conn_executor_exec.go

// Copyright 2018 The Cockroach Authors.
//
// Use of this software is governed by the Business Source License
// included in the file licenses/BSL.txt.
//
// As of the Change Date specified in that file, in accordance with
// the Business Source License, use of this software will be governed
// by the Apache License, Version 2.0, included in the file
// licenses/APL.txt.

package sql

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"runtime/pprof"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/base"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/kv"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/roachpb"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/server/telemetry"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/settings/cluster"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/catalog/descs"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/catalog/lease"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/execinfrapb"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/parser"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/pgwire/pgcode"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/pgwire/pgerror"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/sem/tree"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/sqlbase"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/sqltelemetry"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/sql/types"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/duration"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/errorutil/unimplemented"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/fsm"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/hlc"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/log"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/retry"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/timeutil"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/pkg/util/tracing"
	"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
	"github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go"
)

// execStmt executes one statement by dispatching according to the current
// state. Returns an Event to be passed to the state machine, or nil if no
// transition is needed. If nil is returned, then the cursor is supposed to
// advance to the next statement.
//
// If an error is returned, the session is supposed to be considered done. Query
// execution errors are not returned explicitly and they're also not
// communicated to the client. Instead they're incorporated in the returned
// event (the returned payload will implement payloadWithError). It is the
// caller's responsibility to deliver execution errors to the client.
//
// Args:
// stmt: The statement to execute.
// res: Used to produce query results.
// pinfo: The values to use for the statement's placeholders. If nil is passed,
// 	 then the statement cannot have any placeholder.
func (ex *connExecutor) execStmt(
	ctx context.Context, stmt Statement, res RestrictedCommandResult, pinfo *tree.PlaceholderInfo,
) (fsm.Event, fsm.EventPayload, error) {
	if log.V(2) || logStatementsExecuteEnabled.Get(&ex.server.cfg.Settings.SV) ||
		log.HasSpanOrEvent(ctx) {
		log.VEventf(ctx, 2, "executing: %s in state: %s", stmt, ex.machine.CurState())
	}

	// Stop the session idle timeout when a new statement is executed.
	ex.mu.IdleInSessionTimeout.Stop()

	// Run observer statements in a separate code path; their execution does not
	// depend on the current transaction state.
	if _, ok := stmt.AST.(tree.ObserverStatement); ok {
		ex.statsCollector.reset(&ex.server.sqlStats, ex.appStats, &ex.phaseTimes)
		err := ex.runObserverStatement(ctx, stmt, res)
		// Note that regardless of res.Err(), these observer statements don't
		// generate error events; transactions are always allowed to continue.
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	queryID := ex.generateID()
	stmt.queryID = queryID

	// Dispatch the statement for execution based on the current state.
	var ev fsm.Event
	var payload fsm.EventPayload
	var err error

	switch ex.machine.CurState().(type) {
	case stateNoTxn:
		ev, payload = ex.execStmtInNoTxnState(ctx, stmt)
	case stateOpen:
		if ex.server.cfg.Settings.CPUProfileType() == cluster.CPUProfileWithLabels {
			remoteAddr := "internal"
			if rAddr := ex.sessionData.RemoteAddr; rAddr != nil {
				remoteAddr = rAddr.String()
			}
			labels := pprof.Labels(
				"appname", ex.sessionData.ApplicationName,
				"addr", remoteAddr,
				"stmt.tag", stmt.AST.StatementTag(),
				"stmt.anonymized", stmt.AnonymizedStr,
			)
			pprof.Do(ctx, labels, func(ctx context.Context) {
				ev, payload, err = ex.execStmtInOpenState(ctx, stmt, res, pinfo)
			})
		} else {
			ev, payload, err = ex.execStmtInOpenState(ctx, stmt, res, pinfo)
		}
		switch ev.(type) {
		case eventNonRetriableErr:
			ex.recordFailure()
		}
	case stateAborted:
		ev, payload = ex.execStmtInAbortedState(ctx, stmt, res)
	case stateCommitWait:
		ev, payload = ex.execStmtInCommitWaitState(stmt, res)
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected txn state: %#v", ex.machine.CurState()))
	}

	if ex.sessionData.IdleInSessionTimeout > 0 {
		// Cancel the session if the idle time exceeds the idle in session timeout.
		ex.mu.IdleInSessionTimeout = timeout{time.AfterFunc(
			ex.sessionData.IdleInSessionTimeout,
			ex.cancelSession,
		)}
	}

	return ev, payload, err
}

func (ex *connExecutor) recordFailure() {
	ex.metrics.EngineMetrics.FailureCount.Inc(1)
}

// execStmtInOpenState executes one statement in the context of the session's
// current transaction.
// It handles statements that affect the transaction state (BEGIN, COMMIT)
// directly and delegates everything else to the execution engines.
// Results and query execution errors are written to res.
//
// This method also handles "auto commit" - committing of implicit transactions.
//
// If an error is returned, the connection is supposed to be consider done.
// Query execution errors are not returned explicitly; they're incorporated in
// the returned Event.
//
// The returned event can be nil if no state transition is required.
func (ex *connExecutor) execStmtInOpenState(
	ctx context.Context, stmt Statement, res RestrictedCommandResult, pinfo *tree.PlaceholderInfo,
) (retEv fsm.Event, retPayload fsm.EventPayload, retErr error) {
	ex.incrementStartedStmtCounter(stmt)
	defer func() {
		if retErr == nil && !payloadHasError(retPayload) {
			ex.incrementExecutedStmtCounter(stmt)
		}
	}()

	os := ex.machine.CurState().(stateOpen)

	var timeoutTicker *time.Timer
	queryTimedOut := false
	doneAfterFunc := make(chan struct{}, 1)

	// Canceling a query cancels its transaction's context so we take a reference
	// to the cancelation function here.
	unregisterFn := ex.addActiveQuery(stmt.queryID, stmt, ex.state.cancel)

	// queryDone is a cleanup function dealing with unregistering a query.
	// It also deals with overwriting res.Error to a more user-friendly message in
	// case of query cancelation. res can be nil to opt out of this.
	queryDone := func(ctx context.Context, res RestrictedCommandResult) {
		if timeoutTicker != nil {
			if !timeoutTicker.Stop() {
				// Wait for the timer callback to complete to avoid a data race on
				// queryTimedOut.
				<-doneAfterFunc
			}
		}
		unregisterFn()

