diff --git a/build/jasmine/matchers.js b/build/jasmine/matchers.js
index f5c4bf3..0cfd2ed 100644
--- a/build/jasmine/matchers.js
+++ b/build/jasmine/matchers.js
@@ -1,72 +1,26 @@
-function toBeTextNode() {
-  return {
-    compare(actual) {
-      const pass = actual.nodeType === 3;
-      const message = pass
-        ? `Expected node to be a text node`
-        : `Expected node not to be a text node`;
-
-      return { pass, message };
-    }
-  };
-}
-
-function toBeElementNode() {
-  return {
-    compare(actual) {
-      const pass = actual.nodeType === 1;
-      const message = pass
-        ? `Expected node to be a element node`
-        : `Expected node not to be a element node`;
-
-      return { pass, message };
-    }
-  };
-}
+function toHaveSameHtml() {
+  function getCompressedHtml(html) {
+    return html
+      .replace(/\s+</gm, "<")
+      .replace(/>\s+/gm, ">")
+      .replace(/\s+/gm, " ")
+      .trim();
+  }
 
-function toBeTag() {
   return {
     compare(actual, expected) {
-      if (actual.nodeType !== 1) {
-        return { pass: false, message: "Expected element node" };
-      }
-
-      const expectedTag = expected.toLowerCase();
-      const actualTag = actual.tagName.toLowerCase();
-      const pass = actualTag === expectedTag;
-      const message = pass
-        ? `Expected to be a "${expectedTag}" but it a "${actualTag}"`
-        : `Expected not to be a "${expectedTag}"`;
-
-      return { pass, message };
-    }
-  };
-}
+      const actualHtml = getCompressedHtml(actual.innerHTML);
+      const expectedHtml = getCompressedHtml(expected);
 
-function toHaveText() {
-  return {
-    compare(actual, expected) {
-      if (actual.nodeType !== 1 && actual.nodeType !== 3) {
-        return { pass: false, message: "Expected text or element node" };
-      }
+      const pass = actualHtml === expectedHtml;
 
-      const expectedText = expected.trim();
-      const actualText = actual.nodeType === 1
-        ? actual.textContent.trim()
-        : actual.wholeText.trim();
-      const pass = actualText === expected;
       const message = pass
-        ? `Expected node to have "${expectedText}" but have "${actualText}"`
-        : `Expected node not to have "${expectedText}"`;
+        ? `Expected node not to have "${expectedHtml}"`
+        : `Expected node to have "${expectedHtml}" but have "${actualHtml}"`;
 
       return { pass, message };
     }
   };
 }
 
-jasmine.Expectation.addCoreMatchers({
-  toBeTextNode,
-  toBeElementNode,
-  toBeTag,
-  toHaveText
-});
+jasmine.Expectation.addCoreMatchers({ toHaveSameHtml });
diff --git a/spec/manipulation/append.spec.js b/spec/manipulation/append.spec.js
index 9e5504b..87305f9 100644
--- a/spec/manipulation/append.spec.js
+++ b/spec/manipulation/append.spec.js
@@ -6,28 +6,21 @@ describe("append", () => {
   it("inserts given HTML string to end of element", () => {
     useFixture(`
       <div class="root">
+        Text Node
         <span>Existing Node</span>
       </div>
     `);
 
     const subject = document.querySelector(".root");
 
-    append(subject, "Text Node<span>Span Node</span>");
-
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(3);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Text Node");
+    append(subject, "New Text Node<span>Span Node</span>");
 
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("Span Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+      New Text Node
+      <span>Span Node</span>
+    `);
   });
 
   it("inserts given node to begin of element", () => {
@@ -47,23 +40,12 @@ describe("append", () => {
     append(subject, elementNode);
     append(subject, textNode);
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(4);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("Span Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[3]).toHaveText("New Text Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+      <span>Span Node</span>
+      New Text Node
+    `);
   });
 
   it("inserts given nodes from node list to begin of element", () => {
@@ -87,23 +69,12 @@ describe("append", () => {
 
     append(subject, fragment.childNodes);
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(4);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("New Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[3]).toHaveText("Span Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+      New Text Node
+      <span>Span Node</span>
+    `);
   });
 
   it("inserts given document fragment to begin of element", () => {
@@ -127,23 +98,12 @@ describe("append", () => {
 
