SDK supports the test sweeper framework to clear out an AWS region of all resources. This section is meant to augment the Extending Terraform documentation on test sweepers with Terraform AWS Provider specific details.

Running Test Sweepers

WARNING: Test Sweepers will destroy AWS infrastructure and backups in the target AWS account and region! These are designed to override any API deletion protection. Never run these outside a development AWS account that should be completely empty of resources.

To run the sweepers for all resources in us-west-2 and us-east-1 (default testing regions):

$ make sweep

To run a specific resource sweeper:

$ SWEEPARGS=-sweep-run=aws_example_thing make sweep

To run sweepers with an assumed role, use the following additional environment variables:

TF_AWS_ASSUME_ROLE_ARN - Required.
TF_AWS_ASSUME_ROLE_DURATION - Optional, defaults to 1 hour (3600).
TF_AWS_ASSUME_ROLE_EXTERNAL_ID - Optional.
TF_AWS_ASSUME_ROLE_SESSION_NAME - Optional.

Writing Test Sweepers

The first step is to initialize the resource into the test sweeper framework:

func init() {
  resource.AddTestSweepers("aws_example_thing", &resource.Sweeper{
    Name: "aws_example_thing",
    F:    sweepThings,
    // Optionally
    Dependencies: []string{
      "aws_other_thing",
    },
  })
}

Then add the actual implementation. Preferably, if a paginated SDK call is available:

func sweepThings(region string) error {
	client, err := sweep.SharedRegionalSweepClient(region)

  if err != nil {
    return fmt.Errorf("error getting client: %w", err)
  }

  conn := client.(*conns.AWSClient).ExampleConn
	sweepResources := make([]*sweep.SweepResource, 0)
  var errs *multierror.Error

  input := &example.ListThingsInput{}

  err = conn.ListThingsPages(input, func(page *example.ListThingsOutput, lastPage bool) bool {
    if page == nil {
      return !lastPage
    }

    for _, thing := range page.Things {
      r := ResourceThing()
      d := r.Data(nil)

      id := aws.StringValue(thing.Id)
      d.SetId(id)

      // Perform resource specific pre-sweep setup.
      // For example, you may need to perform one or more of these types of pre-sweep tasks, specific to the resource:
      //
      // err := r.Read(d, client)             // fill in data
      // d.Set("skip_final_snapshot", true)   // set an argument in order to delete

      // This "if" is only needed if the pre-sweep setup can produce errors.
      // Otherwise, do not include it.
      if err != nil {
        err := fmt.Errorf("error reading Example Thing (%s): %w", id, err)
        log.Printf("[ERROR] %s", err)
        errs = multierror.Append(errs, err)
        continue
      }

			sweepResources = append(sweepResources, sweep.NewSweepResource(r, d, client))
    }

    return !lastPage
  })

  if err != nil {
    errs = multierror.Append(errs, fmt.Errorf("error listing Example Thing for %s: %w", region, err))
  }

	if err := sweep.SweepOrchestrator(sweepResources); err != nil {
    errs = multierror.Append(errs, fmt.Errorf("error sweeping Example Thing for %s: %w", region, err))
  }

	if sweep.SkipSweepError(err) {
    log.Printf("[WARN] Skipping Example Thing sweep for %s: %s", region, errs)
    return nil
  }

  return errs.ErrorOrNil()
}

Otherwise, if no paginated SDK call is available:

func sweepThings(region string) error {
	client, err := sweep.SharedRegionalSweepClient(region)

  if err != nil {
    return fmt.Errorf("error getting client: %w", err)
  }

  conn := client.(*conns.AWSClient).ExampleConn
	sweepResources := make([]*sweep.SweepResource, 0)
  var errs *multierror.Error

  input := &example.ListThingsInput{}

  for {
    output, err := conn.ListThings(input)

    for _, thing := range output.Things {
      r := ResourceThing()
      d := r.Data(nil)

      id := aws.StringValue(thing.Id)
      d.SetId(id)

      // Perform resource specific pre-sweep setup.
      // For example, you may need to perform one or more of these types of pre-sweep tasks, specific to the resource:
      //
      // err := r.Read(d, client)             // fill in data
      // d.Set("skip_final_snapshot", true)   // set an argument in order to delete

