Common.php

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

/**
 * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
 *
 * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
 *
 * For the full copyright and license information, please view
 * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
 */

use CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheInterface;
use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Exceptions\CookieException;
use CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnection;
use CodeIgniter\Database\ConnectionInterface;
use CodeIgniter\Debug\Timer;
use CodeIgniter\Files\Exceptions\FileNotFoundException;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\HTTPException;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
use CodeIgniter\Language\Language;
use CodeIgniter\Model;
use CodeIgniter\Session\Session;
use CodeIgniter\Test\TestLogger;
use Config\App;
use Config\Database;
use Config\DocTypes;
use Config\Logger;
use Config\Services;
use Config\View;
use Laminas\Escaper\Escaper;

// Services Convenience Functions

if (! function_exists('app_timezone')) {
    /**
     * Returns the timezone the application has been set to display
     * dates in. This might be different than the timezone set
     * at the server level, as you often want to stores dates in UTC
     * and convert them on the fly for the user.
     */
    function app_timezone(): string
    {
        $config = config(App::class);

        return $config->appTimezone;
    }
}

if (! function_exists('cache')) {
    /**
     * A convenience method that provides access to the Cache
     * object. If no parameter is provided, will return the object,
     * otherwise, will attempt to return the cached value.
     *
     * Examples:
     *    cache()->save('foo', 'bar');
     *    $foo = cache('bar');
     *
     * @return         array|bool|CacheInterface|float|int|object|string|null
     * @phpstan-return ($key is null ? CacheInterface : array|bool|float|int|object|string|null)
     */
    function cache(?string $key = null)
    {
        $cache = service('cache');

        // No params - return cache object
        if ($key === null) {
            return $cache;
        }

        // Still here? Retrieve the value.
        return $cache->get($key);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('clean_path')) {
    /**
     * A convenience method to clean paths for
     * a nicer looking output. Useful for exception
     * handling, error logging, etc.
     */
    function clean_path(string $path): string
    {
        // Resolve relative paths
        try {
            $path = realpath($path) ?: $path;
        } catch (ErrorException|ValueError) {
            $path = 'error file path: ' . urlencode($path);
        }

        return match (true) {
            str_starts_with($path, APPPATH)                             => 'APPPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(APPPATH)),
            str_starts_with($path, SYSTEMPATH)                          => 'SYSTEMPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(SYSTEMPATH)),
            str_starts_with($path, FCPATH)                              => 'FCPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(FCPATH)),
            defined('VENDORPATH') && str_starts_with($path, VENDORPATH) => 'VENDORPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(VENDORPATH)),
            str_starts_with($path, ROOTPATH)                            => 'ROOTPATH' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . substr($path, strlen(ROOTPATH)),
            default                                                     => $path,
        };
    }
}

if (! function_exists('command')) {
    /**
     * Runs a single command.
     * Input expected in a single string as would
     * be used on the command line itself:
     *
     *  > command('migrate:create SomeMigration');
     *
     * @return false|string
     */
    function command(string $command)
    {
        $runner      = service('commands');
        $regexString = '([^\s]+?)(?:\s|(?<!\\\\)"|(?<!\\\\)\'|$)';
        $regexQuoted = '(?:"([^"\\\\]*(?:\\\\.[^"\\\\]*)*)"|\'([^\'\\\\]*(?:\\\\.[^\'\\\\]*)*)\')';

        $args   = [];
        $length = strlen($command);
        $cursor = 0;

        /**
         * Adopted from Symfony's `StringInput::tokenize()` with few changes.
         *
         * @see https://github.com/symfony/symfony/blob/master/src/Symfony/Component/Console/Input/StringInput.php
         */
        while ($cursor < $length) {
            if (preg_match('/\s+/A', $command, $match, 0, $cursor)) {
                // nothing to do
            } elseif (preg_match('/' . $regexQuoted . '/A', $command, $match, 0, $cursor)) {
                $args[] = stripcslashes(substr($match[0], 1, strlen($match[0]) - 2));
            } elseif (preg_match('/' . $regexString . '/A', $command, $match, 0, $cursor)) {
                $args[] = stripcslashes($match[1]);
            } else {
                // @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
                throw new InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
                    'Unable to parse input near "... %s ...".',
                    substr($command, $cursor, 10),
                ));
                // @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd
            }

