kaggle-lit-review-0.2.json

{
  "version":"0.2",
  "categories":[
    {
      "name":"Incubation period",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the incubation period of the virus?",
          "kq_name":"Incubation period of the virus",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"wuclekt6",
              "title":"Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"4 days (IQR, 2-7)"
            },
            {
              "id":"e3t1f0rt",
              "title":"Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19; a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis 1",
              "exact_answer":"5.84 (99% CI: 4.83, 6.85) days"
            },
            {
              "id":"ragcpbl6",
              "title":"Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study",
              "exact_answer":"mean incubation period of 5.2 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"n0uwy77g",
              "title":"Clinical characteristics and durations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Beijing: a retrospective cohort study",
              "exact_answer":"4 (3-7) days"
            },
            {
              "id":"x23ej29m",
              "title":"Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study",
              "exact_answer":"5 days (range 2-9 days)"
            },
            {
              "id":"56zhxd6e",
              "title":"Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background",
              "exact_answer":"7.44 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"zph6r4il",
              "title":"Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms",
              "exact_answer":"4 days (IQR 3–7 days)"
            },
            {
              "id":"djq0lvr2",
              "title":"Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?",
              "exact_answer":"The median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"n0vmb946",
              "title":"The difference in the incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection between travelers to Hubei and non-travelers: The need of a longer quarantine period",
              "exact_answer":"1.8 and 7.2 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"awgyxn3t",
              "title":"Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series",
              "exact_answer":"10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days"
            },
            {
              "id":"0hnh4n9e",
              "title":"Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures",
              "exact_answer":"4 days (IQR 3-6)"
            },
            {
              "id":"it4ka7v0",
              "title":"Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study",
              "exact_answer":"median of incubation period is 8·13 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7·37-8·91), the mean is 8·62 days (95% CI: 8·02-9·28)"
            },
            {
              "id":"glq0lckz",
              "title":"Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population",
              "exact_answer":"4 days (IQR, 2 to 7)"
            },
            {
              "id":"8anqfkmo",
              "title":"The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application",
              "exact_answer":"5.1 days (CI, 4.5 to 5.8 days)"
            },
            {
              "id":"v3gww4iv",
              "title":"Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole",
              "exact_answer":"4.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4 to 5.4) days"
            },
            {
              "id":"66ulqu11",
              "title":"Transmission interval estimates suggest pre-symptomatic spread of COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"7.1 (6.13, 8.25) days for Singapore and 9 (7.92, 10.2) days for Tianjin"
            },
            {
              "id":"ti9b1etu",
              "title":"Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China",
              "exact_answer":"6 days, ranged from 1 to 32 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"k3f7ohzg",
              "title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing",
              "exact_answer":"6.7 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"jxtch47t",
              "title":"Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series",
              "exact_answer":"6 (IQR, 3-8) days"
            },
            {
              "id":"dbzrd23n",
              "title":"Title: A descriptive study of the impact of diseases control and prevention on the epidemics 1 dynamics and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Shanghai, lessons learned for",
              "exact_answer":"6.4 days (95% 175 CI 5.3 to 7.6)"
            },
            {
              "id":"j3avpu1y",
              "title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster",
              "exact_answer":"between 3 and 6 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"1mxjklgx",
              "title":"Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv",
              "exact_answer":"average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"ykofrn9i",
              "title":"Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data",
              "exact_answer":"5.6 days (95% CI: 4.4, 7.4)"
            },
            {
              "id":"u8goc7io",
              "title":"Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China",
              "exact_answer":"6.4 (5.6 -7.7, 95% CI) days"
            },
            {
              "id":"1mxjklgx",
              "title":"Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv",
              "exact_answer":"average, mode and median incubation periods are 7.4, 4 and 7 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"9mact9br",
              "title":"Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study",
              "exact_answer":"4·8 days (95% CI 4·2-5·4"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the length of viral shedding after illness onset?",
          "kq_name":"Length of viral shedding after illness onset",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"r5a46n9a",
              "title":"Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"2 days (range, 3-38 ) in nasopharyngeal swabs, 19 days (range, 5-37) in sputum and 18 days (range, 7-26) in stools"