      // This "if" is only needed if the pre-sweep setup can produce errors.
      // Otherwise, do not include it.
      if err != nil {
        err := fmt.Errorf("error reading Example Thing (%s): %w", id, err)
        log.Printf("[ERROR] %s", err)
        errs = multierror.Append(errs, err)
        continue
      }

			sweepResources = append(sweepResources, sweep.NewSweepResource(r, d, client))
    }

    if aws.StringValue(output.NextToken) == "" {
      break
    }

    input.NextToken = output.NextToken
  }

	if err := sweep.SweepOrchestrator(sweepResources); err != nil {
    errs = multierror.Append(errs, fmt.Errorf("error sweeping Example Thing for %s: %w", region, err))
  }

	if sweep.SkipSweepError(err) {
    log.Printf("[WARN] Skipping Example Thing sweep for %s: %s", region, errs)
    return nil
  }

  return errs.ErrorOrNil()
}

Acceptance Test Checklists

There are several aspects to writing good acceptance tests. These checklists will help ensure effective testing from the design stage through to implementation details.

Basic Acceptance Test Design

These are basic principles to help guide the creation of acceptance tests.

Covers Changes: Every line of resource or data source code added or changed should be covered by one or more tests. For example, if a resource has two ways of functioning, tests should cover both possible paths. Nearly every codebase change needs test coverage to ensure functionality and prevent future regressions. If a bug or other problem prompted a fix, a test should be added that previously would have failed, especially if the report included a configuration.
Follows the Single Responsibility Principle: Every test should have a single responsibility and effectively test that responsibility. This may include individual tests for verifying basic functionality of the resource (Create, Read, Delete), separately verifying using and updating a single attribute in a resource, or separately changing between two attributes to verify two "modes"/"types" possible with a resource configuration. In following this principle, test configurations should be as simple as possible. For example, not including extra configuration unless it is necessary for the specific test.

Test Implementation

The below are required items that will be noted during submission review and prevent immediate merging:

Implements CheckDestroy: Resource testing should include a CheckDestroy function (typically named testAccCheck{SERVICE}{RESOURCE}Destroy) that calls the API to verify that the Terraform resource has been deleted or disassociated as appropriate. More information about CheckDestroy functions can be found in the Extending Terraform TestCase documentation.
Implements Exists Check Function: Resource testing should include a TestCheckFunc function (typically named testAccCheck{SERVICE}{RESOURCE}Exists) that calls the API to verify that the Terraform resource has been created or associated as appropriate. Preferably, this function will also accept a pointer to an API object representing the Terraform resource from the API response that can be set for potential usage in later TestCheckFunc. More information about these functions can be found in the Extending Terraform Custom Check Functions documentation.
Excludes Provider Declarations: Test configurations should not include provider "aws" {...} declarations. If necessary, only the provider declarations in acctest.go should be used for multiple account/region or otherwise specialized testing.
Passes in us-west-2 Region: Tests default to running in us-west-2 and at a minimum should pass in that region or include necessary PreCheck functions to skip the test when ran outside an expected environment.
Includes ErrorCheck: All acceptance tests should include a call to the common ErrorCheck (ErrorCheck: acctest.ErrorCheck(t, service.EndpointsID),).
Uses resource.ParallelTest: Tests should use resource.ParallelTest() instead of resource.Test() except where serialized testing is absolutely required.
Uses fmt.Sprintf(): Test configurations preferably should to be separated into their own functions (typically named testAcc{SERVICE}{RESOURCE}Config{PURPOSE}) that call fmt.Sprintf() for variable injection or a string const for completely static configurations. Test configurations should avoid var or other variable injection functionality such as text/template.
Uses Randomized Infrastructure Naming: Test configurations that use resources where a unique name is required should generate a random name. Typically this is created via rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix) in the acceptance test function before generating the configuration.
Prevents S3 Bucket Deletion Errors: Test configurations that use aws_s3_bucket resources as a logging destination should include the force_destroy = true configuration. This is to prevent race conditions where logging objects may be written during the testing duration which will cause BucketNotEmpty errors during deletion.

For resources that support import, the additional item below is required that will be noted during submission review and prevent immediate merging:

Implements ImportState Testing: Tests should include an additional TestStep configuration that verifies resource import via ImportState: true and ImportStateVerify: true. This TestStep should be added to all possible tests for the resource to ensure that all infrastructure configurations are properly imported into Terraform.