            $cursor += strlen($match[0]);
        }

        $command     = array_shift($args);
        $params      = [];
        $optionValue = false;

        foreach ($args as $i => $arg) {
            if (mb_strpos($arg, '-') !== 0) {
                if ($optionValue) {
                    // if this was an option value, it was already
                    // included in the previous iteration
                    $optionValue = false;
                } else {
                    // add to segments if not starting with '-'
                    // and not an option value
                    $params[] = $arg;
                }

                continue;
            }

            $arg   = ltrim($arg, '-');
            $value = null;

            if (isset($args[$i + 1]) && mb_strpos($args[$i + 1], '-') !== 0) {
                $value       = $args[$i + 1];
                $optionValue = true;
            }

            $params[$arg] = $value;
        }

        ob_start();
        $runner->run($command, $params);

        return ob_get_clean();
    }
}

if (! function_exists('config')) {
    /**
     * More simple way of getting config instances from Factories
     *
     * @template ConfigTemplate of BaseConfig
     *
     * @param class-string<ConfigTemplate>|string $name
     *
     * @return         ConfigTemplate|null
     * @phpstan-return ($name is class-string<ConfigTemplate> ? ConfigTemplate : object|null)
     */
    function config(string $name, bool $getShared = true)
    {
        if ($getShared) {
            return Factories::get('config', $name);
        }

        return Factories::config($name, ['getShared' => $getShared]);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('cookie')) {
    /**
     * Simpler way to create a new Cookie instance.
     *
     * @param string $name    Name of the cookie
     * @param string $value   Value of the cookie
     * @param array  $options Array of options to be passed to the cookie
     *
     * @throws CookieException
     */
    function cookie(string $name, string $value = '', array $options = []): Cookie
    {
        return new Cookie($name, $value, $options);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('cookies')) {
    /**
     * Fetches the global `CookieStore` instance held by `Response`.
     *
     * @param list<Cookie> $cookies   If `getGlobal` is false, this is passed to CookieStore's constructor
     * @param bool         $getGlobal If false, creates a new instance of CookieStore
     */
    function cookies(array $cookies = [], bool $getGlobal = true): CookieStore
    {
        if ($getGlobal) {
            return service('response')->getCookieStore();
        }

        return new CookieStore($cookies);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('csrf_token')) {
    /**
     * Returns the CSRF token name.
     * Can be used in Views when building hidden inputs manually,
     * or used in javascript vars when using APIs.
     */
    function csrf_token(): string
    {
        return service('security')->getTokenName();
    }
}

if (! function_exists('csrf_header')) {
    /**
     * Returns the CSRF header name.
     * Can be used in Views by adding it to the meta tag
     * or used in javascript to define a header name when using APIs.
     */
    function csrf_header(): string
    {
        return service('security')->getHeaderName();
    }
}

if (! function_exists('csrf_hash')) {
    /**
     * Returns the current hash value for the CSRF protection.
     * Can be used in Views when building hidden inputs manually,
     * or used in javascript vars for API usage.
     */
    function csrf_hash(): string
    {
        return service('security')->getHash();
    }
}

if (! function_exists('csrf_field')) {
    /**
     * Generates a hidden input field for use within manually generated forms.
     *
     * @param non-empty-string|null $id
     */
    function csrf_field(?string $id = null): string
    {
        return '<input type="hidden"' . ($id !== null ? ' id="' . esc($id, 'attr') . '"' : '') . ' name="' . csrf_token() . '" value="' . csrf_hash() . '"' . _solidus() . '>';
    }
}

