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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
<meta name="generator" content="pandoc" />
<meta name="author" content="Nick Craig-Wood" />
<title>rclone(1) User Manual</title>
<style type="text/css">code{white-space: pre;}</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<h1 class="title">rclone(1) User Manual</h1>
<h2 class="author">Nick Craig-Wood</h2>
<h3 class="date">Nov 06, 2016</h3>
</div>
<h1 id="rclone">Rclone</h1>
<p><a href="http://rclone.org/"><img src="http://rclone.org/img/rclone-120x120.png" alt="Logo" /></a></p>
<p>Rclone is a command line program to sync files and directories to and from</p>
<ul>
<li>Google Drive</li>
<li>Amazon S3</li>
<li>Openstack Swift / Rackspace cloud files / Memset Memstore</li>
<li>Dropbox</li>
<li>Google Cloud Storage</li>
<li>Amazon Drive</li>
<li>Microsoft One Drive</li>
<li>Hubic</li>
<li>Backblaze B2</li>
<li>Yandex Disk</li>
<li>The local filesystem</li>
</ul>
<p>Features</p>
<ul>
<li>MD5/SHA1 hashes checked at all times for file integrity</li>
<li>Timestamps preserved on files</li>
<li>Partial syncs supported on a whole file basis</li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/commands/rclone_copy/">Copy</a> mode to just copy new/changed files</li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/commands/rclone_sync/">Sync</a> (one way) mode to make a directory identical</li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/commands/rclone_check/">Check</a> mode to check for file hash equality</li>
<li>Can sync to and from network, eg two different cloud accounts</li>
<li>Optional encryption (<a href="http://rclone.org/crypt/">Crypt</a>)</li>
<li>Optional FUSE mount (<a href="http://rclone.org/commands/rclone_mount/">rclone mount</a>)</li>
</ul>
<p>Links</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/">Home page</a></li>
<li><a href="http://github.com/ncw/rclone">Github project page for source and bug tracker</a></li>
<li><a href="https://google.com/+RcloneOrg" rel="publisher">Google+ page</a>
</li></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/downloads/">Downloads</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="install">Install</h1>
<p>Rclone is a Go program and comes as a single binary file.</p>
<h2 id="quickstart">Quickstart</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/downloads/">Download</a> the relevant binary.</li>
<li>Unpack and the <code>rclone</code> binary.</li>
<li>Run <code>rclone config</code> to setup. See <a href="http://rclone.org/docs/">rclone config docs</a> for more details.</li>
</ul>
<p>See below for some expanded Linux / macOS instructions.</p>
<p>See the <a href="http://rclone.org/docs/">Usage section</a> of the docs for how to use rclone, or run <code>rclone -h</code>.</p>
<h2 id="linux-installation-from-precompiled-binary">Linux installation from precompiled binary</h2>
<p>Fetch and unpack</p>
<pre><code>curl -O http://downloads.rclone.org/rclone-current-linux-amd64.zip
unzip rclone-current-linux-amd64.zip
cd rclone-*-linux-amd64</code></pre>
<p>Copy binary file</p>
<pre><code>sudo cp rclone /usr/sbin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/sbin/rclone
sudo chmod 755 /usr/sbin/rclone</code></pre>
<p>Install manpage</p>
<pre><code>sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/man/man1
sudo cp rclone.1 /usr/local/share/man/man1/
sudo mandb </code></pre>
<p>Run <code>rclone config</code> to setup. See <a href="http://rclone.org/docs/">rclone config docs</a> for more details.</p>
<pre><code>rclone config</code></pre>
<h2 id="macos-installation-from-precompiled-binary">macOS installation from precompiled binary</h2>
<p>Download the latest version of rclone.</p>
<pre><code>cd && curl -O http://downloads.rclone.org/rclone-current-osx-amd64.zip</code></pre>
<p>Unzip the download and cd to the extracted folder.</p>
<pre><code>unzip -a rclone-current-osx-amd64.zip && cd rclone-*-osx-amd64</code></pre>
<p>Move rclone to your $PATH. You will be prompted for your password.</p>
<pre><code>sudo mv rclone /usr/local/bin/</code></pre>
<p>Remove the leftover files.</p>
<pre><code>cd .. && rm -rf rclone-*-osx-amd64 rclone-current-osx-amd64.zip</code></pre>
<p>Run <code>rclone config</code> to setup. See <a href="http://rclone.org/docs/">rclone config docs</a> for more details.</p>
<pre><code>rclone config</code></pre>
<h2 id="install-from-source">Install from source</h2>
<p>Make sure you have at least <a href="https://golang.org/">Go</a> 1.5 installed. Make sure your <code>GOPATH</code> is set, then:</p>
<pre><code>go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rclone</code></pre>
<p>and this will build the binary in <code>$GOPATH/bin</code>. If you have built rclone before then you will want to update its dependencies first with this</p>
<pre><code>go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rclone/...</code></pre>
<h2 id="installation-with-ansible">Installation with Ansible</h2>
<p>This can be done with <a href="https://github.com/stefangweichinger/ansible-rclone">Stefan Weichinger's ansible role</a>.</p>
<p>Instructions</p>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li><code>git clone https://github.com/stefangweichinger/ansible-rclone.git</code> into your local roles-directory</li>
<li>add the role to the hosts you want rclone installed to:</li>
</ol>
<pre><code> - hosts: rclone-hosts
roles:
- rclone</code></pre>
<h2 id="configure">Configure</h2>
<p>First you'll need to configure rclone. As the object storage systems have quite complicated authentication these are kept in a config file <code>.rclone.conf</code> in your home directory by default. (You can use the <code>--config</code> option to choose a different config file.)</p>
<p>The easiest way to make the config is to run rclone with the config option:</p>
<pre><code>rclone config</code></pre>
<p>See the following for detailed instructions for</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/drive/">Google drive</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/s3/">Amazon S3</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/swift/">Swift / Rackspace Cloudfiles / Memset Memstore</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/dropbox/">Dropbox</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/googlecloudstorage/">Google Cloud Storage</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/local/">Local filesystem</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/amazonclouddrive/">Amazon Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/b2/">Backblaze B2</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/hubic/">Hubic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/onedrive/">Microsoft One Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/yandex/">Yandex Disk</a></li>
<li><a href="http://rclone.org/crypt/">Crypt</a> - to encrypt other remotes</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2>
<p>Rclone syncs a directory tree from one storage system to another.</p>
<p>Its syntax is like this</p>
<pre><code>Syntax: [options] subcommand <parameters> <parameters...></code></pre>
<p>Source and destination paths are specified by the name you gave the storage system in the config file then the sub path, eg "drive:myfolder" to look at "myfolder" in Google drive.</p>
<p>You can define as many storage paths as you like in the config file.</p>
<h2 id="subcommands">Subcommands</h2>
<p>rclone uses a system of subcommands. For example</p>
<pre><code>rclone ls remote:path # lists a re
rclone copy /local/path remote:path # copies /local/path to the remote
rclone sync /local/path remote:path # syncs /local/path to the remote</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-config">rclone config</h2>
<p>Enter an interactive configuration session.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Enter an interactive configuration session.</p>
<pre><code>rclone config</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-copy">rclone copy</h2>
<p>Copy files from source to dest, skipping already copied</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-1">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Copy the source to the destination. Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. Doesn't delete files from the destination.</p>
<p>Note that it is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents.</p>
<p>If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents go there.</p>
<p>For example</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy source:sourcepath dest:destpath</code></pre>
<p>Let's say there are two files in sourcepath</p>
<pre><code>sourcepath/one.txt
sourcepath/two.txt</code></pre>
<p>This copies them to</p>
<pre><code>destpath/one.txt
destpath/two.txt</code></pre>
<p>Not to</p>
<pre><code>destpath/sourcepath/one.txt