The below are style-based items that may be noted during review and are recommended for simplicity, consistency, and quality assurance:

Uses Builtin Check Functions: Tests should use already available check functions, e.g. resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(), to verify values in the Terraform state over creating custom TestCheckFunc. More information about these functions can be found in the Extending Terraform Builtin Check Functions documentation.
Uses TestCheckResoureAttrPair() for Data Sources: Tests should use resource.TestCheckResourceAttrPair() to verify values in the Terraform state for data sources attributes to compare them with their expected resource attributes.
Excludes Timeouts Configurations: Test configurations should not include timeouts {...} configuration blocks except for explicit testing of customizable timeouts (typically very short timeouts with ExpectError).
Implements Default and Zero Value Validation: The basic test for a resource (typically named TestAcc{SERVICE}{RESOURCE}_basic) should use available check functions, e.g. resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(), to verify default and zero values in the Terraform state for all attributes. Empty/missing configuration blocks can be verified with resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "{ATTRIBUTE}.#", "0") and empty maps with resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "{ATTRIBUTE}.%", "0")

Avoid Hard Coding

Avoid hard coding values in acceptance test checks and configurations for consistency and testing flexibility. Resource testing is expected to pass across multiple AWS environments supported by the Terraform AWS Provider (e.g., AWS Standard and AWS GovCloud (US)). Contributors are not expected or required to perform testing outside of AWS Standard, e.g., running only in the us-west-2 region is perfectly acceptable. However, contributors are expected to avoid hard coding with these guidelines.

Hardcoded Account IDs

Uses Account Data Sources: Any hardcoded account numbers in configuration, e.g., 137112412989, should be replaced with a data source. Depending on the situation, there are several data sources for account IDs including:
Uses Account Test Checks: Any check required to verify an AWS Account ID of the current testing account or another account should use one of the following available helper functions over the usage of resource.TestCheckResourceAttrSet() and resource.TestMatchResourceAttr():
- acctest.CheckResourceAttrAccountID(): Validates the state value equals the AWS Account ID of the current account running the test. This is the most common implementation.
- acctest.MatchResourceAttrAccountID(): Validates the state value matches any AWS Account ID (e.g. a 12 digit number). This is typically only used in data source testing of AWS managed components.

Here's an example of using aws_caller_identity:

data "aws_caller_identity" "current" {}

resource "aws_backup_selection" "test" {
  plan_id      = aws_backup_plan.test.id
  name         = "tf_acc_test_backup_selection_%[1]d"
  iam_role_arn = "arn:${data.aws_partition.current.partition}:iam::${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}:role/service-role/AWSBackupDefaultServiceRole"
}

Hardcoded AMI IDs

Uses aws_ami Data Source: Any hardcoded AMI ID configuration, e.g. ami-12345678, should be replaced with the aws_ami data source pointing to an Amazon Linux image. The package internal/acctest includes test configuration helper functions to simplify these lookups:
- acctest.ConfigLatestAmazonLinuxHvmEbsAmi(): The recommended AMI for most situations, using Amazon Linux, HVM virtualization, and EBS storage. To reference the AMI ID in the test configuration: data.aws_ami.amzn-ami-minimal-hvm-ebs.id.
- testAccLatestAmazonLinuxHVMInstanceStoreAMIConfig() (EC2): AMI lookup using Amazon Linux, HVM virtualization, and Instance Store storage. Should only be used in testing that requires Instance Store storage rather than EBS. To reference the AMI ID in the test configuration: data.aws_ami.amzn-ami-minimal-hvm-instance-store.id.
- testAccLatestAmazonLinuxPVEBSAMIConfig() (EC2): AMI lookup using Amazon Linux, Paravirtual virtualization, and EBS storage. Should only be used in testing that requires Paravirtual over Hardware Virtual Machine (HVM) virtualization. To reference the AMI ID in the test configuration: data.aws_ami.amzn-ami-minimal-pv-ebs.id.
- configLatestAmazonLinuxPvInstanceStoreAmi (EC2): AMI lookup using Amazon Linux, Paravirtual virtualization, and Instance Store storage. Should only be used in testing that requires Paravirtual virtualization over HVM and Instance Store storage over EBS. To reference the AMI ID in the test configuration: data.aws_ami.amzn-ami-minimal-pv-instance-store.id.
- testAccLatestWindowsServer2016CoreAMIConfig() (EC2): AMI lookup using Windows Server 2016 Core, HVM virtualization, and EBS storage. Should only be used in testing that requires Windows. To reference the AMI ID in the test configuration: data.aws_ami.win2016core-ami.id.