		// Detect context cancelation and overwrite whatever error might have been
		// set on the result before. The idea is that once the query's context is
		// canceled, all sorts of actors can detect the cancelation and set all
		// sorts of errors on the result. Rather than trying to impose discipline
		// in that jungle, we just overwrite them all here with an error that's
		// nicer to look at for the client.
		if res != nil && ctx.Err() != nil && res.Err() != nil {
			if queryTimedOut {
				res.SetError(sqlbase.QueryTimeoutError)
			} else {
				res.SetError(sqlbase.QueryCanceledError)
			}
		}
	}
	// Generally we want to unregister after the auto-commit below. However, in
	// case we'll execute the statement through the parallel execution queue,
	// we'll pass the responsibility for unregistering to the queue.
	defer func() {
		if queryDone != nil {
			queryDone(ctx, res)
		}
	}()

	p := &ex.planner
	stmtTS := ex.server.cfg.Clock.PhysicalTime()
	ex.statsCollector.reset(&ex.server.sqlStats, ex.appStats, &ex.phaseTimes)
	ex.resetPlanner(ctx, p, ex.state.mu.txn, stmtTS)
	p.sessionDataMutator.paramStatusUpdater = res
	p.noticeSender = res

	var shouldCollectDiagnostics bool
	var finishCollectionDiagnostics StmtDiagnosticsTraceFinishFunc

	if explainBundle, ok := stmt.AST.(*tree.ExplainAnalyzeDebug); ok {
		telemetry.Inc(sqltelemetry.ExplainAnalyzeDebugUseCounter)
		// Always collect diagnostics for EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG).
		shouldCollectDiagnostics = true
		// Strip off the explain node to execute the inner statement.
		stmt.AST = explainBundle.Statement
		// TODO(radu): should we trim the "EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG)" part from
		// stmt.SQL?

		// Clear any ExpectedTypes we set if we prepared this statement (they
		// reflect the column types of the EXPLAIN itself and not those of the inner
		// statement).
		stmt.ExpectedTypes = nil

		// EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG) does not return the rows for the given query;
		// instead it returns some text which includes a URL.
		// TODO(radu): maybe capture some of the rows and include them in the
		// bundle.
		p.discardRows = true
	} else {
		shouldCollectDiagnostics, finishCollectionDiagnostics = ex.stmtDiagnosticsRecorder.ShouldCollectDiagnostics(ctx, stmt.AST)
		if shouldCollectDiagnostics {
			telemetry.Inc(sqltelemetry.StatementDiagnosticsCollectedCounter)
		}
	}

	if shouldCollectDiagnostics {
		p.collectBundle = true
		tr := ex.server.cfg.AmbientCtx.Tracer
		origCtx := ctx
		var sp opentracing.Span
		ctx, sp = tracing.StartSnowballTrace(ctx, tr, "traced statement")
		// TODO(radu): consider removing this if/when #46164 is addressed.
		p.extendedEvalCtx.Context = ctx
		defer func() {
			// Record the statement information that we've collected.
			// Note that in case of implicit transactions, the trace contains the auto-commit too.
			sp.Finish()
			trace := tracing.GetRecording(sp)
			ie := p.extendedEvalCtx.InternalExecutor.(*InternalExecutor)
			if finishCollectionDiagnostics != nil {
				bundle, collectionErr := buildStatementBundle(
					origCtx, ex.server.cfg.DB, ie, &p.curPlan, trace,
				)
				finishCollectionDiagnostics(origCtx, bundle.trace, bundle.zip, collectionErr)
			} else {
				// Handle EXPLAIN ANALYZE (DEBUG).
				// If there was a communication error, no point in setting any results.
				if retErr == nil {
					retErr = setExplainBundleResult(
						origCtx, res, stmt.AST, trace, &p.curPlan, ie, ex.server.cfg,
					)
				}
			}
		}()
	}

	if ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.WithStatementTrace != nil {
		tr := ex.server.cfg.AmbientCtx.Tracer
		var sp opentracing.Span
		ctx, sp = tracing.StartSnowballTrace(ctx, tr, stmt.SQL)
		// TODO(radu): consider removing this if/when #46164 is addressed.
		p.extendedEvalCtx.Context = ctx

		defer func() {
			ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.WithStatementTrace(sp, stmt.SQL)
		}()
	}

	if ex.sessionData.StmtTimeout > 0 {
		timeoutTicker = time.AfterFunc(
			ex.sessionData.StmtTimeout-timeutil.Since(ex.phaseTimes[sessionQueryReceived]),
			func() {
				ex.cancelQuery(stmt.queryID)
				queryTimedOut = true
				doneAfterFunc <- struct{}{}
			})
	}

	defer func() {
		if filter := ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.StatementFilter; retErr == nil && filter != nil {
			var execErr error
			if perr, ok := retPayload.(payloadWithError); ok {
				execErr = perr.errorCause()
			}
			filter(ctx, stmt.String(), execErr)
		}

		// Do the auto-commit, if necessary.
		if retEv != nil || retErr != nil {
			return
		}
		if os.ImplicitTxn.Get() {
			retEv, retPayload = ex.handleAutoCommit(ctx, stmt.AST)
			return
		}
	}()

	makeErrEvent := func(err error) (fsm.Event, fsm.EventPayload, error) {
		ev, payload := ex.makeErrEvent(err, stmt.AST)
		return ev, payload, nil
	}

	switch s := stmt.AST.(type) {
	case *tree.BeginTransaction:
		// BEGIN is always an error when in the Open state. It's legitimate only in
		// the NoTxn state.
		return makeErrEvent(errTransactionInProgress)

	case *tree.CommitTransaction:
		// CommitTransaction is executed fully here; there's no plan for it.
		ev, payload := ex.commitSQLTransaction(ctx, stmt.AST)
		return ev, payload, nil

	case *tree.RollbackTransaction:
		// RollbackTransaction is executed fully here; there's no plan for it.
		ev, payload := ex.rollbackSQLTransaction(ctx)
		return ev, payload, nil

	case *tree.Savepoint:
		return ex.execSavepointInOpenState(ctx, s, res)

	case *tree.ReleaseSavepoint:
		ev, payload := ex.execRelease(ctx, s, res)
		return ev, payload, nil

	case *tree.RollbackToSavepoint:
		ev, payload := ex.execRollbackToSavepointInOpenState(ctx, s, res)
		return ev, payload, nil