destpath/sourcepath/two.txt</code></pre>
<p>If you are familiar with <code>rsync</code>, rclone always works as if you had written a trailing / - meaning "copy the contents of this directory". This applies to all commands and whether you are talking about the source or destination.</p>
<p>See the <code>--no-traverse</code> option for controlling whether rclone lists the destination directory or not.</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy source:path dest:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-sync">rclone sync</h2>
<p>Make source and dest identical, modifying destination only.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-2">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Sync the source to the destination, changing the destination only. Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. Destination is updated to match source, including deleting files if necessary.</p>
<p><strong>Important</strong>: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the <code>--dry-run</code> flag to see exactly what would be copied and deleted.</p>
<p>Note that files in the destination won't be deleted if there were any errors at any point.</p>
<p>It is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents. See extended explanation in the <code>copy</code> command above if unsure.</p>
<p>If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents go there.</p>
<pre><code>rclone sync source:path dest:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-move">rclone move</h2>
<p>Move files from source to dest.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-3">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Moves the contents of the source directory to the destination directory. Rclone will error if the source and destination overlap.</p>
<p>If no filters are in use and if possible this will server side move <code>source:path</code> into <code>dest:path</code>. After this <code>source:path</code> will no longer longer exist.</p>
<p>Otherwise for each file in <code>source:path</code> selected by the filters (if any) this will move it into <code>dest:path</code>. If possible a server side move will be used, otherwise it will copy it (server side if possible) into <code>dest:path</code> then delete the original (if no errors on copy) in <code>source:path</code>.</p>
<p><strong>Important</strong>: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the --dry-run flag.</p>
<pre><code>rclone move source:path dest:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-delete">rclone delete</h2>
<p>Remove the contents of path.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-4">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Remove the contents of path. Unlike <code>purge</code> it obeys include/exclude filters so can be used to selectively delete files.</p>
<p>Eg delete all files bigger than 100MBytes</p>
<p>Check what would be deleted first (use either)</p>
<pre><code>rclone --min-size 100M lsl remote:path
rclone --dry-run --min-size 100M delete remote:path</code></pre>
<p>Then delete</p>
<pre><code>rclone --min-size 100M delete remote:path</code></pre>
<p>That reads "delete everything with a minimum size of 100 MB", hence delete all files bigger than 100MBytes.</p>
<pre><code>rclone delete remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-purge">rclone purge</h2>
<p>Remove the path and all of its contents.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-5">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Remove the path and all of its contents. Note that this does not obey include/exclude filters - everything will be removed. Use <code>delete</code> if you want to selectively delete files.</p>
<pre><code>rclone purge remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-mkdir">rclone mkdir</h2>
<p>Make the path if it doesn't already exist.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-6">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Make the path if it doesn't already exist.</p>
<pre><code>rclone mkdir remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-rmdir">rclone rmdir</h2>
<p>Remove the path if empty.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-7">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Remove the path. Note that you can't remove a path with objects in it, use purge for that.</p>
<pre><code>rclone rmdir remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-check">rclone check</h2>
<p>Checks the files in the source and destination match.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-8">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Checks the files in the source and destination match. It compares sizes and MD5SUMs and prints a report of files which don't match. It doesn't alter the source or destination.</p>
<p><code>--size-only</code> may be used to only compare the sizes, not the MD5SUMs.</p>
<pre><code>rclone check source:path dest:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-ls">rclone ls</h2>
<p>List all the objects in the the path with size and path.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-9">Synopsis</h3>
<p>List all the objects in the the path with size and path.</p>
<pre><code>rclone ls remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-lsd">rclone lsd</h2>
<p>List all directories/containers/buckets in the the path.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-10">Synopsis</h3>
<p>List all directories/containers/buckets in the the path.</p>
<pre><code>rclone lsd remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-lsl">rclone lsl</h2>
<p>List all the objects path with modification time, size and path.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-11">Synopsis</h3>
<p>List all the objects path with modification time, size and path.</p>
<pre><code>rclone lsl remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-md5sum">rclone md5sum</h2>
<p>Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-12">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path. This is in the same format as the standard md5sum tool produces.</p>
<pre><code>rclone md5sum remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-sha1sum">rclone sha1sum</h2>
<p>Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-13">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path. This is in the same format as the standard sha1sum tool produces.</p>
<pre><code>rclone sha1sum remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-size">rclone size</h2>
<p>Prints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-14">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Prints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.</p>
<pre><code>rclone size remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-version">rclone version</h2>
<p>Show the version number.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-15">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Show the version number.</p>
<pre><code>rclone version</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-cleanup">rclone cleanup</h2>
<p>Clean up the remote if possible</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-16">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Clean up the remote if possible. Empty the trash or delete old file versions. Not supported by all remotes.</p>
<pre><code>rclone cleanup remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-dedupe">rclone dedupe</h2>
<p>Interactively find duplicate files delete/rename them.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-17">Synopsis</h3>
<p>By default <code>dedup</code> interactively finds duplicate files and offers to delete all but one or rename them to be different. Only useful with Google Drive which can have duplicate file names.</p>
<p>The <code>dedupe</code> command will delete all but one of any identical (same md5sum) files it finds without confirmation. This means that for most duplicated files the <code>dedupe</code> command will not be interactive. You can use <code>--dry-run</code> to see what would happen without doing anything.</p>
<p>Here is an example run.</p>
<p>Before - with duplicates</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone lsl drive:dupes
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:11.775000000 one.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:23:06.731000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:18:26.092000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000 two.txt
1744073 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000 two.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000 two.txt</code></pre>
<p>Now the <code>dedupe</code> session</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone dedupe drive:dupes
2016/03/05 16:24:37 Google drive root 'dupes': Looking for duplicates using interactive mode.