     append(subject, fragment);
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(4);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("New Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[3]).toHaveText("Span Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+      New Text Node
+      <span>Span Node</span>
+    `);
   });
 
   it("inserts given multiple arguments to begin of element", () => {
@@ -177,36 +137,15 @@ describe("append", () => {
       fragment.childNodes
     );
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(8);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("HTML Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[3]).toHaveText("Span from HTML");
-
-    expect(nodes[4]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[4]).toHaveText("Standalone Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[5]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[5]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[5]).toHaveText("Standalone Element Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[6]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[6]).toHaveText("Text Node from NodeList");
-
-    expect(nodes[7]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[7]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[7]).toHaveText("Element Node from NodeList");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+      HTML Text Node
+      <span>Span from HTML</span>
+      Standalone Text Node
+      <span>Standalone Element Node</span>
+      Text Node from NodeList
+      <span>Element Node from NodeList</span>
+    `);
   });
 });
diff --git a/spec/manipulation/prepend.spec.js b/spec/manipulation/prepend.spec.js
index b944804..b1eb65e 100644
--- a/spec/manipulation/prepend.spec.js
+++ b/spec/manipulation/prepend.spec.js
@@ -14,20 +14,11 @@ describe("prepend", () => {
 
     prepend(subject, "Text Node<span>Span Node</span>");
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(3);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Span Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      Text Node
+      <span>Span Node</span>
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+    `);
   });
 
   it("inserts given node to begin of element", () => {
@@ -47,23 +38,12 @@ describe("prepend", () => {
     prepend(subject, elementNode);
     prepend(subject, textNode);
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(4);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("New Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Span Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[3]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      New Text Node
+      <span>Span Node</span>
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+    `);
   });
 
   it("inserts given nodes from node list to begin of element", () => {
@@ -87,23 +67,12 @@ describe("prepend", () => {
 
     prepend(subject, fragment.childNodes);
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(4);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("New Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Span Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[3]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      New Text Node
+      <span>Span Node</span>
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+    `);
   });
 
   it("inserts given document fragment to begin of element", () => {
@@ -127,23 +96,12 @@ describe("prepend", () => {
 
     prepend(subject, fragment);
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(4);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("New Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Span Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[3]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      New Text Node
+      <span>Span Node</span>
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+    `);
   });
 
   it("inserts given multiple arguments to begin of element", () => {
@@ -177,36 +135,15 @@ describe("prepend", () => {
       fragment.childNodes
     );
 
-    const nodes = getSignificantNodes(subject);
-
-    expect(nodes.length).toBe(8);
-
-    expect(nodes[0]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[0]).toHaveText("HTML Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[1]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[1]).toHaveText("Span from HTML");
-
-    expect(nodes[2]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[2]).toHaveText("Standalone Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[3]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[3]).toHaveText("Standalone Element Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[4]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[4]).toHaveText("Text Node from NodeList");
-
-    expect(nodes[5]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[5]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[5]).toHaveText("Element Node from NodeList");
-
-    expect(nodes[6]).toBeTextNode();
-    expect(nodes[6]).toHaveText("Text Node");
-
-    expect(nodes[7]).toBeElementNode();
-    expect(nodes[7]).toBeTag("span");
-    expect(nodes[7]).toHaveText("Existing Node");
+    expect(subject).toHaveSameHtml(`
+      HTML Text Node
+      <span>Span from HTML</span>
+      Standalone Text Node
+      <span>Standalone Element Node</span>
+      Text Node from NodeList
+      <span>Element Node from NodeList</span>
+      Text Node
+      <span>Existing Node</span>
+    `);
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/manipulation/append.js b/src/manipulation/append.js
index fac55c8..11346da 100644
--- a/src/manipulation/append.js
+++ b/src/manipulation/append.js
@@ -31,6 +31,4 @@ export default function append(
       appendNodeList(element, insertable);
     }
   });
-
-  element.normalize();
 }
diff --git a/src/manipulation/prepend.js b/src/manipulation/prepend.js
index 8edb5c1..b87eef0 100644
--- a/src/manipulation/prepend.js
+++ b/src/manipulation/prepend.js
@@ -31,6 +31,4 @@ export default function prepend(
       prependNodeList(element, insertable);
     }
   });
-
-  element.normalize();
 }