	case *tree.Prepare:
		// This is handling the SQL statement "PREPARE". See execPrepare for
		// handling of the protocol-level command for preparing statements.
		name := s.Name.String()
		if _, ok := ex.extraTxnState.prepStmtsNamespace.prepStmts[name]; ok {
			err := pgerror.Newf(
				pgcode.DuplicatePreparedStatement,
				"prepared statement %q already exists", name,
			)
			return makeErrEvent(err)
		}
		var typeHints tree.PlaceholderTypes
		if len(s.Types) > 0 {
			if len(s.Types) > stmt.NumPlaceholders {
				err := pgerror.Newf(pgcode.Syntax, "too many types provided")
				return makeErrEvent(err)
			}
			typeHints = make(tree.PlaceholderTypes, stmt.NumPlaceholders)
			for i, t := range s.Types {
				resolved, err := tree.ResolveType(ctx, t, ex.planner.semaCtx.GetTypeResolver())
				if err != nil {
					return makeErrEvent(err)
				}
				typeHints[i] = resolved
			}
		}
		if _, err := ex.addPreparedStmt(
			ctx, name,
			Statement{
				Statement: parser.Statement{
					// We need the SQL string just for the part that comes after
					// "PREPARE ... AS",
					// TODO(radu): it would be nice if the parser would figure out this
					// string and store it in tree.Prepare.
					SQL:             tree.AsStringWithFlags(s.Statement, tree.FmtParsable),
					AST:             s.Statement,
					NumPlaceholders: stmt.NumPlaceholders,
					NumAnnotations:  stmt.NumAnnotations,
				},
			},
			typeHints,
			PreparedStatementOriginSQL,
		); err != nil {
			return makeErrEvent(err)
		}
		return nil, nil, nil

	case *tree.Execute:
		// Replace the `EXECUTE foo` statement with the prepared statement, and
		// continue execution below.
		name := s.Name.String()
		ps, ok := ex.extraTxnState.prepStmtsNamespace.prepStmts[name]
		if !ok {
			err := pgerror.Newf(
				pgcode.InvalidSQLStatementName,
				"prepared statement %q does not exist", name,
			)
			return makeErrEvent(err)
		}
		var err error
		pinfo, err = fillInPlaceholders(ctx, ps, name, s.Params, ex.sessionData.SearchPath)
		if err != nil {
			return makeErrEvent(err)
		}

		stmt.Statement = ps.Statement
		stmt.Prepared = ps
		stmt.ExpectedTypes = ps.Columns
		stmt.AnonymizedStr = ps.AnonymizedStr
		res.ResetStmtType(ps.AST)

		if s.DiscardRows {
			p.discardRows = true
		}
	}

	p.semaCtx.Annotations = tree.MakeAnnotations(stmt.NumAnnotations)

	// For regular statements (the ones that get to this point), we
	// don't return any event unless an error happens.

	if os.ImplicitTxn.Get() {
		asOfTs, err := p.isAsOf(ctx, stmt.AST)
		if err != nil {
			return makeErrEvent(err)
		}
		if asOfTs != nil {
			p.semaCtx.AsOfTimestamp = asOfTs
			p.extendedEvalCtx.SetTxnTimestamp(asOfTs.GoTime())
			ex.state.setHistoricalTimestamp(ctx, *asOfTs)
		}
	} else {
		// If we're in an explicit txn, we allow AOST but only if it matches with
		// the transaction's timestamp. This is useful for running AOST statements
		// using the InternalExecutor inside an external transaction; one might want
		// to do that to force p.avoidCachedDescriptors to be set below.
		ts, err := p.isAsOf(ctx, stmt.AST)
		if err != nil {
			return makeErrEvent(err)
		}
		if ts != nil {
			if readTs := ex.state.getReadTimestamp(); *ts != readTs {
				err = pgerror.Newf(pgcode.Syntax,
					"inconsistent AS OF SYSTEM TIME timestamp; expected: %s", readTs)
				err = errors.WithHint(err, "try SET TRANSACTION AS OF SYSTEM TIME")
				return makeErrEvent(err)
			}
			p.semaCtx.AsOfTimestamp = ts
		}
	}

	// The first order of business is to ensure proper sequencing
	// semantics.  As per PostgreSQL's dialect specs, the "read" part of
	// statements always see the data as per a snapshot of the database
	// taken the instant the statement begins to run. In particular a
	// mutation does not see its own writes. If a query contains
	// multiple mutations using CTEs (WITH) or a read part following a
	// mutation, all still operate on the same read snapshot.
	//
	// (To communicate data between CTEs and a main query, the result
	// set / RETURNING can be used instead. However this is not relevant
	// here.)

	// We first ensure stepping mode is enabled.
	//
	// This ought to be done just once when a txn gets initialized;
	// unfortunately, there are too many places where the txn object
	// is re-configured, re-set etc without using NewTxnWithSteppingEnabled().
	//
	// Manually hunting them down and calling ConfigureStepping() each
	// time would be error prone (and increase the change that a future
	// change would forget to add the call).
	//
	// TODO(andrei): really the code should be re-architectued to ensure
	// that all uses of SQL execution initialize the client.Txn using a
	// single/common function. That would be where the stepping mode
	// gets enabled once for all SQL statements executed "underneath".
	prevSteppingMode := ex.state.mu.txn.ConfigureStepping(ctx, kv.SteppingEnabled)
	defer func() { _ = ex.state.mu.txn.ConfigureStepping(ctx, prevSteppingMode) }()

	// Then we create a sequencing point.
	//
	// This is not the only place where a sequencing point is
	// placed. There are also sequencing point after every stage of
	// constraint checks and cascading actions at the _end_ of a
	// statement's execution.
	//
	// TODO(knz): At the time of this writing CockroachDB performs
	// cascading actions and the corresponding FK existence checks
	// interleaved with mutations. This is incorrect; the correct
	// behavior, as described in issue
	// https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues/33475, is to
	// execute cascading actions no earlier than after all the "main
	// effects" of the current statement (including all its CTEs) have
	// completed. There should be a sequence point between the end of
	// the main execution and the start of the cascading actions, as
	// well as in-between very stage of cascading actions.
	// This TODO can be removed when the cascading code is reorganized
	// accordingly and the missing call to Step() is introduced.
	if err := ex.state.mu.txn.Step(ctx); err != nil {
		return makeErrEvent(err)
	}

	if err := p.semaCtx.Placeholders.Assign(pinfo, stmt.NumPlaceholders); err != nil {
		return makeErrEvent(err)
	}
	p.extendedEvalCtx.Placeholders = &p.semaCtx.Placeholders
	p.extendedEvalCtx.Annotations = &p.semaCtx.Annotations
	p.stmt = &stmt
	p.cancelChecker = sqlbase.NewCancelChecker(ctx)
	p.autoCommit = os.ImplicitTxn.Get() && !ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.DisableAutoCommit
	if err := ex.dispatchToExecutionEngine(ctx, p, res); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	if err := res.Err(); err != nil {
		return makeErrEvent(err)
	}

	txn := ex.state.mu.txn

	if !os.ImplicitTxn.Get() && txn.IsSerializablePushAndRefreshNotPossible() {
		rc, canAutoRetry := ex.getRewindTxnCapability()
		if canAutoRetry {
			ev := eventRetriableErr{
				IsCommit:     fsm.FromBool(isCommit(stmt.AST)),
				CanAutoRetry: fsm.FromBool(canAutoRetry),
			}
			txn.ManualRestart(ctx, ex.server.cfg.Clock.Now())
			payload := eventRetriableErrPayload{
				err: roachpb.NewTransactionRetryWithProtoRefreshError(
					"serializable transaction timestamp pushed (detected by connExecutor)",
					txn.ID(),
					// No updated transaction required; we've already manually updated our
					// client.Txn.
					roachpb.Transaction{},
				),
				rewCap: rc,
			}
			return ev, payload, nil
		}
	}
	// No event was generated.
	return nil, nil, nil
}