one.txt: Found 4 duplicates - deleting identical copies
one.txt: Deleting 2/3 identical duplicates (md5sum "1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36")
one.txt: 2 duplicates remain
1: 6048320 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
2: 564374 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:23:06.731000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
s) Skip and do nothing
k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
s/k/r> k
Enter the number of the file to keep> 1
one.txt: Deleted 1 extra copies
two.txt: Found 3 duplicates - deleting identical copies
two.txt: 3 duplicates remain
1: 564374 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
2: 6048320 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
3: 1744073 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000, md5sum 851957f7fb6f0bc4ce76be966d336802
s) Skip and do nothing
k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
s/k/r> r
two-1.txt: renamed from: two.txt
two-2.txt: renamed from: two.txt
two-3.txt: renamed from: two.txt</code></pre>
<p>The result being</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone lsl drive:dupes
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000 one.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000 two-1.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000 two-2.txt
1744073 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000 two-3.txt</code></pre>
<p>Dedupe can be run non interactively using the <code>--dedupe-mode</code> flag or by using an extra parameter with the same value</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--dedupe-mode interactive</code> - interactive as above.</li>
<li><code>--dedupe-mode skip</code> - removes identical files then skips anything left.</li>
<li><code>--dedupe-mode first</code> - removes identical files then keeps the first one.</li>
<li><code>--dedupe-mode newest</code> - removes identical files then keeps the newest one.</li>
<li><code>--dedupe-mode oldest</code> - removes identical files then keeps the oldest one.</li>
<li><code>--dedupe-mode rename</code> - removes identical files then renames the rest to be different.</li>
</ul>
<p>For example to rename all the identically named photos in your Google Photos directory, do</p>
<pre><code>rclone dedupe --dedupe-mode rename "drive:Google Photos"</code></pre>
<p>Or</p>
<pre><code>rclone dedupe rename "drive:Google Photos"</code></pre>
<pre><code>rclone dedupe [mode] remote:path</code></pre>
<h3 id="options">Options</h3>
<pre><code> --dedupe-mode string Dedupe mode interactive|skip|first|newest|oldest|rename. (default "interactive")</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-authorize">rclone authorize</h2>
<p>Remote authorization.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-18">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Remote authorization. Used to authorize a remote or headless rclone from a machine with a browser - use as instructed by rclone config.</p>
<pre><code>rclone authorize</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-cat">rclone cat</h2>
<p>Concatenates any files and sends them to stdout.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-19">Synopsis</h3>
<p>rclone cat sends any files to standard output.</p>
<p>You can use it like this to output a single file</p>
<pre><code>rclone cat remote:path/to/file</code></pre>
<p>Or like this to output any file in dir or subdirectories.</p>
<pre><code>rclone cat remote:path/to/dir</code></pre>
<p>Or like this to output any .txt files in dir or subdirectories.</p>
<pre><code>rclone --include "*.txt" cat remote:path/to/dir</code></pre>
<pre><code>rclone cat remote:path</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-genautocomplete">rclone genautocomplete</h2>
<p>Output bash completion script for rclone.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-20">Synopsis</h3>
<p>Generates a bash shell autocompletion script for rclone.</p>
<p>This writes to /etc/bash_completion.d/rclone by default so will probably need to be run with sudo or as root, eg</p>
<pre><code>sudo rclone genautocomplete</code></pre>
<p>Logout and login again to use the autocompletion scripts, or source them directly</p>
<pre><code>. /etc/bash_completion</code></pre>
<p>If you supply a command line argument the script will be written there.</p>
<pre><code>rclone genautocomplete [output_file]</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-gendocs">rclone gendocs</h2>
<p>Output markdown docs for rclone to the directory supplied.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-21">Synopsis</h3>
<p>This produces markdown docs for the rclone commands to the directory supplied. These are in a format suitable for hugo to render into the rclone.org website.</p>
<pre><code>rclone gendocs output_directory</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-listremotes">rclone listremotes</h2>
<p>List all the remotes in the config file.</p>
<h3 id="synopsis-22">Synopsis</h3>
<p>rclone listremotes lists all the available remotes from the config file.</p>
<p>When uses with the -l flag it lists the types too.</p>
<pre><code>rclone listremotes</code></pre>
<h3 id="options-1">Options</h3>
<pre><code> -l, --long Show the type as well as names.</code></pre>
<h2 id="rclone-mount">rclone mount</h2>
<p>Mount the remote as a mountpoint. <strong>EXPERIMENTAL</strong></p>
<h3 id="synopsis-23">Synopsis</h3>
<p>rclone mount allows Linux, FreeBSD and macOS to mount any of Rclone's cloud storage systems as a file system with FUSE.</p>
<p>This is <strong>EXPERIMENTAL</strong> - use with care.</p>
<p>First set up your remote using <code>rclone config</code>. Check it works with <code>rclone ls</code> etc.</p>
<p>Start the mount like this</p>
<pre><code>rclone mount remote:path/to/files /path/to/local/mount &</code></pre>
<p>Stop the mount with</p>
<pre><code>fusermount -u /path/to/local/mount</code></pre>
<p>Or with OS X</p>
<pre><code>umount -u /path/to/local/mount</code></pre>
<h3 id="limitations">Limitations</h3>
<p>This can only write files seqentially, it can only seek when reading.</p>
<p>Rclone mount inherits rclone's directory handling. In rclone's world directories don't really exist. This means that empty directories will have a tendency to disappear once they fall out of the directory cache.</p>
<p>The bucket based FSes (eg swift, s3, google compute storage, b2) won't work from the root - you will need to specify a bucket, or a path within the bucket. So <code>swift:</code> won't work whereas <code>swift:bucket</code> will as will <code>swift:bucket/path</code>.</p>
<p>Only supported on Linux, FreeBSD and OS X at the moment.</p>
<h3 id="rclone-mount-vs-rclone-synccopy">rclone mount vs rclone sync/copy</h3>
<p>File systems expect things to be 100% reliable, whereas cloud storage systems are a long way from 100% reliable. The rclone sync/copy commands cope with this with lots of retries. However rclone mount can't use retries in the same way without making local copies of the uploads. This might happen in the future, but for the moment rclone mount won't do that, so will be less reliable than the rclone command.</p>
<h3 id="bugs">Bugs</h3>
<ul>
<li>All the remotes should work for read, but some may not for write
<ul>
<li>those which need to know the size in advance won't - eg B2, Amazon Drive</li>
<li>maybe should pass in size as -1 to mean work it out</li>
<li>Or put in an an upload cache to cache the files on disk first</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="todo">TODO</h3>
<ul>
<li>Check hashes on upload/download</li>
<li>Preserve timestamps</li>
<li>Move directories</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>rclone mount remote:path /path/to/mountpoint</code></pre>
<h3 id="options-2">Options</h3>
<pre><code> --allow-non-empty Allow mounting over a non-empty directory.
--allow-other Allow access to other users.
--allow-root Allow access to root user.
--debug-fuse Debug the FUSE internals - needs -v.
--default-permissions Makes kernel enforce access control based on the file mode.
--dir-cache-time duration Time to cache directory entries for. (default 5m0s)
--gid uint32 Override the gid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
--max-read-ahead int The number of bytes that can be prefetched for sequential reads. (default 128k)
--no-modtime Don't read the modification time (can speed things up).
--no-seek Don't allow seeking in files.
--read-only Mount read-only.