            },
            {
              "id":"k36rymkv",
              "title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study",
              "exact_answer":"20·0 days (IQR 17·0-24·0)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the incubation period across different age groups?",
          "kq_name":"Incubation period across different age groups",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"giabjjnz",
              "title":"Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections",
              "exact_answer":"7.74 d ± 3.22"
            },
            {
              "id":"djq0lvr2",
              "title":"Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?",
              "exact_answer":"median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"awgyxn3t",
              "title":"Clinical Characteristics of 34 Children with Coronavirus Disease-2019 in the West of China: a Multiple-center Case Series",
              "exact_answer":"10.50 (7.75 -25.25) days"
            },
            {
              "id":"gxk5t1yp",
              "title":"Significantly longer Covid-19 incubation times for the elderly, from a case study of 136 patients throughout China",
              "exact_answer":"15 -64 age group, the median incubation time of 7.00 +1.10 −0.90 days"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name":"Asymptomatic shedding",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the proportion of patients who were asymptomatic?",
          "kq_name":"Proportion of patients who were asymptomatic",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"bmsmegbs",
              "title":"A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population",
              "exact_answer":"21.7%"
            },
            {
              "id":"7w1bhaz6",
              "title":"High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China",
              "exact_answer":"19%"
            },
            {
              "id":"xsqgrd5l",
              "title":"High transmissibility of COVID-19 near symptom onset",
              "exact_answer":"there were 32 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, including five household/family clusters and four asymptomatic patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"56zhxd6e",
              "title":"Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries",
              "exact_answer":"49 (14.89%) were asymptomatic"
            },
            {
              "id":"atnz63pk",
              "title":"Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020",
              "exact_answer":"17.9%"
            },
            {
              "id":"ofoqk100",
              "title":"Clinical Characteristics of 24 Asymptomatic Infections with COVID-19 Screened among Close Contacts in Nanjing, China",
              "exact_answer":"The remaining 7 (29.2%) cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization."
            },
            {
              "id":"k3f7ohzg",
              "title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing",
              "exact_answer":"13 (5.0%) asymptomatic cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"vhtc0jvq",
              "title":"Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals",
              "exact_answer":"32.6%"
            },
            {
              "id":"c5be70t6",
              "title":"The role of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: rapid living systematic review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":" 29% (95% CI 23 to 37%) is an upper bound of SARS-CoV-2 infections that remain asymptomatic throughout"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic?",
          "kq_name":"Proportion of pediatric patients who were asymptomatic",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"xsgxd5sy",
              "title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019",
              "exact_answer":"20 (27.03%) cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"dmrtsxik",
              "title":"Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study",
              "exact_answer":"ten (28%) patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"7w1bhaz6",
              "title":"High incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Chongqing, China",
              "exact_answer":"28.6%"
            },
            {
              "id":"jvhrp51s",
              "title":"Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China",
              "exact_answer":"8 no symptoms"
            },
            {
              "id":"j58f1lwa",
              "title":"Preliminary epidemiological analysis on children and adolescents with novel coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei Province, China: an observational study utilizing crowdsourced data",
              "exact_answer":"2 (8.0%) cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"mar8zt2t",
              "title":"The different clinical characteristics of corona virus disease cases between children and their families in China -the character of children with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"Six children (66.7%)"
            },
            {
              "id":"jsjxdmi2",
              "title":"Title Page Running Title: Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Clinical Characteristics of Children with COVID-19: A Rapid Review and Meta- Analysis",
              "exact_answer":"19% had no symptoms"
            },
            {
              "id":"hd4qul4t",
              "title":"A follow-up study of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 from Western China",
              "exact_answer":"Eleven children (34%) were asymptomatic"
            },
            {
              "id":"pqg0g1nx",
              "title":"Clinical and Transmission Dynamics Characteristics of 406 Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China: A Review",
              "exact_answer":"asymptomatic infections and mild cases account for 44.8%"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the asymptomatic transmission during incubation?",
          "kq_name":"Asymptomatic transmission during incubation",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"eflwztji",