// checkDescriptorTwoVersionInvariant checks whether any new schema being
// modified written at a version V has only valid leases at version = V - 1.
// A transaction retry error is returned whenever the invariant is violated.
// Before returning the retry error the current transaction is
// rolled-back and the function waits until there are only outstanding
// leases on the current version. This affords the retry to succeed in the
// event that there are no other schema changes simultaneously contending with
// this txn.
//
// checkDescriptorTwoVersionInvariant blocks until it's legal for the modified
// descriptors (if any) to be committed.
// Reminder: a descriptor version v can only be written at a timestamp
// that's not covered by a lease on version v-2. So, if the current
// txn wants to write some updated descriptors, it needs
// to wait until all incompatible leases are revoked or expire. If
// incompatible leases exist, we'll block waiting for these leases to
// go away. Then, the transaction is restarted by generating a retriable error.
// Note that we're relying on the fact that the number of conflicting
// leases will only go down over time: no new conflicting leases can be
// created as of the time of this call because v-2 can't be leased once
// v-1 exists.
//
// If this method succeeds it is the caller's responsibility to release the
// executor's leases after the txn commits so that schema changes can
// proceed.
func (ex *connExecutor) checkDescriptorTwoVersionInvariant(ctx context.Context) error {
	descs := ex.extraTxnState.descCollection.GetDescriptorsWithNewVersion()
	if descs == nil {
		return nil
	}
	txn := ex.state.mu.txn
	if txn.IsCommitted() {
		panic("transaction has already committed")
	}

	// We potentially hold leases for descriptors which we've modified which
	// we need to drop. Say we're updating descriptors at version V. All leases
	// for version V-2 need to be dropped immediately, otherwise the check
	// below that nobody holds leases for version V-2 will fail. Worse yet,
	// the code below loops waiting for nobody to hold leases on V-2. We also
	// may hold leases for version V-1 of modified descriptors that are good to drop
	// but not as vital for correctness. It's good to drop them because as soon
	// as this transaction commits jobs may start and will need to wait until
	// the lease expires. It is safe because V-1 must remain valid until this
	// transaction commits; if we commit then nobody else could have written
	// a new V beneath us because we've already laid down an intent.
	//
	// All this being said, we must retain our leases on descriptors which we have
	// not modified to ensure that our writes to those other descriptors in this
	// transaction remain valid.
	ex.extraTxnState.descCollection.ReleaseSpecifiedLeases(ctx, descs)

	// We know that so long as there are no leases on the updated descriptors as of
	// the current provisional commit timestamp for this transaction then if this
	// transaction ends up committing then there won't have been any created
	// in the meantime.
	count, err := lease.CountLeases(ctx, ex.server.cfg.InternalExecutor, descs, txn.ProvisionalCommitTimestamp())
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if count == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	// Restart the transaction so that it is able to replay itself at a newer timestamp
	// with the hope that the next time around there will be leases only at the current
	// version.
	retryErr := txn.PrepareRetryableError(ctx,
		fmt.Sprintf(
			`cannot publish new versions for descriptors: %v, old versions still in use`,
			descs))
	// We cleanup the transaction and create a new transaction after
	// waiting for the invariant to be satisfied because the wait time
	// might be extensive and intents can block out leases being created
	// on a descriptor.
	//
	// TODO(vivek): Change this to restart a txn while fixing #20526 . All the
	// descriptor intents can be laid down here after the invariant
	// has been checked.
	userPriority := txn.UserPriority()
	// We cleanup the transaction and create a new transaction wait time
	// might be extensive and so we'd better get rid of all the intents.
	txn.CleanupOnError(ctx, retryErr)
	// Release the rest of our leases on unmodified descriptors so we don't hold up
	// schema changes there and potentially create a deadlock.
	ex.extraTxnState.descCollection.ReleaseLeases(ctx)

	// Wait until all older version leases have been released or expired.
	for r := retry.StartWithCtx(ctx, base.DefaultRetryOptions()); r.Next(); {
		// Use the current clock time.
		now := ex.server.cfg.Clock.Now()
		count, err := lease.CountLeases(ctx, ex.server.cfg.InternalExecutor, descs, now)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if count == 0 {
			break
		}
		if ex.server.cfg.SchemaChangerTestingKnobs.TwoVersionLeaseViolation != nil {
			ex.server.cfg.SchemaChangerTestingKnobs.TwoVersionLeaseViolation()
		}
	}

	// Create a new transaction to retry with a higher timestamp than the
	// timestamps used in the retry loop above.
	ex.state.mu.txn = kv.NewTxnWithSteppingEnabled(ctx, ex.transitionCtx.db, ex.transitionCtx.nodeIDOrZero)
	if err := ex.state.mu.txn.SetUserPriority(userPriority); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return retryErr
}

// commitSQLTransaction executes a commit after the execution of a
// stmt, which can be any statement when executing a statement with an
// implicit transaction, or a COMMIT statement when using an explicit
// transaction.
func (ex *connExecutor) commitSQLTransaction(
	ctx context.Context, stmt tree.Statement,
) (fsm.Event, fsm.EventPayload) {
	err := ex.commitSQLTransactionInternal(ctx, stmt)
	if err != nil {
		return ex.makeErrEvent(err, stmt)
	}
	return eventTxnFinish{}, eventTxnFinishPayload{commit: true}
}

func (ex *connExecutor) commitSQLTransactionInternal(
	ctx context.Context, stmt tree.Statement,
) error {
	if err := validatePrimaryKeys(&ex.extraTxnState.descCollection); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := ex.checkDescriptorTwoVersionInvariant(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := ex.state.mu.txn.Commit(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Now that we've committed, if we modified any descriptor we need to make sure
	// to release the leases for them so that the schema change can proceed and
	// we don't block the client.
	if descs := ex.extraTxnState.descCollection.GetDescriptorsWithNewVersion(); descs != nil {
		ex.extraTxnState.descCollection.ReleaseLeases(ctx)
	}
	return nil
}