--uid uint32 Override the uid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
--umask int Override the permission bits set by the filesystem. (default 2)
--write-back-cache Makes kernel buffer writes before sending them to rclone. Without this, writethrough caching is used.</code></pre>
<h2 id="copying-single-files">Copying single files</h2>
<p>rclone normally syncs or copies directories. However if the source remote points to a file, rclone will just copy that file. The destination remote must point to a directory - rclone will give the error <code>Failed to create file system for "remote:file": is a file not a directory</code> if it isn't.</p>
<p>For example, suppose you have a remote with a file in called <code>test.jpg</code>, then you could copy just that file like this</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy remote:test.jpg /tmp/download</code></pre>
<p>The file <code>test.jpg</code> will be placed inside <code>/tmp/download</code>.</p>
<p>This is equivalent to specifying</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy --no-traverse --files-from /tmp/files remote: /tmp/download</code></pre>
<p>Where <code>/tmp/files</code> contains the single line</p>
<pre><code>test.jpg</code></pre>
<p>It is recommended to use <code>copy</code> when copying single files not <code>sync</code>. They have pretty much the same effect but <code>copy</code> will use a lot less memory.</p>
<h2 id="quoting-and-the-shell">Quoting and the shell</h2>
<p>When you are typing commands to your computer you are using something called the command line shell. This interprets various characters in an OS specific way.</p>
<p>Here are some gotchas which may help users unfamiliar with the shell rules</p>
<h3 id="linux-osx">Linux / OSX</h3>
<p>If your names have spaces or shell metacharacters (eg <code>*</code>, <code>?</code>, <code>$</code>, <code>'</code>, <code>"</code> etc) then you must quote them. Use single quotes <code>'</code> by default.</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy 'Important files?' remote:backup</code></pre>
<p>If you want to send a <code>'</code> you will need to use <code>"</code>, eg</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy "O'Reilly Reviews" remote:backup</code></pre>
<p>The rules for quoting metacharacters are complicated and if you want the full details you'll have to consult the manual page for your shell.</p>
<h3 id="windows">Windows</h3>
<p>If your names have spaces in you need to put them in <code>"</code>, eg</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy "E:\folder name\folder name\folder name" remote:backup</code></pre>
<p>If you are using the root directory on its own then don't quote it (see <a href="https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/464">#464</a> for why), eg</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy E:\ remote:backup</code></pre>
<h2 id="server-side-copy">Server Side Copy</h2>
<p>Drive, S3, Dropbox, Swift and Google Cloud Storage support server side copy.</p>
<p>This means if you want to copy one folder to another then rclone won't download all the files and re-upload them; it will instruct the server to copy them in place.</p>
<p>Eg</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy s3:oldbucket s3:newbucket</code></pre>
<p>Will copy the contents of <code>oldbucket</code> to <code>newbucket</code> without downloading and re-uploading.</p>
<p>Remotes which don't support server side copy (eg local) <strong>will</strong> download and re-upload in this case.</p>
<p>Server side copies are used with <code>sync</code> and <code>copy</code> and will be identified in the log when using the <code>-v</code> flag.</p>
<p>Server side copies will only be attempted if the remote names are the same.</p>
<p>This can be used when scripting to make aged backups efficiently, eg</p>
<pre><code>rclone sync remote:current-backup remote:previous-backup
rclone sync /path/to/files remote:current-backup</code></pre>
<h2 id="options-3">Options</h2>
<p>Rclone has a number of options to control its behaviour.</p>
<p>Options which use TIME use the go time parser. A duration string is a possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix, such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m". Valid time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".</p>
<p>Options which use SIZE use kByte by default. However a suffix of <code>b</code> for bytes, <code>k</code> for kBytes, <code>M</code> for MBytes and <code>G</code> for GBytes may be used. These are the binary units, eg 1, 2**10, 2**20, 2**30 respectively.</p>
<h3 id="bwlimitsize">--bwlimit=SIZE</h3>
<p>Bandwidth limit in kBytes/s, or use suffix b|k|M|G. The default is <code>0</code> which means to not limit bandwidth.</p>
<p>For example to limit bandwidth usage to 10 MBytes/s use <code>--bwlimit 10M</code></p>
<p>This only limits the bandwidth of the data transfer, it doesn't limit the bandwith of the directory listings etc.</p>
<p>Note that the units are Bytes/s not Bits/s. Typically connections are measured in Bits/s - to convert divide by 8. For example let's say you have a 10 Mbit/s connection and you wish rclone to use half of it - 5 Mbit/s. This is 5/8 = 0.625MByte/s so you would use a <code>--bwlimit 0.625M</code> parameter for rclone.</p>
<h3 id="checkersn">--checkers=N</h3>
<p>The number of checkers to run in parallel. Checkers do the equality checking of files during a sync. For some storage systems (eg s3, swift, dropbox) this can take a significant amount of time so they are run in parallel.</p>
<p>The default is to run 8 checkers in parallel.</p>
<h3 id="c---checksum">-c, --checksum</h3>
<p>Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check the file hash and size to determine if files are equal.</p>
<p>This is useful when the remote doesn't support setting modified time and a more accurate sync is desired than just checking the file size.</p>
<p>This is very useful when transferring between remotes which store the same hash type on the object, eg Drive and Swift. For details of which remotes support which hash type see the table in the <a href="http://rclone.org/overview/">overview section</a>.</p>
<p>Eg <code>rclone --checksum sync s3:/bucket swift:/bucket</code> would run much quicker than without the <code>--checksum</code> flag.</p>
<p>When using this flag, rclone won't update mtimes of remote files if they are incorrect as it would normally.</p>
<h3 id="configconfig_file">--config=CONFIG_FILE</h3>
<p>Specify the location of the rclone config file. Normally this is in your home directory as a file called <code>.rclone.conf</code>. If you run <code>rclone -h</code> and look at the help for the <code>--config</code> option you will see where the default location is for you. Use this flag to override the config location, eg <code>rclone --config=".myconfig" .config</code>.</p>
<h3 id="contimeouttime">--contimeout=TIME</h3>
<p>Set the connection timeout. This should be in go time format which looks like <code>5s</code> for 5 seconds, <code>10m</code> for 10 minutes, or <code>3h30m</code>.</p>
<p>The connection timeout is the amount of time rclone will wait for a connection to go through to a remote object storage system. It is <code>1m</code> by default.</p>
<h3 id="dedupe-mode-mode">--dedupe-mode MODE</h3>
<p>Mode to run dedupe command in. One of <code>interactive</code>, <code>skip</code>, <code>first</code>, <code>newest</code>, <code>oldest</code>, <code>rename</code>. The default is <code>interactive</code>. See the dedupe command for more information as to what these options mean.</p>
<h3 id="n---dry-run">-n, --dry-run</h3>
<p>Do a trial run with no permanent changes. Use this to see what rclone would do without actually doing it. Useful when setting up the <code>sync</code> command which deletes files in the destination.</p>
<h3 id="ignore-existing">--ignore-existing</h3>
<p>Using this option will make rclone unconditionally skip all files that exist on the destination, no matter the content of these files.</p>
<p>While this isn't a generally recommended option, it can be useful in cases where your files change due to encryption. However, it cannot correct partial transfers in case a transfer was interrupted.</p>
<h3 id="ignore-size">--ignore-size</h3>
<p>Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check only the modification time. If <code>--checksum</code> is set then it only checks the checksum.</p>
<p>It will also cause rclone to skip verifying the sizes are the same after transfer.</p>
<p>This can be useful for transferring files to and from onedrive which occasionally misreports the size of image files (see <a href="https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/399">#399</a> for more info).</p>
<h3 id="i---ignore-times">-I, --ignore-times</h3>
<p>Using this option will cause rclone to unconditionally upload all files regardless of the state of files on the destination.</p>
<p>Normally rclone would skip any files that have the same modification time and are the same size (or have the same checksum if using <code>--checksum</code>).</p>
<h3 id="log-filefile">--log-file=FILE</h3>