Here's an example of using acctest.ConfigLatestAmazonLinuxHvmEbsAmi() and data.aws_ami.amzn-ami-minimal-hvm-ebs.id:

func testAccLaunchConfigurationDataSourceConfig_basic(rName string) string {
	return acctest.ConfigCompose(
		acctest.ConfigLatestAmazonLinuxHvmEbsAmi(),
		fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_launch_configuration" "test" {
  name          = %[1]q
  image_id      = data.aws_ami.amzn-ami-minimal-hvm-ebs.id
  instance_type = "m1.small"
}
`, rName))
}

Hardcoded Availability Zones

Uses aws_availability_zones Data Source: Any hardcoded AWS Availability Zone configuration, e.g. us-west-2a, should be replaced with the aws_availability_zones data source. Use the convenience function called acctest.ConfigAvailableAZsNoOptIn() (defined in internal/acctest/acctest.go) to declare data "aws_availability_zones" "available" {...}. You can then reference the data source via data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[0] or data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[count.index] in resources using count.

Here's an example of using acctest.ConfigAvailableAZsNoOptIn() and data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[0]:

func testAccInstanceVpcConfigBasic(rName string) string {
	return acctest.ConfigCompose(
		acctest.ConfigAvailableAZsNoOptIn(),
		fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_subnet" "test" {
  availability_zone = data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[0]
  cidr_block        = "10.0.0.0/24"
  vpc_id            = aws_vpc.test.id
}
`, rName))
}

Hardcoded Database Versions

Uses Database Version Data Sources: Hardcoded database versions, e.g., RDS MySQL Engine Version 5.7.42, should be removed (which means the AWS-defined default version will be used) or replaced with a list of preferred versions using a data source. Because versions change over times and version offerings vary from region to region and partition to partition, using the default version or providing a list of preferences ensures a version will be available. Depending on the situation, there are several data sources for versions, including:

Here's an example of using aws_rds_engine_version and data.aws_rds_engine_version.default.version:

data "aws_rds_engine_version" "default" {
  engine = "mysql"
}

data "aws_rds_orderable_db_instance" "test" {
  engine                     = data.aws_rds_engine_version.default.engine
  engine_version             = data.aws_rds_engine_version.default.version
  preferred_instance_classes = ["db.t3.small", "db.t2.small", "db.t2.medium"]
}

resource "aws_db_instance" "bar" {
  engine               = data.aws_rds_engine_version.default.engine
  engine_version       = data.aws_rds_engine_version.default.version
  instance_class       = data.aws_rds_orderable_db_instance.test.instance_class
  skip_final_snapshot  = true
  parameter_group_name = "default.${data.aws_rds_engine_version.default.parameter_group_family}"
}

Hardcoded Direct Connect Locations

Uses aws_dx_locations Data Source: Hardcoded AWS Direct Connect locations, e.g., EqSe2, should be replaced with the aws_dx_locations data source.

Here's an example using data.aws_dx_locations.test.location_codes:

data "aws_dx_locations" "test" {}

resource "aws_dx_lag" "test" {
  name                  = "Test LAG"
  connections_bandwidth = "1Gbps"
  location              = tolist(data.aws_dx_locations.test.location_codes)[0]
  force_destroy         = true
}

Hardcoded Instance Types

Uses Instance Type Data Source: Singular hardcoded instance types and classes, e.g., t2.micro and db.t2.micro, should be replaced with a list of preferences using a data source. Because offerings vary from region to region and partition to partition, providing a list of preferences dramatically improves the likelihood that one of the options will be available. Depending on the situation, there are several data sources for instance types and classes, including:
- aws_ec2_instance_type_offering data source - Convenience functions declare configurations that are referenced with data.aws_ec2_instance_type_offering.available including:
  - The acctest.AvailableEC2InstanceTypeForAvailabilityZone() function for test configurations using an EC2 Subnet which is inherently within a single Availability Zone
  - The acctest.AvailableEC2InstanceTypeForRegion() function for test configurations that do not include specific Availability Zones
- aws_rds_orderable_db_instance data source,
- aws_neptune_orderable_db_instance data source, and
- aws_docdb_orderable_db_instance data source.

