diff --git a/packages/eui/changelogs/upcoming/7817.md b/packages/eui/changelogs/upcoming/7817.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ba972530cb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/eui/changelogs/upcoming/7817.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+- Updated `EuiBasicTable` and `EuiInMemoryTable`s with `selection` - the header row checkbox will now render an indeterminate state if some (but not all) rows are selected
diff --git a/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/__snapshots__/basic_table.test.tsx.snap b/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/__snapshots__/basic_table.test.tsx.snap
index 37c0b232424..2334b0aee41 100644
--- a/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/__snapshots__/basic_table.test.tsx.snap
+++ b/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/__snapshots__/basic_table.test.tsx.snap
@@ -151,7 +151,8 @@ exports[`EuiBasicTable renders (kitchen sink) with pagination, selection, sortin
                 aria-label="Select all rows"
                 class="euiCheckbox__input"
                 data-test-subj="checkboxSelectAll"
-                id="_selection_column-checkbox_generated-id_desktop"
+                id="_selection_column-checkbox_generated-id"
+                title="Select all rows"
                 type="checkbox"
               />
               <div
diff --git a/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/__snapshots__/in_memory_table.test.tsx.snap b/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/__snapshots__/in_memory_table.test.tsx.snap
index 918fd7179f7..c22cc2cbc85 100644
--- a/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/__snapshots__/in_memory_table.test.tsx.snap
+++ b/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/__snapshots__/in_memory_table.test.tsx.snap
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ exports[`EuiInMemoryTable behavior mobile header 1`] = `
     <input
       aria-label="Select all rows"
       class="euiCheckbox__input"
-      id="_selection_column-checkbox_generated-id_mobile"
+      data-test-subj="checkboxSelectAll"
+      id="_selection_column-checkbox_generated-id"
+      title="Select all rows"
       type="checkbox"
     />
     <div
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ exports[`EuiInMemoryTable behavior mobile header 1`] = `
     />
     <label
       class="euiCheckbox__label"
-      for="_selection_column-checkbox_generated-id_mobile"
+      for="_selection_column-checkbox_generated-id"
     >
       Select all rows
     </label>
diff --git a/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/basic_table.test.tsx b/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/basic_table.test.tsx
index a213e9887c3..59b81251feb 100644
--- a/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/basic_table.test.tsx
+++ b/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/basic_table.test.tsx
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 
 import React from 'react';
+import { fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react';
 import { render, screen } from '../../test/rtl';
 import { requiredProps } from '../../test';
 import { shouldRenderCustomStyles } from '../../test/internal';
@@ -461,6 +462,72 @@ describe('EuiBasicTable', () => {
       expect(onSelectionChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith([]);
       expect(container.querySelectorAll('[checked]')).toHaveLength(0);
     });
+
+    describe('header checkbox', () => {
+      it('selects all rows', () => {
+        const props: EuiBasicTableProps<BasicItem> = {
+          items: basicItems,
+          columns: basicColumns,
+          itemId: 'id',
+          selection: {
+            onSelectionChange: () => {},
+            initialSelected: [],
+          },
+        };
+        const { getByTestSubject } = render(<EuiBasicTable {...props} />);
+        expect(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll')).not.toBeChecked();
+
+        fireEvent.click(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll'));
+
+        expect(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll')).toBeChecked();
+        expect(getCheckboxAt(1)).toBeChecked();
+        expect(getCheckboxAt(2)).toBeChecked();
+        expect(getCheckboxAt(3)).toBeChecked();
+      });
+
+      it('deselects all rows', () => {
+        const props: EuiBasicTableProps<BasicItem> = {
+          items: basicItems,
+          columns: basicColumns,
+          itemId: 'id',
+          selection: {
+            onSelectionChange: () => {},
+            initialSelected: basicItems,
+          },
+        };
+        const { getByTestSubject } = render(<EuiBasicTable {...props} />);
+        expect(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll')).toBeChecked();
+
+        fireEvent.click(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll'));
+
+        expect(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll')).not.toBeChecked();
+        expect(getCheckboxAt(1)).not.toBeChecked();
+        expect(getCheckboxAt(2)).not.toBeChecked();
+        expect(getCheckboxAt(3)).not.toBeChecked();
+      });
+
+      it('renders an indeterminate header checkbox if some but not all rows are selected', () => {
+        const props: EuiBasicTableProps<BasicItem> = {
+          items: basicItems,
+          columns: basicColumns,
+          itemId: 'id',
+          selection: {
+            onSelectionChange: () => {},
+            initialSelected: [],
+          },
+        };
+        const { getByTestSubject } = render(<EuiBasicTable {...props} />);
+        expect(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll')).not.toBeChecked();
+
+        fireEvent.click(getCheckboxAt(1));
+        expect(getCheckboxAt(1)).toBeChecked();
+        expect(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll')).toBePartiallyChecked();
+
+        // Should deselect all rows on indeterminate click
+        fireEvent.click(getByTestSubject('checkboxSelectAll'));
+        expect(getCheckboxAt(1)).not.toBeChecked();
+      });
+    });
   });
 
   test('footers', () => {
diff --git a/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/basic_table.tsx b/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/basic_table.tsx
index 3409ce01053..0f09e5e16aa 100644
--- a/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/basic_table.tsx
+++ b/packages/eui/src/components/basic_table/basic_table.tsx
@@ -688,10 +688,16 @@ export class EuiBasicTable<T extends object = any> extends Component<
       selectableItems.length > 0 &&
       this.state.selection.length === selectableItems.length;
 
+    const indeterminate =
+      !checked &&
+      this.state.selection &&
+      selectableItems.length > 0 &&
+      this.state.selection.length > 0;
+
     const disabled = selectableItems.length === 0;
 
     const onChange = (event: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
-      if (event.target.checked) {
+      if (event.target.checked && !indeterminate) {
         this.changeSelection(selectableItems);
       } else {
         this.changeSelection([]);
@@ -699,16 +705,20 @@ export class EuiBasicTable<T extends object = any> extends Component<
     };
 
     return (
-      <EuiI18n token="euiBasicTable.selectAllRows" default="Select all rows">
-        {(selectAllRows: string) => (
+      <EuiI18n
+        tokens={['euiBasicTable.selectAllRows', 'euiBasicTable.deselectRows']}
+        defaults={['Select all rows', 'Deselect rows']}
+      >
+        {([selectAllRows, deselectRows]: string[]) => (
           <EuiCheckbox
-            id={this.selectAllIdGenerator(isMobile ? 'mobile' : 'desktop')}
+            id={this.selectAllIdGenerator()}
             checked={checked}
+            indeterminate={indeterminate}
             disabled={disabled}
             onChange={onChange}
-            // Only add data-test-subj to one of the checkboxes
-            data-test-subj={isMobile ? undefined : 'checkboxSelectAll'}
-            aria-label={selectAllRows}
+            data-test-subj="checkboxSelectAll"
+            aria-label={checked || indeterminate ? deselectRows : selectAllRows}
+            title={checked || indeterminate ? deselectRows : selectAllRows}
             label={isMobile ? selectAllRows : null}
           />
         )}