<p>Log all of rclone's output to FILE. This is not active by default. This can be useful for tracking down problems with syncs in combination with the <code>-v</code> flag. See the Logging section for more info.</p>
<h3 id="low-level-retries-number">--low-level-retries NUMBER</h3>
<p>This controls the number of low level retries rclone does.</p>
<p>A low level retry is used to retry a failing operation - typically one HTTP request. This might be uploading a chunk of a big file for example. You will see low level retries in the log with the <code>-v</code> flag.</p>
<p>This shouldn't need to be changed from the default in normal operations, however if you get a lot of low level retries you may wish to reduce the value so rclone moves on to a high level retry (see the <code>--retries</code> flag) quicker.</p>
<p>Disable low level retries with <code>--low-level-retries 1</code>.</p>
<h3 id="max-depthn">--max-depth=N</h3>
<p>This modifies the recursion depth for all the commands except purge.</p>
<p>So if you do <code>rclone --max-depth 1 ls remote:path</code> you will see only the files in the top level directory. Using <code>--max-depth 2</code> means you will see all the files in first two directory levels and so on.</p>
<p>For historical reasons the <code>lsd</code> command defaults to using a <code>--max-depth</code> of 1 - you can override this with the command line flag.</p>
<p>You can use this command to disable recursion (with <code>--max-depth 1</code>).</p>
<p>Note that if you use this with <code>sync</code> and <code>--delete-excluded</code> the files not recursed through are considered excluded and will be deleted on the destination. Test first with <code>--dry-run</code> if you are not sure what will happen.</p>
<h3 id="modify-windowtime">--modify-window=TIME</h3>
<p>When checking whether a file has been modified, this is the maximum allowed time difference that a file can have and still be considered equivalent.</p>
<p>The default is <code>1ns</code> unless this is overridden by a remote. For example OS X only stores modification times to the nearest second so if you are reading and writing to an OS X filing system this will be <code>1s</code> by default.</p>
<p>This command line flag allows you to override that computed default.</p>
<h3 id="no-gzip-encoding">--no-gzip-encoding</h3>
<p>Don't set <code>Accept-Encoding: gzip</code>. This means that rclone won't ask the server for compressed files automatically. Useful if you've set the server to return files with <code>Content-Encoding: gzip</code> but you uploaded compressed files.</p>
<p>There is no need to set this in normal operation, and doing so will decrease the network transfer efficiency of rclone.</p>
<h3 id="no-update-modtime">--no-update-modtime</h3>
<p>When using this flag, rclone won't update modification times of remote files if they are incorrect as it would normally.</p>
<p>This can be used if the remote is being synced with another tool also (eg the Google Drive client).</p>
<h3 id="q---quiet">-q, --quiet</h3>
<p>Normally rclone outputs stats and a completion message. If you set this flag it will make as little output as possible.</p>
<h3 id="retries-int">--retries int</h3>
<p>Retry the entire sync if it fails this many times it fails (default 3).</p>
<p>Some remotes can be unreliable and a few retries helps pick up the files which didn't get transferred because of errors.</p>
<p>Disable retries with <code>--retries 1</code>.</p>
<h3 id="size-only">--size-only</h3>
<p>Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check only the size.</p>
<p>This can be useful transferring files from dropbox which have been modified by the desktop sync client which doesn't set checksums of modification times in the same way as rclone.</p>
<h3 id="statstime">--stats=TIME</h3>
<p>Rclone will print stats at regular intervals to show its progress.</p>
<p>This sets the interval.</p>
<p>The default is <code>1m</code>. Use 0 to disable.</p>
<h3 id="delete-beforeduringafter">--delete-(before,during,after)</h3>
<p>This option allows you to specify when files on your destination are deleted when you sync folders.</p>
<p>Specifying the value <code>--delete-before</code> will delete all files present on the destination, but not on the source <em>before</em> starting the transfer of any new or updated files. This uses extra memory as it has to store the source listing before proceeding.</p>
<p>Specifying <code>--delete-during</code> (default value) will delete files while checking and uploading files. This is usually the fastest option. Currently this works the same as <code>--delete-after</code> but it may change in the future.</p>
<p>Specifying <code>--delete-after</code> will delay deletion of files until all new/updated files have been successfully transfered.</p>
<h3 id="timeouttime">--timeout=TIME</h3>
<p>This sets the IO idle timeout. If a transfer has started but then becomes idle for this long it is considered broken and disconnected.</p>
<p>The default is <code>5m</code>. Set to 0 to disable.</p>
<h3 id="transfersn">--transfers=N</h3>
<p>The number of file transfers to run in parallel. It can sometimes be useful to set this to a smaller number if the remote is giving a lot of timeouts or bigger if you have lots of bandwidth and a fast remote.</p>
<p>The default is to run 4 file transfers in parallel.</p>
<h3 id="u---update">-u, --update</h3>
<p>This forces rclone to skip any files which exist on the destination and have a modified time that is newer than the source file.</p>
<p>If an existing destination file has a modification time equal (within the computed modify window precision) to the source file's, it will be updated if the sizes are different.</p>
<p>On remotes which don't support mod time directly the time checked will be the uploaded time. This means that if uploading to one of these remoes, rclone will skip any files which exist on the destination and have an uploaded time that is newer than the modification time of the source file.</p>
<p>This can be useful when transferring to a remote which doesn't support mod times directly as it is more accurate than a <code>--size-only</code> check and faster than using <code>--checksum</code>.</p>
<h3 id="v---verbose">-v, --verbose</h3>
<p>If you set this flag, rclone will become very verbose telling you about every file it considers and transfers.</p>
<p>Very useful for debugging.</p>
<h3 id="v---version">-V, --version</h3>
<p>Prints the version number</p>
<h2 id="configuration-encryption">Configuration Encryption</h2>
<p>Your configuration file contains information for logging in to your cloud services. This means that you should keep your <code>.rclone.conf</code> file in a secure location.</p>
<p>If you are in an environment where that isn't possible, you can add a password to your configuration. This means that you will have to enter the password every time you start rclone.</p>
<p>To add a password to your rclone configuration, execute <code>rclone config</code>.</p>
<pre><code>>rclone config
Current remotes:
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/s/q></code></pre>
<p>Go into <code>s</code>, Set configuration password:</p>
<pre><code>e/n/d/s/q> s
Your configuration is not encrypted.
If you add a password, you will protect your login information to cloud services.
a) Add Password
q) Quit to main menu
a/q> a
Enter NEW configuration password:
password:
Confirm NEW password:
password:
Password set
Your configuration is encrypted.
c) Change Password
u) Unencrypt configuration
q) Quit to main menu
c/u/q></code></pre>
<p>Your configuration is now encrypted, and every time you start rclone you will now be asked for the password. In the same menu you can change the password or completely remove encryption from your configuration.</p>
<p>There is no way to recover the configuration if you lose your password.</p>
<p>rclone uses <a href="https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/crypto/nacl/secretbox">nacl secretbox</a> which in turn uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and authenticate your configuration with secret-key cryptography. The password is SHA-256 hashed, which produces the key for secretbox. The hashed password is not stored.</p>
<p>While this provides very good security, we do not recommend storing your encrypted rclone configuration in public if it contains sensitive information, maybe except if you use a very strong password.</p>
<p>If it is safe in your environment, you can set the <code>RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS</code> environment variable to contain your password, in which case it will be used for decrypting the configuration.</p>
<p>If you are running rclone inside a script, you might want to disable password prompts. To do that, pass the parameter <code>--ask-password=false</code> to rclone. This will make rclone fail instead of asking for a password if <code>RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS</code> doesn't contain a valid password.</p>
<h2 id="developer-options">Developer options</h2>