              "title":"Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"44% of transmission prior to symptom onset"
            },
            {
              "id":"v3gww4iv",
              "title":"Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole",
              "exact_answer":"(73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"56zhxd6e",
              "title":"Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background",
              "exact_answer":"In 102 (43.78%) infector-infectee pairs, transmission occurred before infectors' symptom onsets"
            },
            {
              "id":"v3gww4iv",
              "title":"Transmission of corona virus disease 2019 during the incubation period may lead to a quarantine loophole",
              "exact_answer":"(73.0%) were infected before the symptom onset of the first-generation cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"st5vs6gq",
              "title":"Title: The serial interval of COVID-19 from publicly reported confirmed cases Running Head: The serial interval of COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"12.6% of reports indicating pre-symptomatic transmission"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name":"Persistence of sources",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the length of viral shedding in stool?",
          "kq_name":"Length of viral shedding in stool",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"k86ljbxu",
              "title":"Do children need a longer time to shed SARS- CoV-2 in stool than adults?",
              "exact_answer":"100% positive on the third week after onset and 30% positive 29 days later"
            },
            {
              "id":"ouca1bol",
              "title":"Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau",
              "exact_answer":"detected in feces till 14 days after the onset of symptoms"
            },
            {
              "id":"r5a46n9a",
              "title":"Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"18 days (range, 7-26)"
            },
            {
              "id":"1fyag5x3",
              "title":"Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3",
              "exact_answer":"22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)"
            },
            {
              "id":"we9kzreh",
              "title":"Title Persistent viral shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in faeces -a rapid review",
              "exact_answer":"1 to 33 days and in 1 patient up to 47 days"
            },
            {
              "id":"1fyag5x3",
              "title":"Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3",
              "exact_answer":"22.0 days (IQR 15.5 to 23.5)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the length of viral shedding from the nasopharynx?",
          "kq_name":"Length of viral shedding from nasopharynx",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"1fyag5x3",
              "title":"Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3",
              "exact_answer":"10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)"
            },
            {
              "id":"r5a46n9a",
              "title":"Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"12 days (range, 3-38 )"
            },
            {
              "id":"1fyag5x3",
              "title":"Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3",
              "exact_answer":"10.0 days (IQR 8.0 to 17.0)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the length of viral shedding in urine?",
          "kq_name":"Length of viral shedding in urine",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"1fyag5x3",
              "title":"Virus shedding patterns in nasopharyngeal and fecal specimens of COVID-19 patients 2 3",
              "exact_answer":"all patient data were and urine samples were all negative, except for urine samples from two 53 severe cases at the latest available detection point (16 or 21 d.a.o)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the length of viral shedding in blood?",
          "kq_name":"Length of viral shedding in blood",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"ac4aesoa",
              "title":"Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients",
              "exact_answer":"15.67 ±6.68 days in non-ICU group and 22.25 ±3.62 days in ICU group"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the prevalence of viral shedding in blood?",
          "kq_name":"Prevalence of viral shedding in blood",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"r5a46n9a",
              "title":"Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"12 plasmas (5.7%) from 9 patients (14.3%) were positive"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name":"Diagnostics",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests?",
          "kq_name":"Sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 tests",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"9p7hqk1u",
              "title":"Journal Pre-proof COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis COVID-19 pneumonia: a review of typical CT findings and differential diagnosis",
              "exact_answer":"97% sensitivity of chest CT for the diagnosis of COVID-19"
            },
            {
              "id":"aa7slcnc",
              "title":"Highly accurate and sensitive diagnostic detection of SARS-CoV-2 by digital PCR",
              "exact_answer":"The overall sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of RT-dPCR were 90%, 100% and 93 %, respectively"
            },
            {
              "id":"na8odvj7",
              "title":"Serological detection of 2019-nCoV respond to the epidemic: A useful complement to nucleic acid testing",
              "exact_answer":"The areas under the ROC curves of IgM and IgG were 0.988 and 1.000, respectively."
            },
            {
              "id":"py38bel4",
              "title":"Clinical significance of IgM and IgG test for diagnosis of highly suspected COVID-19 infection",
              "exact_answer":"The positive detection rate of combination of IgM and IgG for patients with COVID-19 negative and positive nucleic acid test was 72.73% and 87.50%."