if (! function_exists('csrf_meta')) {
    /**
     * Generates a meta tag for use within javascript calls.
     *
     * @param non-empty-string|null $id
     */
    function csrf_meta(?string $id = null): string
    {
        return '<meta' . ($id !== null ? ' id="' . esc($id, 'attr') . '"' : '') . ' name="' . csrf_header() . '" content="' . csrf_hash() . '"' . _solidus() . '>';
    }
}

if (! function_exists('csp_style_nonce')) {
    /**
     * Generates a nonce attribute for style tag.
     */
    function csp_style_nonce(): string
    {
        $csp = service('csp');

        if (! $csp->enabled()) {
            return '';
        }

        return 'nonce="' . $csp->getStyleNonce() . '"';
    }
}

if (! function_exists('csp_script_nonce')) {
    /**
     * Generates a nonce attribute for script tag.
     */
    function csp_script_nonce(): string
    {
        $csp = service('csp');

        if (! $csp->enabled()) {
            return '';
        }

        return 'nonce="' . $csp->getScriptNonce() . '"';
    }
}

if (! function_exists('db_connect')) {
    /**
     * Grabs a database connection and returns it to the user.
     *
     * This is a convenience wrapper for \Config\Database::connect()
     * and supports the same parameters. Namely:
     *
     * When passing in $db, you may pass any of the following to connect:
     * - group name
     * - existing connection instance
     * - array of database configuration values
     *
     * If $getShared === false then a new connection instance will be provided,
     * otherwise it will all calls will return the same instance.
     *
     * @param array|ConnectionInterface|string|null $db
     *
     * @return BaseConnection
     */
    function db_connect($db = null, bool $getShared = true)
    {
        return Database::connect($db, $getShared);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('env')) {
    /**
     * Allows user to retrieve values from the environment
     * variables that have been set. Especially useful for
     * retrieving values set from the .env file for
     * use in config files.
     *
     * @param string|null $default
     *
     * @return bool|string|null
     */
    function env(string $key, $default = null)
    {
        $value = $_ENV[$key] ?? $_SERVER[$key] ?? getenv($key);

        // Not found? Return the default value
        if ($value === false) {
            return $default;
        }

        // Handle any boolean values
        return match (strtolower($value)) {
            'true'  => true,
            'false' => false,
            'empty' => '',
            'null'  => null,
            default => $value,
        };
    }
}

if (! function_exists('esc')) {
    /**
     * Performs simple auto-escaping of data for security reasons.
     * Might consider making this more complex at a later date.
     *
     * If $data is a string, then it simply escapes and returns it.
     * If $data is an array, then it loops over it, escaping each
     * 'value' of the key/value pairs.
     *
     * @param         array|string                         $data
     * @phpstan-param 'html'|'js'|'css'|'url'|'attr'|'raw' $context
     * @param         string|null                          $encoding Current encoding for escaping.
     *                                                               If not UTF-8, we convert strings from this encoding
     *                                                               pre-escaping and back to this encoding post-escaping.
     *
     * @return array|string
     *
     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
     */
    function esc($data, string $context = 'html', ?string $encoding = null)
    {
        $context = strtolower($context);

        // Provide a way to NOT escape data since
        // this could be called automatically by
        // the View library.
        if ($context === 'raw') {
            return $data;
        }

        if (is_array($data)) {
            foreach ($data as &$value) {
                $value = esc($value, $context);
            }
        }

        if (is_string($data)) {
            if (! in_array($context, ['html', 'js', 'css', 'url', 'attr'], true)) {
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid escape context provided.');
            }

            $method = $context === 'attr' ? 'escapeHtmlAttr' : 'escape' . ucfirst($context);

            static $escaper;
            if (! $escaper) {
                $escaper = new Escaper($encoding);
            }

            if ($encoding !== null && $escaper->getEncoding() !== $encoding) {
                $escaper = new Escaper($encoding);
            }