// validatePrimaryKeys verifies that all tables modified in the transaction have
// an enabled primary key after potentially undergoing DROP PRIMARY KEY, which
// is required to be followed by ADD PRIMARY KEY.
func validatePrimaryKeys(tc *descs.Collection) error {
	tables := tc.GetUncommittedTables()
	for _, table := range tables {
		if !table.HasPrimaryKey() {
			return unimplemented.NewWithIssuef(48026,
				"primary key of table %s dropped without subsequent addition of new primary key",
				table.Name,
			)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// rollbackSQLTransaction executes a ROLLBACK statement: the KV transaction is
// rolled-back and an event is produced.
func (ex *connExecutor) rollbackSQLTransaction(ctx context.Context) (fsm.Event, fsm.EventPayload) {
	if err := ex.state.mu.txn.Rollback(ctx); err != nil {
		log.Warningf(ctx, "txn rollback failed: %s", err)
	}
	// We're done with this txn.
	return eventTxnFinish{}, eventTxnFinishPayload{commit: false}
}

// dispatchToExecutionEngine executes the statement, writes the result to res
// and returns an event for the connection's state machine.
//
// If an error is returned, the connection needs to stop processing queries.
// Query execution errors are written to res; they are not returned; it is
// expected that the caller will inspect res and react to query errors by
// producing an appropriate state machine event.
func (ex *connExecutor) dispatchToExecutionEngine(
	ctx context.Context, planner *planner, res RestrictedCommandResult,
) error {
	stmt := planner.stmt
	ex.sessionTracing.TracePlanStart(ctx, stmt.AST.StatementTag())
	ex.statsCollector.phaseTimes[plannerStartLogicalPlan] = timeutil.Now()

	// Prepare the plan. Note, the error is processed below. Everything
	// between here and there needs to happen even if there's an error.
	err := ex.makeExecPlan(ctx, planner)
	// We'll be closing the plan manually below after execution; this
	// defer is a catch-all in case some other return path is taken.
	defer planner.curPlan.close(ctx)

	if planner.autoCommit {
		planner.curPlan.flags.Set(planFlagImplicitTxn)
	}

	// Certain statements want their results to go to the client
	// directly. Configure this here.
	if planner.curPlan.avoidBuffering {
		res.DisableBuffering()
	}

	defer func() {
		planner.maybeLogStatement(
			ctx,
			ex.executorType,
			ex.extraTxnState.autoRetryCounter,
			res.RowsAffected(),
			res.Err(),
			ex.statsCollector.phaseTimes[sessionQueryReceived],
		)
	}()

	ex.statsCollector.phaseTimes[plannerEndLogicalPlan] = timeutil.Now()
	ex.sessionTracing.TracePlanEnd(ctx, err)

	// Finally, process the planning error from above.
	if err != nil {
		res.SetError(err)
		return nil
	}

	var cols sqlbase.ResultColumns
	if stmt.AST.StatementType() == tree.Rows {
		cols = planner.curPlan.main.planColumns()
	}
	if err := ex.initStatementResult(ctx, res, stmt, cols); err != nil {
		res.SetError(err)
		return nil
	}

	ex.sessionTracing.TracePlanCheckStart(ctx)
	distributePlan := getPlanDistribution(
		ctx, planner.execCfg.NodeID, ex.sessionData.DistSQLMode, planner.curPlan.main,
	).WillDistribute()
	ex.sessionTracing.TracePlanCheckEnd(ctx, nil, distributePlan)

	if ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.BeforeExecute != nil {
		ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.BeforeExecute(ctx, stmt.String())
	}

	ex.statsCollector.phaseTimes[plannerStartExecStmt] = timeutil.Now()

	ex.mu.Lock()
	queryMeta, ok := ex.mu.ActiveQueries[stmt.queryID]
	if !ok {
		ex.mu.Unlock()
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("query %d not in registry", stmt.queryID))
	}
	queryMeta.phase = executing
	// TODO(yuzefovich): introduce ternary PlanDistribution into queryMeta.
	queryMeta.isDistributed = distributePlan
	progAtomic := &queryMeta.progressAtomic
	ex.mu.Unlock()

	// We need to set the "exec done" flag early because
	// curPlan.close(), which will need to observe it, may be closed
	// during execution (PlanAndRun).
	//
	// TODO(knz): This is a mis-design. Andrei says "it's OK if
	// execution closes the plan" but it transfers responsibility to
	// run any "finalizers" on the plan (including plan sampling for
	// stats) to the execution engine. That's a lot of responsibility
	// to transfer! It would be better if this responsibility remained
	// around here.
	planner.curPlan.flags.Set(planFlagExecDone)

	if distributePlan {
		planner.curPlan.flags.Set(planFlagDistributed)
	} else {
		planner.curPlan.flags.Set(planFlagDistSQLLocal)
	}
	ex.sessionTracing.TraceExecStart(ctx, "distributed")
	bytesRead, rowsRead, err := ex.execWithDistSQLEngine(ctx, planner, stmt.AST.StatementType(), res, distributePlan, progAtomic)
	ex.sessionTracing.TraceExecEnd(ctx, res.Err(), res.RowsAffected())
	ex.statsCollector.phaseTimes[plannerEndExecStmt] = timeutil.Now()

	// Record the statement summary. This also closes the plan if the
	// plan has not been closed earlier.
	ex.recordStatementSummary(
		ctx, planner,
		ex.extraTxnState.autoRetryCounter, res.RowsAffected(), res.Err(), bytesRead, rowsRead,
	)
	if ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.AfterExecute != nil {
		ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.AfterExecute(ctx, stmt.String(), res.Err())
	}

	return err
}

// makeExecPlan creates an execution plan and populates planner.curPlan using
// the cost-based optimizer.
func (ex *connExecutor) makeExecPlan(ctx context.Context, planner *planner) error {
	planner.curPlan.init(planner.stmt, ex.appStats)
	if planner.collectBundle {
		planner.curPlan.instrumentation.savePlanString = true
	}

	if err := planner.makeOptimizerPlan(ctx); err != nil {
		log.VEventf(ctx, 1, "optimizer plan failed: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	// TODO(knz): Remove this accounting if/when savepoint rollbacks
	// support rolling back over DDL.
	if planner.curPlan.flags.IsSet(planFlagIsDDL) {
		ex.extraTxnState.numDDL++
	}

	return nil
}

// execWithDistSQLEngine converts a plan to a distributed SQL physical plan and
// runs it.
// If an error is returned, the connection needs to stop processing queries.
// Query execution errors are written to res; they are not returned.
func (ex *connExecutor) execWithDistSQLEngine(
	ctx context.Context,
	planner *planner,
	stmtType tree.StatementType,
	res RestrictedCommandResult,
	distribute bool,
	progressAtomic *uint64,
) (bytesRead, rowsRead int64, _ error) {
	recv := MakeDistSQLReceiver(
		ctx, res, stmtType,
		ex.server.cfg.RangeDescriptorCache,
		planner.txn,
		func(ts hlc.Timestamp) {
			ex.server.cfg.Clock.Update(ts)
		},
		&ex.sessionTracing,
	)
	recv.progressAtomic = progressAtomic
	defer recv.Release()

