diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php b/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
index c5b67407b17b..736c7ab994dd 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
@@ -292,9 +292,12 @@ private function showFieldMetaData(string $tableName): void
         CLI::table($this->tbody, $thead);
     }
 
-    private function setYesOrNo(bool $fieldValue): string
+    /**
+     * @param bool|int|string|null $fieldValue
+     */
+    private function setYesOrNo($fieldValue): string
     {
-        if ($fieldValue) {
+        if ((bool) $fieldValue) {
             return CLI::color('Yes', 'green');
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseConnection.php b/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
index 6d92965f0b94..eac85ef56d50 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
@@ -1006,10 +1006,10 @@ public function getConnectDuration(int $decimals = 6): string
      * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only
      * the correct identifiers.
      *
-     * @param array|string $item
-     * @param bool         $prefixSingle       Prefix a table name with no segments?
-     * @param bool         $protectIdentifiers Protect table or column names?
-     * @param bool         $fieldExists        Supplied $item contains a column name?
+     * @param array|int|string $item
+     * @param bool             $prefixSingle       Prefix a table name with no segments?
+     * @param bool             $protectIdentifiers Protect table or column names?
+     * @param bool             $fieldExists        Supplied $item contains a column name?
      *
      * @return array|string
      * @phpstan-return ($item is array ? array : string)
@@ -1030,6 +1030,9 @@ public function protectIdentifiers($item, bool $prefixSingle = false, ?bool $pro
             return $escapedArray;
         }
 
+        // If you pass `['column1', 'column2']`, `$item` will be int because the array keys are int.
+        $item = (string) $item;
+
         // This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
         // If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
         // escape the data or add a prefix. There's probably a more graceful
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseUtils.php b/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
index d26bde154e02..a3d878ad7f3c 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
@@ -212,7 +212,11 @@ public function getCSVFromResult(ResultInterface $query, string $delim = ',', st
             $line = [];
 
             foreach ($row as $item) {
-                $line[] = $enclosure . str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure . $enclosure, $item ?? '') . $enclosure;
+                $line[] = $enclosure . str_replace(
+                    $enclosure,
+                    $enclosure . $enclosure,
+                    (string) $item
+                ) . $enclosure;
             }
 
             $out .= implode($delim, $line) . $newline;
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ public function getXMLFromResult(ResultInterface $query, array $params = []): st
             $xml .= $tab . '<' . $element . '>' . $newline;
 
             foreach ($row as $key => $val) {
-                $val = (! empty($val)) ? xml_convert($val) : '';
+                $val = (! empty($val)) ? xml_convert((string) $val) : '';
 
                 $xml .= $tab . $tab . '<' . $key . '>' . $val . '</' . $key . '>' . $newline;
             }
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
index e9763089a90f..d4be734b5bb0 100644
--- a/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Builder.php
@@ -355,11 +355,11 @@ protected function _upsertBatch(string $table, array $keys, array $values): stri
             // autoincrement identity field must use DEFAULT and not NULL
             // this could be removed in favour of leaving to developer but does make things easier and function like other DBMS
             foreach ($constraints as $constraint) {
-                $key = array_search(trim($constraint, '"'), $fieldNames, true);
+                $key = array_search(trim((string) $constraint, '"'), $fieldNames, true);
 
                 if ($key !== false) {
                     foreach ($values as $arrayKey => $value) {
-                        if (strtoupper($value[$key]) === 'NULL') {
+                        if (strtoupper((string) $value[$key]) === 'NULL') {
                             $values[$arrayKey][$key] = 'DEFAULT';
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
index f1a9fb0b433a..9e00329b72ce 100755
--- a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ protected function _escapeString(string $str): string
      */
     public function insertID(): int
     {
-        return $this->query('SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS insert_id')->getRow()->insert_id ?? 0;
+        return (int) ($this->query('SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS insert_id')->getRow()->insert_id ?? 0);
     }
 
     /**