<p>These options are useful when developing or debugging rclone. There are also some more remote specific options which aren't documented here which are used for testing. These start with remote name eg <code>--drive-test-option</code> - see the docs for the remote in question.</p>
<h3 id="cpuprofilefile">--cpuprofile=FILE</h3>
<p>Write CPU profile to file. This can be analysed with <code>go tool pprof</code>.</p>
<h3 id="dump-auth">--dump-auth</h3>
<p>Dump HTTP headers - will contain sensitive info such as <code>Authorization:</code> headers - use <code>--dump-headers</code> to dump without <code>Authorization:</code> headers. Can be very verbose. Useful for debugging only.</p>
<h3 id="dump-bodies">--dump-bodies</h3>
<p>Dump HTTP headers and bodies - may contain sensitive info. Can be very verbose. Useful for debugging only.</p>
<h3 id="dump-filters">--dump-filters</h3>
<p>Dump the filters to the output. Useful to see exactly what include and exclude options are filtering on.</p>
<h3 id="dump-headers">--dump-headers</h3>
<p>Dump HTTP headers with <code>Authorization:</code> lines removed. May still contain sensitive info. Can be very verbose. Useful for debugging only.</p>
<p>Use <code>--dump-auth</code> if you do want the <code>Authorization:</code> headers.</p>
<h3 id="memprofilefile">--memprofile=FILE</h3>
<p>Write memory profile to file. This can be analysed with <code>go tool pprof</code>.</p>
<h3 id="no-check-certificatetruefalse">--no-check-certificate=true/false</h3>
<p><code>--no-check-certificate</code> controls whether a client verifies the server's certificate chain and host name. If <code>--no-check-certificate</code> is true, TLS accepts any certificate presented by the server and any host name in that certificate. In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.</p>
<p>This option defaults to <code>false</code>.</p>
<p><strong>This should be used only for testing.</strong></p>
<h3 id="no-traverse">--no-traverse</h3>
<p>The <code>--no-traverse</code> flag controls whether the destination file system is traversed when using the <code>copy</code> or <code>move</code> commands.</p>
<p>If you are only copying a small number of files and/or have a large number of files on the destination then <code>--no-traverse</code> will stop rclone listing the destination and save time.</p>
<p>However if you are copying a large number of files, escpecially if you are doing a copy where lots of the files haven't changed and won't need copying then you shouldn't use <code>--no-traverse</code>.</p>
<p>It can also be used to reduce the memory usage of rclone when copying - <code>rclone --no-traverse copy src dst</code> won't load either the source or destination listings into memory so will use the minimum amount of memory.</p>
<h2 id="filtering">Filtering</h2>
<p>For the filtering options</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--delete-excluded</code></li>
<li><code>--filter</code></li>
<li><code>--filter-from</code></li>
<li><code>--exclude</code></li>
<li><code>--exclude-from</code></li>
<li><code>--include</code></li>
<li><code>--include-from</code></li>
<li><code>--files-from</code></li>
<li><code>--min-size</code></li>
<li><code>--max-size</code></li>
<li><code>--min-age</code></li>
<li><code>--max-age</code></li>
<li><code>--dump-filters</code></li>
</ul>
<p>See the <a href="http://rclone.org/filtering/">filtering section</a>.</p>
<h2 id="logging">Logging</h2>
<p>rclone has 3 levels of logging, <code>Error</code>, <code>Info</code> and <code>Debug</code>.</p>
<p>By default rclone logs <code>Error</code> and <code>Info</code> to standard error and <code>Debug</code> to standard output. This means you can redirect standard output and standard error to different places.</p>
<p>By default rclone will produce <code>Error</code> and <code>Info</code> level messages.</p>
<p>If you use the <code>-q</code> flag, rclone will only produce <code>Error</code> messages.</p>
<p>If you use the <code>-v</code> flag, rclone will produce <code>Error</code>, <code>Info</code> and <code>Debug</code> messages.</p>
<p>If you use the <code>--log-file=FILE</code> option, rclone will redirect <code>Error</code>, <code>Info</code> and <code>Debug</code> messages along with standard error to FILE.</p>
<h2 id="exit-code">Exit Code</h2>
<p>If any errors occurred during the command, rclone with an exit code of <code>1</code>. This allows scripts to detect when rclone operations have failed.</p>
<p>During the startup phase rclone will exit immediately if an error is detected in the configuration. There will always be a log message immediately before exiting.</p>
<p>When rclone is running it will accumulate errors as it goes along, and only exit with an non-zero exit code if (after retries) there were no transfers with errors remaining. For every error counted there will be a high priority log message (visibile with <code>-q</code>) showing the message and which file caused the problem. A high priority message is also shown when starting a retry so the user can see that any previous error messages may not be valid after the retry. If rclone has done a retry it will log a high priority message if the retry was successful.</p>
<h1 id="configuring-rclone-on-a-remote-headless-machine">Configuring rclone on a remote / headless machine</h1>
<p>Some of the configurations (those involving oauth2) require an Internet connected web browser.</p>
<p>If you are trying to set rclone up on a remote or headless box with no browser available on it (eg a NAS or a server in a datacenter) then you will need to use an alternative means of configuration. There are two ways of doing it, described below.</p>
<h2 id="configuring-using-rclone-authorize">Configuring using rclone authorize</h2>
<p>On the headless box</p>
<pre><code>...
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
For this to work, you will need rclone available on a machine that has a web browser available.
Execute the following on your machine:
rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
Then paste the result below:
result></code></pre>
<p>Then on your main desktop machine</p>
<pre><code>rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
Paste the following into your remote machine --->
SECRET_TOKEN
<---End paste</code></pre>
<p>Then back to the headless box, paste in the code</p>
<pre><code>result> SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
[acd12]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d></code></pre>
<h2 id="configuring-by-copying-the-config-file">Configuring by copying the config file</h2>
<p>Rclone stores all of its config in a single configuration file. This can easily be copied to configure a remote rclone.</p>
<p>So first configure rclone on your desktop machine</p>
<pre><code>rclone config</code></pre>
<p>to set up the config file.</p>
<p>Find the config file by running <code>rclone -h</code> and looking for the help for the <code>--config</code> option</p>
<pre><code>$ rclone -h
[snip]
--config="/home/user/.rclone.conf": Config file.
[snip]</code></pre>
<p>Now transfer it to the remote box (scp, cut paste, ftp, sftp etc) and place it in the correct place (use <code>rclone -h</code> on the remote box to find out where).</p>
<h1 id="filtering-includes-and-excludes">Filtering, includes and excludes</h1>
<p>Rclone has a sophisticated set of include and exclude rules. Some of these are based on patterns and some on other things like file size.</p>
<p>The filters are applied for the <code>copy</code>, <code>sync</code>, <code>move</code>, <code>ls</code>, <code>lsl</code>, <code>md5sum</code>, <code>sha1sum</code>, <code>size</code>, <code>delete</code> and <code>check</code> operations. Note that <code>purge</code> does not obey the filters.</p>
<p>Each path as it passes through rclone is matched against the include and exclude rules like <code>--include</code>, <code>--exclude</code>, <code>--include-from</code>, <code>--exclude-from</code>, <code>--filter</code>, or <code>--filter-from</code>. The simplest way to try them out is using the <code>ls</code> command, or <code>--dry-run</code> together with <code>-v</code>.</p>
<p><strong>Important</strong> Due to limitations of the command line parser you can only use any of these options once - if you duplicate them then rclone will use the last one only.</p>
<h2 id="patterns">Patterns</h2>
<p>The patterns used to match files for inclusion or exclusion are based on "file globs" as used by the unix shell.</p>
<p>If the pattern starts with a <code>/</code> then it only matches at the top level of the directory tree, relative to the root of the remote. If it doesn't start with <code>/</code> then it is matched starting at the <strong>end of the path</strong>, but it will only match a complete path element:</p>
<pre><code>file.jpg - matches "file.jpg"
- matches "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "afile.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/afile.jpg"
/file.jpg - matches "file.jpg" in the root directory of the remote
- doesn't match "afile.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"</code></pre>