Here's an example of using acctest.AvailableEC2InstanceTypeForRegion() and data.aws_ec2_instance_type_offering.available.instance_type:

func testAccSpotInstanceRequestConfig(rInt int) string {
	return acctest.ConfigCompose(
		acctest.AvailableEC2InstanceTypeForRegion("t3.micro", "t2.micro"),
		fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_spot_instance_request" "test" {
  instance_type        = data.aws_ec2_instance_type_offering.available.instance_type
  spot_price           = "0.05"
  wait_for_fulfillment = true
}
`, rInt))
}

Here's an example of using aws_rds_orderable_db_instance and data.aws_rds_orderable_db_instance.test.instance_class:

data "aws_rds_orderable_db_instance" "test" {
  engine                     = "mysql"
  engine_version             = "5.7.31"
  preferred_instance_classes = ["db.t3.micro", "db.t2.micro", "db.t3.small"]
}

resource "aws_db_instance" "test" {
  engine              = data.aws_rds_orderable_db_instance.test.engine
  engine_version      = data.aws_rds_orderable_db_instance.test.engine_version
  instance_class      = data.aws_rds_orderable_db_instance.test.instance_class
  skip_final_snapshot = true
  username            = "test"
}

Hardcoded Partition DNS Suffix

Uses aws_partition Data Source: Any hardcoded DNS suffix configuration, e.g., the amazonaws.com in a ec2.amazonaws.com service principal, should be replaced with the aws_partition data source. A common pattern is declaring data "aws_partition" "current" {} and referencing it via data.aws_partition.current.dns_suffix.

Here's an example of using aws_partition and data.aws_partition.current.dns_suffix:

data "aws_partition" "current" {}

resource "aws_iam_role" "test" {
  assume_role_policy = <<POLICY
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "",
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Service": "cloudtrail.${data.aws_partition.current.dns_suffix}"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
    }
  ]
}
POLICY
}

Hardcoded Partition in ARN

Uses aws_partition Data Source: Any hardcoded AWS Partition configuration, e.g. the aws in a arn:aws:SERVICE:REGION:ACCOUNT:RESOURCE ARN, should be replaced with the aws_partition data source. A common pattern is declaring data "aws_partition" "current" {} and referencing it via data.aws_partition.current.partition.
Uses Builtin ARN Check Functions: Tests should use available ARN check functions to validate ARN attribute values in the Terraform state over resource.TestCheckResourceAttrSet() and resource.TestMatchResourceAttr():
- acctest.CheckResourceAttrRegionalARN() verifies that an ARN matches the account ID and region of the test execution with an exact resource value
- acctest.MatchResourceAttrRegionalARN() verifies that an ARN matches the account ID and region of the test execution with a regular expression of the resource value
- acctest.CheckResourceAttrGlobalARN() verifies that an ARN matches the account ID of the test execution with an exact resource value
- acctest.MatchResourceAttrGlobalARN() verifies that an ARN matches the account ID of the test execution with a regular expression of the resource value
- acctest.CheckResourceAttrRegionalARNNoAccount() verifies than an ARN has no account ID and matches the current region of the test execution with an exact resource value
- acctest.CheckResourceAttrGlobalARNNoAccount() verifies than an ARN has no account ID and matches an exact resource value
- acctest.CheckResourceAttrRegionalARNAccountID() verifies than an ARN matches a specific account ID and the current region of the test execution with an exact resource value
- acctest.CheckResourceAttrGlobalARNAccountID() verifies than an ARN matches a specific account ID with an exact resource value

Here's an example of using aws_partition and data.aws_partition.current.partition:

data "aws_partition" "current" {}

resource "aws_iam_role_policy_attachment" "test" {
  policy_arn = "arn:${data.aws_partition.current.partition}:iam::aws:policy/service-role/AmazonRDSEnhancedMonitoringRole"
  role       = aws_iam_role.test.name
}

Hardcoded Region

Uses aws_region Data Source: Any hardcoded AWS Region configuration, e.g., us-west-2, should be replaced with the aws_region data source. A common pattern is declaring data "aws_region" "current" {} and referencing it via data.aws_region.current.name

Here's an example of using aws_region and data.aws_region.current.name:

data "aws_region" "current" {}

resource "aws_route53_zone" "test" {
  vpc {
    vpc_id     = aws_vpc.test.id
    vpc_region = data.aws_region.current.name
  }
}

Hardcoded Spot Price

Uses aws_ec2_spot_price Data Source: Any hardcoded spot prices, e.g., 0.05, should be replaced with the aws_ec2_spot_price data source. A common pattern is declaring data "aws_ec2_spot_price" "current" {} and referencing it via data.aws_ec2_spot_price.current.spot_price.