            $data = $escaper->{$method}($data);
        }

        return $data;
    }
}

if (! function_exists('force_https')) {
    /**
     * Used to force a page to be accessed in via HTTPS.
     * Uses a standard redirect, plus will set the HSTS header
     * for modern browsers that support, which gives best
     * protection against man-in-the-middle attacks.
     *
     * @see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security
     *
     * @param int $duration How long should the SSL header be set for? (in seconds)
     *                      Defaults to 1 year.
     *
     * @throws HTTPException
     * @throws RedirectException
     */
    function force_https(
        int $duration = 31_536_000,
        ?RequestInterface $request = null,
        ?ResponseInterface $response = null,
    ): void {
        $request ??= service('request');

        if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
            return;
        }

        $response ??= service('response');

        if ((ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing' && (is_cli() || $request->isSecure()))
            || $request->getServer('HTTPS') === 'test'
        ) {
            return; // @codeCoverageIgnore
        }

        // If the session status is active, we should regenerate
        // the session ID for safety sake.
        if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing' && session_status() === PHP_SESSION_ACTIVE) {
            service('session')->regenerate(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
        }

        $uri = $request->getUri()->withScheme('https');

        // Set an HSTS header
        $response->setHeader('Strict-Transport-Security', 'max-age=' . $duration)
            ->redirect((string) $uri)
            ->setStatusCode(307)
            ->setBody('')
            ->getCookieStore()
            ->clear();

        throw new RedirectException($response);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('function_usable')) {
    /**
     * Function usable
     *
     * Executes a function_exists() check, and if the Suhosin PHP
     * extension is loaded - checks whether the function that is
     * checked might be disabled in there as well.
     *
     * This is useful as function_exists() will return FALSE for
     * functions disabled via the *disable_functions* php.ini
     * setting, but not for *suhosin.executor.func.blacklist* and
     * *suhosin.executor.disable_eval*. These settings will just
     * terminate script execution if a disabled function is executed.
     *
     * The above described behavior turned out to be a bug in Suhosin,
     * but even though a fix was committed for 0.9.34 on 2012-02-12,
     * that version is yet to be released. This function will therefore
     * be just temporary, but would probably be kept for a few years.
     *
     * @see   http://www.hardened-php.net/suhosin/
     *
     * @param string $functionName Function to check for
     *
     * @return bool TRUE if the function exists and is safe to call,
     *              FALSE otherwise.
     *
     * @codeCoverageIgnore This is too exotic
     */
    function function_usable(string $functionName): bool
    {
        static $_suhosin_func_blacklist;

        if (function_exists($functionName)) {
            if (! isset($_suhosin_func_blacklist)) {
                $_suhosin_func_blacklist = extension_loaded('suhosin') ? explode(',', trim(ini_get('suhosin.executor.func.blacklist'))) : [];
            }

            return ! in_array($functionName, $_suhosin_func_blacklist, true);
        }

        return false;
    }
}

if (! function_exists('helper')) {
    /**
     * Loads a helper file into memory. Supports namespaced helpers,
     * both in and out of the 'Helpers' directory of a namespaced directory.
     *
     * Will load ALL helpers of the matching name, in the following order:
     *   1. app/Helpers
     *   2. {namespace}/Helpers
     *   3. system/Helpers
     *
     * @param array|string $filenames
     *
     * @throws FileNotFoundException
     */
    function helper($filenames): void
    {
        static $loaded = [];

        $loader = service('locator');

        if (! is_array($filenames)) {
            $filenames = [$filenames];
        }

        // Store a list of all files to include...
        $includes = [];

        foreach ($filenames as $filename) {
            // Store our system and application helper
            // versions so that we can control the load ordering.
            $systemHelper  = '';
            $appHelper     = '';
            $localIncludes = [];

            if (! str_contains($filename, '_helper')) {
                $filename .= '_helper';
            }

            // Check if this helper has already been loaded
            if (in_array($filename, $loaded, true)) {
                continue;
            }

            // If the file is namespaced, we'll just grab that
            // file and not search for any others
            if (str_contains($filename, '\\')) {
                $path = $loader->locateFile($filename, 'Helpers');

                if ($path === false) {
                    throw FileNotFoundException::forFileNotFound($filename);
                }