<p><strong>Important</strong> Note that you must use <code>/</code> in patterns and not <code>\</code> even if running on Windows.</p>
<p>A <code>*</code> matches anything but not a <code>/</code>.</p>
<pre><code>*.jpg - matches "file.jpg"
- matches "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "file.jpg/something"</code></pre>
<p>Use <code>**</code> to match anything, including slashes (<code>/</code>).</p>
<pre><code>dir/** - matches "dir/file.jpg"
- matches "dir/dir1/dir2/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "adir/file.jpg"</code></pre>
<p>A <code>?</code> matches any character except a slash <code>/</code>.</p>
<pre><code>l?ss - matches "less"
- matches "lass"
- doesn't match "floss"</code></pre>
<p>A <code>[</code> and <code>]</code> together make a a character class, such as <code>[a-z]</code> or <code>[aeiou]</code> or <code>[[:alpha:]]</code>. See the <a href="https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/syntax/">go regexp docs</a> for more info on these.</p>
<pre><code>h[ae]llo - matches "hello"
- matches "hallo"
- doesn't match "hullo"</code></pre>
<p>A <code>{</code> and <code>}</code> define a choice between elements. It should contain a comma seperated list of patterns, any of which might match. These patterns can contain wildcards.</p>
<pre><code>{one,two}_potato - matches "one_potato"
- matches "two_potato"
- doesn't match "three_potato"
- doesn't match "_potato"</code></pre>
<p>Special characters can be escaped with a <code>\</code> before them.</p>
<pre><code>\*.jpg - matches "*.jpg"
\\.jpg - matches "\.jpg"
\[one\].jpg - matches "[one].jpg"</code></pre>
<p>Note also that rclone filter globs can only be used in one of the filter command line flags, not in the specification of the remote, so <code>rclone copy "remote:dir*.jpg" /path/to/dir</code> won't work - what is required is <code>rclone --include "*.jpg" copy remote:dir /path/to/dir</code></p>
<h3 id="directories">Directories</h3>
<p>Rclone keeps track of directories that could match any file patterns.</p>
<p>Eg if you add the include rule</p>
<pre><code>/a/*.jpg</code></pre>
<p>Rclone will synthesize the directory include rule</p>
<pre><code>/a/</code></pre>
<p>If you put any rules which end in <code>/</code> then it will only match directories.</p>
<p>Directory matches are <strong>only</strong> used to optimise directory access patterns - you must still match the files that you want to match. Directory matches won't optimise anything on bucket based remotes (eg s3, swift, google compute storage, b2) which don't have a concept of directory.</p>
<h3 id="differences-between-rsync-and-rclone-patterns">Differences between rsync and rclone patterns</h3>
<p>Rclone implements bash style <code>{a,b,c}</code> glob matching which rsync doesn't.</p>
<p>Rclone always does a wildcard match so <code>\</code> must always escape a <code>\</code>.</p>
<h2 id="how-the-rules-are-used">How the rules are used</h2>
<p>Rclone maintains a list of include rules and exclude rules.</p>
<p>Each file is matched in order against the list until it finds a match. The file is then included or excluded according to the rule type.</p>
<p>If the matcher falls off the bottom of the list then the path is included.</p>
<p>For example given the following rules, <code>+</code> being include, <code>-</code> being exclude,</p>
<pre><code>- secret*.jpg
+ *.jpg
+ *.png
+ file2.avi
- *</code></pre>
<p>This would include</p>
<ul>
<li><code>file1.jpg</code></li>
<li><code>file3.png</code></li>
<li><code>file2.avi</code></li>
</ul>
<p>This would exclude</p>
<ul>
<li><code>secret17.jpg</code></li>
<li>non <code>*.jpg</code> and <code>*.png</code></li>
</ul>
<p>A similar process is done on directory entries before recursing into them. This only works on remotes which have a concept of directory (Eg local, google drive, onedrive, amazon drive) and not on bucket based remotes (eg s3, swift, google compute storage, b2).</p>
<h2 id="adding-filtering-rules">Adding filtering rules</h2>
<p>Filtering rules are added with the following command line flags.</p>
<h3 id="exclude---exclude-files-matching-pattern"><code>--exclude</code> - Exclude files matching pattern</h3>
<p>Add a single exclude rule with <code>--exclude</code>.</p>
<p>Eg <code>--exclude *.bak</code> to exclude all bak files from the sync.</p>
<h3 id="exclude-from---read-exclude-patterns-from-file"><code>--exclude-from</code> - Read exclude patterns from file</h3>
<p>Add exclude rules from a file.</p>
<p>Prepare a file like this <code>exclude-file.txt</code></p>
<pre><code># a sample exclude rule file
*.bak
file2.jpg</code></pre>
<p>Then use as <code>--exclude-from exclude-file.txt</code>. This will sync all files except those ending in <code>bak</code> and <code>file2.jpg</code>.</p>
<p>This is useful if you have a lot of rules.</p>
<h3 id="include---include-files-matching-pattern"><code>--include</code> - Include files matching pattern</h3>
<p>Add a single include rule with <code>--include</code>.</p>
<p>Eg <code>--include *.{png,jpg}</code> to include all <code>png</code> and <code>jpg</code> files in the backup and no others.</p>
<p>This adds an implicit <code>--exclude *</code> at the very end of the filter list. This means you can mix <code>--include</code> and <code>--include-from</code> with the other filters (eg <code>--exclude</code>) but you must include all the files you want in the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough flexibility then you must use <code>--filter-from</code>.</p>
<h3 id="include-from---read-include-patterns-from-file"><code>--include-from</code> - Read include patterns from file</h3>
<p>Add include rules from a file.</p>
<p>Prepare a file like this <code>include-file.txt</code></p>
<pre><code># a sample include rule file
*.jpg
*.png
file2.avi</code></pre>
<p>Then use as <code>--include-from include-file.txt</code>. This will sync all <code>jpg</code>, <code>png</code> files and <code>file2.avi</code>.</p>
<p>This is useful if you have a lot of rules.</p>
<p>This adds an implicit <code>--exclude *</code> at the very end of the filter list. This means you can mix <code>--include</code> and <code>--include-from</code> with the other filters (eg <code>--exclude</code>) but you must include all the files you want in the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough flexibility then you must use <code>--filter-from</code>.</p>
<h3 id="filter---add-a-file-filtering-rule"><code>--filter</code> - Add a file-filtering rule</h3>
<p>This can be used to add a single include or exclude rule. Include rules start with <code>+</code> and exclude rules start with <code>-</code>. A special rule called <code>!</code> can be used to clear the existing rules.</p>
<p>Eg <code>--filter "- *.bak"</code> to exclude all bak files from the sync.</p>
<h3 id="filter-from---read-filtering-patterns-from-a-file"><code>--filter-from</code> - Read filtering patterns from a file</h3>
<p>Add include/exclude rules from a file.</p>
<p>Prepare a file like this <code>filter-file.txt</code></p>
<pre><code># a sample exclude rule file
- secret*.jpg
+ *.jpg
+ *.png
+ file2.avi
# exclude everything else
- *</code></pre>
<p>Then use as <code>--filter-from filter-file.txt</code>. The rules are processed in the order that they are defined.</p>
<p>This example will include all <code>jpg</code> and <code>png</code> files, exclude any files matching <code>secret*.jpg</code> and include <code>file2.avi</code>. Everything else will be excluded from the sync.</p>
<h3 id="files-from---read-list-of-source-file-names"><code>--files-from</code> - Read list of source-file names</h3>
<p>This reads a list of file names from the file passed in and <strong>only</strong> these files are transferred. The filtering rules are ignored completely if you use this option.</p>
<p>Prepare a file like this <code>files-from.txt</code></p>
<pre><code># comment
file1.jpg
file2.jpg</code></pre>
<p>Then use as <code>--files-from files-from.txt</code>. This will only transfer <code>file1.jpg</code> and <code>file2.jpg</code> providing they exist.</p>
<p>For example, let's say you had a few files you want to back up regularly with these absolute paths:</p>
<pre><code>/home/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuff</code></pre>
<p>To copy these you'd find a common subdirectory - in this case <code>/home</code> and put the remaining files in <code>files-from.txt</code> with or without leading <code>/</code>, eg</p>
<pre><code>user1/important
user1/dir/file
user2/stuff</code></pre>
<p>You could then copy these to a remote like this</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt /home remote:backup</code></pre>
<p>The 3 files will arrive in <code>remote:backup</code> with the paths as in the <code>files-from.txt</code>.</p>
<p>You could of course choose <code>/</code> as the root too in which case your <code>files-from.txt</code> might look like this.</p>
<pre><code>/home/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuff</code></pre>
<p>And you would transfer it like this</p>
<pre><code>rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt / remote:backup</code></pre>
<p>In this case there will be an extra <code>home</code> directory on the remote.</p>