Here's an example of using aws_ec2_spot_price and data.aws_ec2_spot_price.current.spot_price:

data "aws_ec2_spot_price" "current" {
  instance_type = "t3.medium"

  filter {
    name   = "product-description"
    values = ["Linux/UNIX"]
  }
}

resource "aws_spot_fleet_request" "test" {
  spot_price      = data.aws_ec2_spot_price.current.spot_price
  target_capacity = 2
}

Hardcoded SSH Keys

Uses acctest.RandSSHKeyPair() or RandSSHKeyPairSize() Functions: Any hardcoded SSH keys should be replaced with random SSH keys generated by either the acceptance testing framework's function RandSSHKeyPair() or the provider function RandSSHKeyPairSize(). RandSSHKeyPair() generates 1024-bit keys.

Here's an example using aws_key_pair

func TestAccKeyPair_basic(t *testing.T) {
  ...

	rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)
	publicKey, _, err := acctest.RandSSHKeyPair(acctest.DefaultEmailAddress)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("error generating random SSH key: %s", err)
	}

  resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
		...
		Steps: []resource.TestStep{
			{
				Config: testAccKeyPairConfig(rName, publicKey),
        ...
      },
    },
  })
}

func testAccKeyPairConfig(rName, publicKey string) string {
	return fmt.Sprintf(`
resource "aws_key_pair" "test" {
  key_name   = %[1]q
  public_key = %[2]q
}
`, rName, publicKey)
}

Hardcoded Email Addresses

Uses either acctest.DefaultEmailAddress Constant or acctest.RandomEmailAddress() Function: Any hardcoded email addresses should replaced with either the constant acctest.DefaultEmailAddress or the function acctest.RandomEmailAddress().

Using acctest.DefaultEmailAddress is preferred when using a single email address in an acceptance test.

Here's an example using acctest.DefaultEmailAddress

func TestAccSNSTopicSubscription_email(t *testing.T) {
	...

	rName := sdkacctest.RandomWithPrefix(acctest.ResourcePrefix)

	resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
		...
		Steps: []resource.TestStep{
			{
				Config: testAccTopicSubscriptionEmailConfig(rName, acctest.DefaultEmailAddress),
				Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
					...
					resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "endpoint", acctest.DefaultEmailAddress),
				),
			},
		},
	})
}

Here's an example using acctest.RandomEmailAddress()

func TestAccPinpointEmailChannel_basic(t *testing.T) {
	...

	domain := acctest.RandomDomainName()
	address1 := acctest.RandomEmailAddress(domain)
	address2 := acctest.RandomEmailAddress(domain)

	resource.ParallelTest(t, resource.TestCase{
		...
		Steps: []resource.TestStep{
			{
				Config: testAccEmailChannelConfig_FromAddress(domain, address1),
				Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
					...
					resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "from_address", address1),
				),
			},
			{
				Config: testAccEmailChannelConfig_FromAddress(domain, address2),
				Check: resource.ComposeTestCheckFunc(
					...
					resource.TestCheckResourceAttr(resourceName, "from_address", address2),
				),
			},
		},
	})
}

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Running and Writing Acceptance Tests

Acceptance Tests Often Cost Money to Run

Running an Acceptance Test

Running Cross-Account Tests

Running Cross-Region Tests

Running Only Short Tests

Writing an Acceptance Test

Anatomy of an Acceptance Test

Resource Acceptance Testing

Test Configurations

Combining Test Configurations

Base Test Configurations

Available Common Test Configurations

Randomized Naming

Other Recommended Variables

Basic Acceptance Tests

PreChecks

Standard Provider PreChecks

Custom PreChecks

ErrorChecks

Common ErrorCheck

Service-Specific ErrorChecks

Long-Running Test Guards

Disappears Acceptance Tests

Per Attribute Acceptance Tests

Cross-Account Acceptance Tests

Cross-Region Acceptance Tests

Service-Specific Region Acceptance Testing

Acceptance Test Concurrency

Data Source Acceptance Testing

Acceptance Test Sweepers

Running Test Sweepers

Writing Test Sweepers

Acceptance Test Checklists

Basic Acceptance Test Design

Test Implementation

Avoid Hard Coding

Hardcoded Account IDs

Hardcoded AMI IDs

Hardcoded Availability Zones

Hardcoded Database Versions

Hardcoded Direct Connect Locations

Hardcoded Instance Types

Hardcoded Partition DNS Suffix

Hardcoded Partition in ARN

Hardcoded Region

Hardcoded Spot Price

Hardcoded SSH Keys

Hardcoded Email Addresses