                $includes[] = $path;
                $loaded[]   = $filename;
            } else {
                // No namespaces, so search in all available locations
                $paths = $loader->search('Helpers/' . $filename);

                foreach ($paths as $path) {
                    if (str_starts_with($path, APPPATH . 'Helpers' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR)) {
                        $appHelper = $path;
                    } elseif (str_starts_with($path, SYSTEMPATH . 'Helpers' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR)) {
                        $systemHelper = $path;
                    } else {
                        $localIncludes[] = $path;
                        $loaded[]        = $filename;
                    }
                }

                // App-level helpers should override all others
                if ($appHelper !== '') {
                    $includes[] = $appHelper;
                    $loaded[]   = $filename;
                }

                // All namespaced files get added in next
                $includes = [...$includes, ...$localIncludes];

                // And the system default one should be added in last.
                if ($systemHelper !== '') {
                    $includes[] = $systemHelper;
                    $loaded[]   = $filename;
                }
            }
        }

        // Now actually include all of the files
        foreach ($includes as $path) {
            include_once $path;
        }
    }
}

if (! function_exists('is_cli')) {
    /**
     * Check if PHP was invoked from the command line.
     *
     * @codeCoverageIgnore Cannot be tested fully as PHPUnit always run in php-cli
     */
    function is_cli(): bool
    {
        if (in_array(PHP_SAPI, ['cli', 'phpdbg'], true)) {
            return true;
        }

        // PHP_SAPI could be 'cgi-fcgi', 'fpm-fcgi'.
        // See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/5393
        return ! isset($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) && ! isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('is_really_writable')) {
    /**
     * Tests for file writability
     *
     * is_writable() returns TRUE on Windows servers when you really can't write to
     * the file, based on the read-only attribute. is_writable() is also unreliable
     * on Unix servers if safe_mode is on.
     *
     * @see https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=54709
     *
     * @throws Exception
     *
     * @codeCoverageIgnore Not practical to test, as travis runs on linux
     */
    function is_really_writable(string $file): bool
    {
        // If we're on a Unix server we call is_writable
        if (! is_windows()) {
            return is_writable($file);
        }

        /* For Windows servers and safe_mode "on" installations we'll actually
         * write a file then read it. Bah...
         */
        if (is_dir($file)) {
            $file = rtrim($file, '/') . '/' . bin2hex(random_bytes(16));
            if (($fp = @fopen($file, 'ab')) === false) {
                return false;
            }

            fclose($fp);
            @chmod($file, 0777);
            @unlink($file);

            return true;
        }

        if (! is_file($file) || ($fp = @fopen($file, 'ab')) === false) {
            return false;
        }

        fclose($fp);

        return true;
    }
}

if (! function_exists('is_windows')) {
    /**
     * Detect if platform is running in Windows.
     */
    function is_windows(?bool $mock = null): bool
    {
        static $mocked;

        if (func_num_args() === 1) {
            $mocked = $mock;
        }

        return $mocked ?? DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '\\';
    }
}

if (! function_exists('lang')) {
    /**
     * A convenience method to translate a string or array of them and format
     * the result with the intl extension's MessageFormatter.
     *
     * @return list<string>|string
     */
    function lang(string $line, array $args = [], ?string $locale = null)
    {
        /** @var Language $language */
        $language = service('language');

        // Get active locale
        $activeLocale = $language->getLocale();

        if ((string) $locale !== '' && $locale !== $activeLocale) {
            $language->setLocale($locale);
        }

        $lines = $language->getLine($line, $args);

        if ((string) $locale !== '' && $locale !== $activeLocale) {
            // Reset to active locale
            $language->setLocale($activeLocale);
        }

        return $lines;
    }
}

if (! function_exists('log_message')) {
    /**
     * A convenience/compatibility method for logging events through
     * the Log system.
     *
     * Allowed log levels are:
     *  - emergency
     *  - alert
     *  - critical
     *  - error
     *  - warning
     *  - notice
     *  - info
     *  - debug
     */
    function log_message(string $level, string $message, array $context = []): void
    {
        // When running tests, we want to always ensure that the
        // TestLogger is running, which provides utilities for
        // for asserting that logs were called in the test code.
        if (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing') {
            $logger = new TestLogger(new Logger());