	evalCtx := planner.ExtendedEvalContext()
	planCtx := ex.server.cfg.DistSQLPlanner.NewPlanningCtx(ctx, evalCtx, planner, planner.txn, distribute)
	planCtx.stmtType = recv.stmtType
	if planner.collectBundle {
		planCtx.saveDiagram = func(diagram execinfrapb.FlowDiagram) {
			planner.curPlan.distSQLDiagrams = append(planner.curPlan.distSQLDiagrams, diagram)
		}
	}

	var evalCtxFactory func() *extendedEvalContext
	if len(planner.curPlan.subqueryPlans) != 0 ||
		len(planner.curPlan.cascades) != 0 ||
		len(planner.curPlan.checkPlans) != 0 {
		// The factory reuses the same object because the contexts are not used
		// concurrently.
		var factoryEvalCtx extendedEvalContext
		ex.initEvalCtx(ctx, &factoryEvalCtx, planner)
		evalCtxFactory = func() *extendedEvalContext {
			ex.resetEvalCtx(&factoryEvalCtx, planner.txn, planner.ExtendedEvalContext().StmtTimestamp)
			factoryEvalCtx.Placeholders = &planner.semaCtx.Placeholders
			factoryEvalCtx.Annotations = &planner.semaCtx.Annotations
			// Query diagnostics can change the Context; make sure we are using the
			// same one.
			// TODO(radu): consider removing this if/when #46164 is addressed.
			factoryEvalCtx.Context = evalCtx.Context
			return &factoryEvalCtx
		}
	}

	if len(planner.curPlan.subqueryPlans) != 0 {
		if !ex.server.cfg.DistSQLPlanner.PlanAndRunSubqueries(
			ctx, planner, evalCtxFactory, planner.curPlan.subqueryPlans, recv, distribute,
		) {
			return recv.bytesRead, recv.rowsRead, recv.commErr
		}
	}
	recv.discardRows = planner.discardRows
	// We pass in whether or not we wanted to distribute this plan, which tells
	// the planner whether or not to plan remote table readers.
	cleanup := ex.server.cfg.DistSQLPlanner.PlanAndRun(
		ctx, evalCtx, planCtx, planner.txn, planner.curPlan.main, recv,
	)
	// Note that we're not cleaning up right away because postqueries might
	// need to have access to the main query tree.
	defer cleanup()
	if recv.commErr != nil || res.Err() != nil {
		return recv.bytesRead, recv.rowsRead, recv.commErr
	}

	ex.server.cfg.DistSQLPlanner.PlanAndRunCascadesAndChecks(
		ctx, planner, evalCtxFactory, &planner.curPlan.planComponents, recv, distribute,
	)

	return recv.bytesRead, recv.rowsRead, recv.commErr
}

// beginTransactionTimestampsAndReadMode computes the timestamps and
// ReadWriteMode to be used for the associated transaction state based on the
// values of the statement's Modes. Note that this method may reset the
// connExecutor's planner in order to compute the timestamp for the AsOf clause
// if it exists. The timestamps correspond to the timestamps passed to
// makeEventTxnStartPayload; txnSQLTimestamp propagates to become the
// TxnTimestamp while historicalTimestamp populated with a non-nil value only
// if the BeginTransaction statement has a non-nil AsOf clause expression. A
// non-nil historicalTimestamp implies a ReadOnly rwMode.
func (ex *connExecutor) beginTransactionTimestampsAndReadMode(
	ctx context.Context, s *tree.BeginTransaction,
) (
	rwMode tree.ReadWriteMode,
	txnSQLTimestamp time.Time,
	historicalTimestamp *hlc.Timestamp,
	err error,
) {
	now := ex.server.cfg.Clock.PhysicalTime()
	if s.Modes.AsOf.Expr == nil {
		rwMode = ex.readWriteModeWithSessionDefault(s.Modes.ReadWriteMode)
		return rwMode, now, nil, nil
	}
	ex.statsCollector.reset(&ex.server.sqlStats, ex.appStats, &ex.phaseTimes)
	p := &ex.planner
	ex.resetPlanner(ctx, p, nil /* txn */, now)
	ts, err := p.EvalAsOfTimestamp(ctx, s.Modes.AsOf)
	if err != nil {
		return 0, time.Time{}, nil, err
	}
	// NB: This check should never return an error because the parser should
	// disallow the creation of a TransactionModes struct which both has an
	// AOST clause and is ReadWrite but performing a check decouples this code
	// from that and hopefully adds clarity that the returning of ReadOnly with
	// a historical timestamp is intended.
	if s.Modes.ReadWriteMode == tree.ReadWrite {
		return 0, time.Time{}, nil, tree.ErrAsOfSpecifiedWithReadWrite
	}
	return tree.ReadOnly, ts.GoTime(), &ts, nil
}

// execStmtInNoTxnState "executes" a statement when no transaction is in scope.
// For anything but BEGIN, this method doesn't actually execute the statement;
// it just returns an Event that will generate a transaction. The statement will
// then be executed again, but this time in the Open state (implicit txn).
//
// Note that eventTxnStart, which is generally returned by this method, causes
// the state to change and previous results to be flushed, but for implicit txns
// the cursor is not advanced. This means that the statement will run again in
// stateOpen, at each point its results will also be flushed.
func (ex *connExecutor) execStmtInNoTxnState(
	ctx context.Context, stmt Statement,
) (_ fsm.Event, payload fsm.EventPayload) {
	switch s := stmt.AST.(type) {
	case *tree.BeginTransaction:
		ex.incrementStartedStmtCounter(stmt)
		defer func() {
			if !payloadHasError(payload) {
				ex.incrementExecutedStmtCounter(stmt)
			}
		}()
		mode, sqlTs, historicalTs, err := ex.beginTransactionTimestampsAndReadMode(ctx, s)
		if err != nil {
			return ex.makeErrEvent(err, s)
		}
		return eventTxnStart{ImplicitTxn: fsm.False},
			makeEventTxnStartPayload(
				ex.txnPriorityWithSessionDefault(s.Modes.UserPriority),
				mode,
				sqlTs,
				historicalTs,
				ex.transitionCtx)
	case *tree.CommitTransaction, *tree.ReleaseSavepoint,
		*tree.RollbackTransaction, *tree.SetTransaction, *tree.Savepoint:
		return ex.makeErrEvent(errNoTransactionInProgress, stmt.AST)
	default:
		// NB: Implicit transactions are created without a historical timestamp even
		// though the statement might contain an AOST clause. In these cases the
		// clause is evaluated and applied execStmtInOpenState.
		return eventTxnStart{ImplicitTxn: fsm.True},
			makeEventTxnStartPayload(
				ex.txnPriorityWithSessionDefault(tree.UnspecifiedUserPriority),
				ex.readWriteModeWithSessionDefault(tree.UnspecifiedReadWriteMode),
				ex.server.cfg.Clock.PhysicalTime(),
				nil, /* historicalTimestamp */
				ex.transitionCtx)
	}
}