<h3 id="min-size---dont-transfer-any-file-smaller-than-this"><code>--min-size</code> - Don't transfer any file smaller than this</h3>
<p>This option controls the minimum size file which will be transferred. This defaults to <code>kBytes</code> but a suffix of <code>k</code>, <code>M</code>, or <code>G</code> can be used.</p>
<p>For example <code>--min-size 50k</code> means no files smaller than 50kByte will be transferred.</p>
<h3 id="max-size---dont-transfer-any-file-larger-than-this"><code>--max-size</code> - Don't transfer any file larger than this</h3>
<p>This option controls the maximum size file which will be transferred. This defaults to <code>kBytes</code> but a suffix of <code>k</code>, <code>M</code>, or <code>G</code> can be used.</p>
<p>For example <code>--max-size 1G</code> means no files larger than 1GByte will be transferred.</p>
<h3 id="max-age---dont-transfer-any-file-older-than-this"><code>--max-age</code> - Don't transfer any file older than this</h3>
<p>This option controls the maximum age of files to transfer. Give in seconds or with a suffix of:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>ms</code> - Milliseconds</li>
<li><code>s</code> - Seconds</li>
<li><code>m</code> - Minutes</li>
<li><code>h</code> - Hours</li>
<li><code>d</code> - Days</li>
<li><code>w</code> - Weeks</li>
<li><code>M</code> - Months</li>
<li><code>y</code> - Years</li>
</ul>
<p>For example <code>--max-age 2d</code> means no files older than 2 days will be transferred.</p>
<h3 id="min-age---dont-transfer-any-file-younger-than-this"><code>--min-age</code> - Don't transfer any file younger than this</h3>
<p>This option controls the minimum age of files to transfer. Give in seconds or with a suffix (see <code>--max-age</code> for list of suffixes)</p>
<p>For example <code>--min-age 2d</code> means no files younger than 2 days will be transferred.</p>
<h3 id="delete-excluded---delete-files-on-dest-excluded-from-sync"><code>--delete-excluded</code> - Delete files on dest excluded from sync</h3>
<p><strong>Important</strong> this flag is dangerous - use with <code>--dry-run</code> and <code>-v</code> first.</p>
<p>When doing <code>rclone sync</code> this will delete any files which are excluded from the sync on the destination.</p>
<p>If for example you did a sync from <code>A</code> to <code>B</code> without the <code>--min-size 50k</code> flag</p>
<pre><code>rclone sync A: B:</code></pre>
<p>Then you repeated it like this with the <code>--delete-excluded</code></p>
<pre><code>rclone --min-size 50k --delete-excluded sync A: B:</code></pre>
<p>This would delete all files on <code>B</code> which are less than 50 kBytes as these are now excluded from the sync.</p>
<p>Always test first with <code>--dry-run</code> and <code>-v</code> before using this flag.</p>
<h3 id="dump-filters---dump-the-filters-to-the-output"><code>--dump-filters</code> - dump the filters to the output</h3>
<p>This dumps the defined filters to the output as regular expressions.</p>
<p>Useful for debugging.</p>
<h2 id="quoting-shell-metacharacters">Quoting shell metacharacters</h2>
<p>The examples above may not work verbatim in your shell as they have shell metacharacters in them (eg <code>*</code>), and may require quoting.</p>
<p>Eg linux, OSX</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--include \*.jpg</code></li>
<li><code>--include '*.jpg'</code></li>
<li><code>--include='*.jpg'</code></li>
</ul>
<p>In Windows the expansion is done by the command not the shell so this should work fine</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--include *.jpg</code></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="overview-of-cloud-storage-systems">Overview of cloud storage systems</h1>
<p>Each cloud storage system is slighly different. Rclone attempts to provide a unified interface to them, but some underlying differences show through.</p>
<h2 id="features">Features</h2>
<p>Here is an overview of the major features of each cloud storage system.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">Name</th>
<th align="center">Hash</th>
<th align="center">ModTime</th>
<th align="center">Case Insensitive</th>
<th align="center">Duplicate Files</th>
<th align="center">MIME Type</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Google Drive</td>
<td align="center">MD5</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">R/W</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Amazon S3</td>
<td align="center">MD5</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R/W</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Openstack Swift</td>
<td align="center">MD5</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R/W</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Dropbox</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Google Cloud Storage</td>
<td align="center">MD5</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R/W</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Amazon Drive</td>
<td align="center">MD5</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Microsoft One Drive</td>
<td align="center">SHA1</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Hubic</td>
<td align="center">MD5</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R/W</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Backblaze B2</td>
<td align="center">SHA1</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R/W</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Yandex Disk</td>
<td align="center">MD5</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">R/W</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">The local filesystem</td>
<td align="center">All</td>
<td align="center">Yes</td>
<td align="center">Depends</td>
<td align="center">No</td>
<td align="center">-</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="hash">Hash</h3>
<p>The cloud storage system supports various hash types of the objects.<br />
The hashes are used when transferring data as an integrity check and can be specifically used with the <code>--checksum</code> flag in syncs and in the <code>check</code> command.</p>
<p>To use the checksum checks between filesystems they must support a common hash type.</p>
<h3 id="modtime">ModTime</h3>
<p>The cloud storage system supports setting modification times on objects. If it does then this enables a using the modification times as part of the sync. If not then only the size will be checked by default, though the MD5SUM can be checked with the <code>--checksum</code> flag.</p>
<p>All cloud storage systems support some kind of date on the object and these will be set when transferring from the cloud storage system.</p>
<h3 id="case-insensitive">Case Insensitive</h3>
<p>If a cloud storage systems is case sensitive then it is possible to have two files which differ only in case, eg <code>file.txt</code> and <code>FILE.txt</code>. If a cloud storage system is case insensitive then that isn't possible.</p>
<p>This can cause problems when syncing between a case insensitive system and a case sensitive system. The symptom of this is that no matter how many times you run the sync it never completes fully.</p>
<p>The local filesystem may or may not be case sensitive depending on OS.</p>
<ul>
<li>Windows - usually case insensitive, though case is preserved</li>
<li>OSX - usually case insensitive, though it is possible to format case sensitive</li>
<li>Linux - usually case sensitive, but there are case insensitive file systems (eg FAT formatted USB keys)</li>
</ul>
<p>Most of the time this doesn't cause any problems as people tend to avoid files whose name differs only by case even on case sensitive systems.</p>
<h3 id="duplicate-files">Duplicate files</h3>
<p>If a cloud storage system allows duplicate files then it can have two objects with the same name.</p>
<p>This confuses rclone greatly when syncing - use the <code>rclone dedupe</code> command to rename or remove duplicates.</p>
<h3 id="mime-type">MIME Type</h3>
<p>MIME types (also known as media types) classify types of documents using a simple text classification, eg <code>text/html</code> or <code>application/pdf</code>.</p>
<p>Some cloud storage systems support reading (<code>R</code>) the MIME type of objects and some support writing (<code>W</code>) the MIME type of objects.</p>
<p>The MIME type can be important if you are serving files directly to HTTP from the storage system.</p>
<p>If you are copying from a remote which supports reading (<code>R</code>) to a remote which supports writing (<code>W</code>) then rclone will preserve the MIME types. Otherwise they will be guessed from the extension, or the remote itself may assign the MIME type.</p>
<h2 id="optional-features">Optional Features</h2>
<p>All the remotes support a basic set of features, but there are some optional features supported by some remotes used to make some operations more efficient.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">Name</th>
<th align="center">Purge</th>
<th align="center">Copy</th>
<th align="center">Move</th>
<th align="center">DirMove</th>
<th align="center">CleanUp</th>