            $logger->log($level, $message, $context);

            return;
        }

        service('logger')->log($level, $message, $context); // @codeCoverageIgnore
    }
}

if (! function_exists('model')) {
    /**
     * More simple way of getting model instances from Factories
     *
     * @template ModelTemplate of Model
     *
     * @param class-string<ModelTemplate>|string $name
     *
     * @return         ModelTemplate|null
     * @phpstan-return ($name is class-string<ModelTemplate> ? ModelTemplate : object|null)
     */
    function model(string $name, bool $getShared = true, ?ConnectionInterface &$conn = null)
    {
        return Factories::models($name, ['getShared' => $getShared], $conn);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('old')) {
    /**
     * Provides access to "old input" that was set in the session
     * during a redirect()->withInput().
     *
     * @param         string|null                                $default
     * @param         false|string                               $escape
     * @phpstan-param false|'attr'|'css'|'html'|'js'|'raw'|'url' $escape
     *
     * @return array|string|null
     */
    function old(string $key, $default = null, $escape = 'html')
    {
        // Ensure the session is loaded
        if (session_status() === PHP_SESSION_NONE && ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing') {
            session(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
        }

        $request = service('request');

        $value = $request->getOldInput($key);

        // Return the default value if nothing
        // found in the old input.
        if ($value === null) {
            return $default;
        }

        return $escape === false ? $value : esc($value, $escape);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('redirect')) {
    /**
     * Convenience method that works with the current global $request and
     * $router instances to redirect using named/reverse-routed routes
     * to determine the URL to go to.
     *
     * If more control is needed, you must use $response->redirect explicitly.
     *
     * @param non-empty-string|null $route Route name or Controller::method
     */
    function redirect(?string $route = null): RedirectResponse
    {
        $response = service('redirectresponse');

        if ((string) $route !== '') {
            return $response->route($route);
        }

        return $response;
    }
}

if (! function_exists('_solidus')) {
    /**
     * Generates the solidus character (`/`) depending on the HTML5 compatibility flag in `Config\DocTypes`
     *
     * @param DocTypes|null $docTypesConfig New config. For testing purpose only.
     *
     * @internal
     */
    function _solidus(?DocTypes $docTypesConfig = null): string
    {
        static $docTypes = null;

        if ($docTypesConfig instanceof DocTypes) {
            $docTypes = $docTypesConfig;
        }

        $docTypes ??= new DocTypes();

        if ($docTypes->html5 ?? false) {
            return '';
        }

        return ' /';
    }
}

if (! function_exists('remove_invisible_characters')) {
    /**
     * Remove Invisible Characters
     *
     * This prevents sandwiching null characters
     * between ascii characters, like Java\0script.
     */
    function remove_invisible_characters(string $str, bool $urlEncoded = true): string
    {
        $nonDisplayables = [];

        // every control character except newline (dec 10),
        // carriage return (dec 13) and horizontal tab (dec 09)
        if ($urlEncoded) {
            $nonDisplayables[] = '/%0[0-8bcef]/';  // url encoded 00-08, 11, 12, 14, 15
            $nonDisplayables[] = '/%1[0-9a-f]/';   // url encoded 16-31
        }