// execStmtInAbortedState executes a statement in a txn that's in state
// Aborted or RestartWait. All statements result in error events except:
// - COMMIT / ROLLBACK: aborts the current transaction.
// - ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT / SAVEPOINT: reopens the current transaction,
//   allowing it to be retried.
func (ex *connExecutor) execStmtInAbortedState(
	ctx context.Context, stmt Statement, res RestrictedCommandResult,
) (_ fsm.Event, payload fsm.EventPayload) {
	ex.incrementStartedStmtCounter(stmt)
	defer func() {
		if !payloadHasError(payload) {
			ex.incrementExecutedStmtCounter(stmt)
		}
	}()

	reject := func() (fsm.Event, fsm.EventPayload) {
		ev := eventNonRetriableErr{IsCommit: fsm.False}
		payload := eventNonRetriableErrPayload{
			err: sqlbase.NewTransactionAbortedError("" /* customMsg */),
		}
		return ev, payload
	}

	switch s := stmt.AST.(type) {
	case *tree.CommitTransaction, *tree.RollbackTransaction:
		if _, ok := s.(*tree.CommitTransaction); ok {
			// Note: Postgres replies to COMMIT of failed txn with "ROLLBACK" too.
			res.ResetStmtType((*tree.RollbackTransaction)(nil))
		}
		return ex.rollbackSQLTransaction(ctx)

	case *tree.RollbackToSavepoint:
		return ex.execRollbackToSavepointInAbortedState(ctx, s)

	case *tree.Savepoint:
		if ex.isCommitOnReleaseSavepoint(s.Name) {
			// We allow SAVEPOINT cockroach_restart as an alternative to ROLLBACK TO
			// SAVEPOINT cockroach_restart in the Aborted state. This is needed
			// because any client driver (that we know of) which links subtransaction
			// `ROLLBACK/RELEASE` to an object's lifetime will fail to `ROLLBACK` on a
			// failed `RELEASE`. Instead, we now can use the creation of another
			// subtransaction object (which will issue another `SAVEPOINT` statement)
			// to indicate retry intent. Specifically, this change was prompted by
			// subtransaction handling in `libpqxx` (C++ driver) and `rust-postgres`
			// (Rust driver).
			res.ResetStmtType((*tree.RollbackToSavepoint)(nil))
			return ex.execRollbackToSavepointInAbortedState(
				ctx, &tree.RollbackToSavepoint{Savepoint: s.Name})
		}
		return reject()

	default:
		return reject()
	}
}

// execStmtInCommitWaitState executes a statement in a txn that's in state
// CommitWait.
// Everything but COMMIT/ROLLBACK causes errors. ROLLBACK is treated like COMMIT.
func (ex *connExecutor) execStmtInCommitWaitState(
	stmt Statement, res RestrictedCommandResult,
) (ev fsm.Event, payload fsm.EventPayload) {
	ex.incrementStartedStmtCounter(stmt)
	defer func() {
		if !payloadHasError(payload) {
			ex.incrementExecutedStmtCounter(stmt)
		}
	}()
	switch stmt.AST.(type) {
	case *tree.CommitTransaction, *tree.RollbackTransaction:
		// Reply to a rollback with the COMMIT tag, by analogy to what we do when we
		// get a COMMIT in state Aborted.
		res.ResetStmtType((*tree.CommitTransaction)(nil))
		return eventTxnFinish{}, eventTxnFinishPayload{commit: false}
	default:
		ev = eventNonRetriableErr{IsCommit: fsm.False}
		payload = eventNonRetriableErrPayload{
			err: sqlbase.NewTransactionCommittedError(),
		}
		return ev, payload
	}
}

// runObserverStatement executes the given observer statement.
//
// If an error is returned, the connection needs to stop processing queries.
func (ex *connExecutor) runObserverStatement(
	ctx context.Context, stmt Statement, res RestrictedCommandResult,
) error {
	switch sqlStmt := stmt.AST.(type) {
	case *tree.ShowTransactionStatus:
		return ex.runShowTransactionState(ctx, res)
	case *tree.ShowSavepointStatus:
		return ex.runShowSavepointState(ctx, res)
	case *tree.ShowSyntax:
		return ex.runShowSyntax(ctx, sqlStmt.Statement, res)
	case *tree.SetTracing:
		ex.runSetTracing(ctx, sqlStmt, res)
		return nil
	case *tree.ShowLastQueryStatistics:
		return ex.runShowLastQueryStatistics(ctx, res)
	default:
		res.SetError(errors.AssertionFailedf("unrecognized observer statement type %T", stmt.AST))
		return nil
	}
}

// runShowSyntax executes a SHOW SYNTAX <stmt> query.
//
// If an error is returned, the connection needs to stop processing queries.
func (ex *connExecutor) runShowSyntax(
	ctx context.Context, stmt string, res RestrictedCommandResult,
) error {
	res.SetColumns(ctx, sqlbase.ShowSyntaxColumns)
	var commErr error
	parser.RunShowSyntax(ctx, stmt,
		func(ctx context.Context, field, msg string) {
			commErr = res.AddRow(ctx, tree.Datums{tree.NewDString(field), tree.NewDString(msg)})
		},
		func(ctx context.Context, err error) {
			sqltelemetry.RecordError(ctx, err, &ex.server.cfg.Settings.SV)
		},
	)
	return commErr
}