        $nonDisplayables[] = '/[\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F]+/S';   // 00-08, 11, 12, 14-31, 127

        do {
            $str = preg_replace($nonDisplayables, '', $str, -1, $count);
        } while ($count);

        return $str;
    }
}

if (! function_exists('request')) {
    /**
     * Returns the shared Request.
     *
     * @return CLIRequest|IncomingRequest
     */
    function request()
    {
        return service('request');
    }
}

if (! function_exists('response')) {
    /**
     * Returns the shared Response.
     */
    function response(): ResponseInterface
    {
        return service('response');
    }
}

if (! function_exists('route_to')) {
    /**
     * Given a route name or controller/method string and any params,
     * will attempt to build the relative URL to the
     * matching route.
     *
     * NOTE: This requires the controller/method to
     * have a route defined in the routes Config file.
     *
     * @param string     $method    Route name or Controller::method
     * @param int|string ...$params One or more parameters to be passed to the route.
     *                              The last parameter allows you to set the locale.
     *
     * @return false|string The route (URI path relative to baseURL) or false if not found.
     */
    function route_to(string $method, ...$params)
    {
        return service('routes')->reverseRoute($method, ...$params);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('session')) {
    /**
     * A convenience method for accessing the session instance,
     * or an item that has been set in the session.
     *
     * Examples:
     *    session()->set('foo', 'bar');
     *    $foo = session('bar');
     *
     * @return         array|bool|float|int|object|Session|string|null
     * @phpstan-return ($val is null ? Session : array|bool|float|int|object|string|null)
     */
    function session(?string $val = null)
    {
        $session = service('session');

        // Returning a single item?
        if (is_string($val)) {
            return $session->get($val);
        }

        return $session;
    }
}

if (! function_exists('service')) {
    /**
     * Allows cleaner access to the Services Config file.
     * Always returns a SHARED instance of the class, so
     * calling the function multiple times should always
     * return the same instance.
     *
     * These are equal:
     *  - $timer = service('timer')
     *  - $timer = \CodeIgniter\Config\Services::timer();
     *
     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null ...$params
     */
    function service(string $name, ...$params): ?object
    {
        if ($params === []) {
            return Services::get($name);
        }

        return Services::$name(...$params);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('single_service')) {
    /**
     * Always returns a new instance of the class.
     *
     * @param array|bool|float|int|object|string|null ...$params
     */
    function single_service(string $name, ...$params): ?object
    {
        $service = Services::serviceExists($name);

        if ($service === null) {
            // The service is not defined anywhere so just return.
            return null;
        }

        $method = new ReflectionMethod($service, $name);
        $count  = $method->getNumberOfParameters();
        $mParam = $method->getParameters();

        if ($count === 1) {
            // This service needs only one argument, which is the shared
            // instance flag, so let's wrap up and pass false here.
            return $service::$name(false);
        }

        // Fill in the params with the defaults, but stop before the last
        for ($startIndex = count($params); $startIndex <= $count - 2; $startIndex++) {
            $params[$startIndex] = $mParam[$startIndex]->getDefaultValue();
        }

        // Ensure the last argument will not create a shared instance
        $params[$count - 1] = false;

        return $service::$name(...$params);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('slash_item')) {
    // Unlike CI3, this function is placed here because
    // it's not a config, or part of a config.
    /**
     * Fetch a config file item with slash appended (if not empty)
     *
     * @param string $item Config item name
     *
     * @return string|null The configuration item or NULL if
     *                     the item doesn't exist
     */
    function slash_item(string $item): ?string
    {
        $config = config(App::class);

        if (! property_exists($config, $item)) {
            return null;
        }

        $configItem = $config->{$item};

        if (! is_scalar($configItem)) {
            throw new RuntimeException(sprintf(
                'Cannot convert "%s::$%s" of type "%s" to type "string".',
                App::class,
                $item,
                gettype($configItem),
            ));
        }