// runShowTransactionState executes a SHOW TRANSACTION STATUS statement.
//
// If an error is returned, the connection needs to stop processing queries.
func (ex *connExecutor) runShowTransactionState(
	ctx context.Context, res RestrictedCommandResult,
) error {
	res.SetColumns(ctx, sqlbase.ResultColumns{{Name: "TRANSACTION STATUS", Typ: types.String}})

	state := fmt.Sprintf("%s", ex.machine.CurState())
	return res.AddRow(ctx, tree.Datums{tree.NewDString(state)})
}

func (ex *connExecutor) runShowLastQueryStatistics(
	ctx context.Context, res RestrictedCommandResult,
) error {
	res.SetColumns(ctx, sqlbase.ShowLastQueryStatisticsColumns)

	phaseTimes := &ex.statsCollector.previousPhaseTimes
	runLat := phaseTimes.getRunLatency().Seconds()
	parseLat := phaseTimes.getParsingLatency().Seconds()
	planLat := phaseTimes.getPlanningLatency().Seconds()
	svcLat := phaseTimes.getServiceLatency().Seconds()

	return res.AddRow(ctx,
		tree.Datums{
			tree.NewDInterval(duration.FromFloat64(parseLat), types.DefaultIntervalTypeMetadata),
			tree.NewDInterval(duration.FromFloat64(planLat), types.DefaultIntervalTypeMetadata),
			tree.NewDInterval(duration.FromFloat64(runLat), types.DefaultIntervalTypeMetadata),
			tree.NewDInterval(duration.FromFloat64(svcLat), types.DefaultIntervalTypeMetadata),
		})
}

func (ex *connExecutor) runSetTracing(
	ctx context.Context, n *tree.SetTracing, res RestrictedCommandResult,
) {
	if len(n.Values) == 0 {
		res.SetError(errors.AssertionFailedf("set tracing missing argument"))
		return
	}

	modes := make([]string, len(n.Values))
	for i, v := range n.Values {
		v = unresolvedNameToStrVal(v)
		var strMode string
		switch val := v.(type) {
		case *tree.StrVal:
			strMode = val.RawString()
		case *tree.DBool:
			if *val {
				strMode = "on"
			} else {
				strMode = "off"
			}
		default:
			res.SetError(pgerror.New(pgcode.Syntax,
				"expected string or boolean for set tracing argument"))
			return
		}
		modes[i] = strMode
	}

	if err := ex.enableTracing(modes); err != nil {
		res.SetError(err)
	}
}

func (ex *connExecutor) enableTracing(modes []string) error {
	traceKV := false
	recordingType := tracing.SnowballRecording
	enableMode := true
	showResults := false

	for _, s := range modes {
		switch strings.ToLower(s) {
		case "results":
			showResults = true
		case "on":
			enableMode = true
		case "off":
			enableMode = false
		case "kv":
			traceKV = true
		case "local":
			recordingType = tracing.SingleNodeRecording
		case "cluster":
			recordingType = tracing.SnowballRecording
		default:
			return pgerror.Newf(pgcode.Syntax,
				"set tracing: unknown mode %q", s)
		}
	}
	if !enableMode {
		return ex.sessionTracing.StopTracing()
	}
	return ex.sessionTracing.StartTracing(recordingType, traceKV, showResults)
}

// addActiveQuery adds a running query to the list of running queries.
//
// It returns a cleanup function that needs to be run when the query is no
// longer executing. NOTE(andrei): As of Feb 2018, "executing" does not imply
// that the results have been delivered to the client.
func (ex *connExecutor) addActiveQuery(
	queryID ClusterWideID, stmt Statement, cancelFun context.CancelFunc,
) func() {

	_, hidden := stmt.AST.(tree.HiddenFromShowQueries)
	qm := &queryMeta{
		txnID:         ex.state.mu.txn.ID(),
		start:         ex.phaseTimes[sessionQueryReceived],
		rawStmt:       stmt.SQL,
		phase:         preparing,
		isDistributed: false,
		ctxCancel:     cancelFun,
		hidden:        hidden,
	}
	ex.mu.Lock()
	ex.mu.ActiveQueries[queryID] = qm
	ex.mu.Unlock()
	return func() {
		ex.mu.Lock()
		_, ok := ex.mu.ActiveQueries[queryID]
		if !ok {
			ex.mu.Unlock()
			panic(fmt.Sprintf("query %d missing from ActiveQueries", queryID))
		}
		delete(ex.mu.ActiveQueries, queryID)
		ex.mu.LastActiveQuery = stmt.AST

		ex.mu.Unlock()
	}
}

// handleAutoCommit commits the KV transaction if it hasn't been committed
// already.
//
// It's possible that the statement constituting the implicit txn has already
// committed it (in case it tried to run as a 1PC). This method detects that
// case.
// NOTE(andrei): It bothers me some that we're peeking at txn to figure out
// whether we committed or not, where SQL could already know that - individual
// statements could report this back through the Event.
//
// Args:
// stmt: The statement that we just ran.
func (ex *connExecutor) handleAutoCommit(
	ctx context.Context, stmt tree.Statement,
) (fsm.Event, fsm.EventPayload) {
	txn := ex.state.mu.txn
	if txn.IsCommitted() {
		log.Event(ctx, "statement execution committed the txn")
		return eventTxnFinish{}, eventTxnFinishPayload{commit: true}
	}

	if knob := ex.server.cfg.TestingKnobs.BeforeAutoCommit; knob != nil {
		if err := knob(ctx, stmt.String()); err != nil {
			return ex.makeErrEvent(err, stmt)
		}
	}

	ev, payload := ex.commitSQLTransaction(ctx, stmt)
	var err error
	if perr, ok := payload.(payloadWithError); ok {
		err = perr.errorCause()
	}
	log.VEventf(ctx, 2, "AutoCommit. err: %v", err)
	return ev, payload
}

// incrementStartedStmtCounter increments the appropriate started
// statement counter for stmt's type.
func (ex *connExecutor) incrementStartedStmtCounter(stmt Statement) {
	ex.metrics.StartedStatementCounters.incrementCount(ex, stmt.AST)
}

// incrementExecutedStmtCounter increments the appropriate executed
// statement counter for stmt's type.
func (ex *connExecutor) incrementExecutedStmtCounter(stmt Statement) {
	ex.metrics.ExecutedStatementCounters.incrementCount(ex, stmt.AST)
}

// payloadHasError returns true if the passed payload implements
// payloadWithError.
func payloadHasError(payload fsm.EventPayload) bool {
	_, hasErr := payload.(payloadWithError)
	return hasErr
}

// recordTransactionStart records the start of the transaction and returns a
// closure to be called once the transaction finishes.
func (ex *connExecutor) recordTransactionStart() func(txnEvent) {
	ex.state.mu.RLock()
	txnStart := ex.state.mu.txnStart
	ex.state.mu.RUnlock()
	implicit := ex.implicitTxn()
	return func(ev txnEvent) { ex.recordTransaction(ev, implicit, txnStart) }
}

func (ex *connExecutor) recordTransaction(ev txnEvent, implicit bool, txnStart time.Time) {
	txnEnd := timeutil.Now()
	txnTime := txnEnd.Sub(txnStart)
	ex.metrics.EngineMetrics.SQLTxnLatency.RecordValue(txnTime.Nanoseconds())
	ex.statsCollector.recordTransaction(
		txnTime.Seconds(),
		ev,
		implicit,
	)
}