        $configItem = trim((string) $configItem);

        if ($configItem === '') {
            return $configItem;
        }

        return rtrim($configItem, '/') . '/';
    }
}

if (! function_exists('stringify_attributes')) {
    /**
     * Stringify attributes for use in HTML tags.
     *
     * Helper function used to convert a string, array, or object
     * of attributes to a string.
     *
     * @param array|object|string $attributes string, array, object that can be cast to array
     */
    function stringify_attributes($attributes, bool $js = false): string
    {
        $atts = '';

        if ($attributes === '' || $attributes === [] || $attributes === null) {
            return $atts;
        }

        if (is_string($attributes)) {
            return ' ' . $attributes;
        }

        $attributes = (array) $attributes;

        foreach ($attributes as $key => $val) {
            $atts .= ($js) ? $key . '=' . esc($val, 'js') . ',' : ' ' . $key . '="' . esc($val) . '"';
        }

        return rtrim($atts, ',');
    }
}

if (! function_exists('timer')) {
    /**
     * A convenience method for working with the timer.
     * If no parameter is passed, it will return the timer instance.
     * If callable is passed, it measures time of callable and
     * returns its return value if any.
     * Otherwise will start or stop the timer intelligently.
     *
     * @param non-empty-string|null    $name
     * @param (callable(): mixed)|null $callable
     *
     * @return         mixed|Timer
     * @phpstan-return ($name is null ? Timer : ($callable is (callable(): mixed) ? mixed : Timer))
     */
    function timer(?string $name = null, ?callable $callable = null)
    {
        $timer = service('timer');

        if ($name === null) {
            return $timer;
        }

        if ($callable !== null) {
            return $timer->record($name, $callable);
        }

        if ($timer->has($name)) {
            return $timer->stop($name);
        }

        return $timer->start($name);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('view')) {
    /**
     * Grabs the current RendererInterface-compatible class
     * and tells it to render the specified view. Simply provides
     * a convenience method that can be used in Controllers,
     * libraries, and routed closures.
     *
     * NOTE: Does not provide any escaping of the data, so that must
     * all be handled manually by the developer.
     *
     * @param array $options Options for saveData or third-party extensions.
     */
    function view(string $name, array $data = [], array $options = []): string
    {
        $renderer = service('renderer');

        $config   = config(View::class);
        $saveData = $config->saveData;

        if (array_key_exists('saveData', $options)) {
            $saveData = (bool) $options['saveData'];
            unset($options['saveData']);
        }

        return $renderer->setData($data, 'raw')->render($name, $options, $saveData);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('view_cell')) {
    /**
     * View cells are used within views to insert HTML chunks that are managed
     * by other classes.
     *
     * @param array|string|null $params
     *
     * @throws ReflectionException
     */
    function view_cell(string $library, $params = null, int $ttl = 0, ?string $cacheName = null): string
    {
        return service('viewcell')
            ->render($library, $params, $ttl, $cacheName);
    }
}

/**
 * These helpers come from Laravel so will not be
 * re-tested and can be ignored safely.
 *
 * @see https://github.com/laravel/framework/blob/8.x/src/Illuminate/Support/helpers.php
 */
if (! function_exists('class_basename')) {
    /**
     * Get the class "basename" of the given object / class.
     *
     * @param object|string $class
     *
     * @return string
     *
     * @codeCoverageIgnore
     */
    function class_basename($class)
    {
        $class = is_object($class) ? $class::class : $class;

        return basename(str_replace('\\', '/', $class));
    }
}

if (! function_exists('class_uses_recursive')) {
    /**
     * Returns all traits used by a class, its parent classes and trait of their traits.
     *
     * @param object|string $class
     *
     * @return array
     *
     * @codeCoverageIgnore
     */
    function class_uses_recursive($class)
    {
        if (is_object($class)) {
            $class = $class::class;
        }

        $results = [];

        foreach (array_reverse(class_parents($class)) + [$class => $class] as $class) {
            $results += trait_uses_recursive($class);
        }

        return array_unique($results);
    }
}

if (! function_exists('trait_uses_recursive')) {
    /**
     * Returns all traits used by a trait and its traits.
     *
     * @param string $trait
     *
     * @return array
     *
     * @codeCoverageIgnore
     */
    function trait_uses_recursive($trait)
    {
        $traits = class_uses($trait) ?: [];

        foreach ($traits as $trait) {
            $traits += trait_uses_recursive($trait);
        }

        return $traits;
    }
}