            },
            {
              "id":"5skk3nj4",
              "title":"Imaging manifestations and diagnostic value of chest CT of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Xiaogan area",
              "exact_answer":"the overall accuracy rate of CT examination in the present study was 97.3%"
            },
            {
              "id":"cv3qgno3",
              "title":"Rapid Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP",
              "exact_answer":"colorimetric LAMP assay showed 100% agreement with the RT-qPCR results across a range of C q values"
            },
            {
              "id":"chln5r8w",
              "title":"Diagnosis of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): rRT-PCR or CT?",
              "exact_answer":"sensitivity was therefore 97.2%"
            },
            {
              "id":"s7uqawbd",
              "title":"Rapid colorimetric detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse tran- scriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic plat- form: iLACO",
              "exact_answer":"iLACO is very sensitive, and as low as 10 copies of ORF1ab gene were detected successfully"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name":"Seasonality",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "nq_name":"How does temperature affect the transmission of COVID-19?",
          "kq_name":"Effects of temperature on the transmission of COVID-19",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"r141na6j",
              "title":"Eco-epidemiological assessment of the COVID-19 epidemic in China",
              "exact_answer":"Adjusted incidence rate ratios suggested brighter, warmer and drier conditions were associated with lower incidence"
            },
            {
              "id":"mdyojac2",
              "title":"Climate effect on COVID-19 spread rate: an online surveillance tool",
              "exact_answer":"a plausible negative correlation between warmer climate and COVID-19 spread rate"
            },
            {
              "id":"vc2eheb6",
              "title":"Causal empirical estimates suggest COVID-19 transmission rates are highly seasonal",
              "exact_answer":"a 1 • C increase in local temperature reduces new COVID-19 cases per 1 million people by 13%, with a 95% confidence interval of [-21%, -4%]"
            },
            {
              "id":"fcaeoyxd",
              "title":"Climate affects global patterns of COVID-19 early outbreak dynamics",
              "exact_answer":"Temperature and humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe"
            },
            {
              "id":"drzphrqj",
              "title":"Preliminary evidence that higher temperatures are associated with lower incidence of COVID-19, for cases reported globally up to 29th February 2020",
              "exact_answer":"higher average temperature was strongly associated with lower COVID-19 incidence for temperatures of 1°C and higher"
            },
            {
              "id":"eob22inx",
              "title":"Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality",
              "exact_answer":"Temperature is positively correlated with UV-index, for which one unit of increase results in a ~15% decrease in the mortality rate"
            },
            {
              "id":"ekal5251",
              "title":"Relationship between Average Daily Temperature and Average Cumulative Daily Rate of Confirmed Cases of COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"when there is a significant difference in the daily mean temperature between two regions of a country, a significant difference exists also in the average cumulative daily rate of confirmed cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"og0zw56h",
              "title":"Journal Pre-proof Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia Correlation Between Weather and Covid-19 Pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia",
              "exact_answer":"temperature average ( 0 C) was significantly correlated with covid-19 (r=.392; p<.001)"
            },
            {
              "id":"lmjaldcs",
              "title":"Meteorological factors correlate with transmission of 2019-nCoV: Proof of incidence of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Hubei Province, China",
              "exact_answer":"minimum temperature changes by 1 degree, and 72 incremental cases will change in the opposite direction"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"How does humidity affect the transmission of COVID-19?",
          "kq_name":"Effects of humidity on the transmission of COVID-19",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"6anr4xdw",
              "title":"Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China",
              "exact_answer":"both per 1 unit increase of temperature and absolute humidity were related to the decreased COVID-19 death counts"
            },
            {
              "id":"qz2joxys",
              "title":"Role of temperature and humidity in the modulation of the doubling time of COVID-19 cases",
              "exact_answer":"doubling time correlates positively with temperature and inversely with humidity, suggesting that a decrease in the rate of progression of COVID-19 with the arrival of spring and summer in the north hemisphere"
            },
            {
              "id":"fcaeoyxd",
              "title":"Title: Climate Affects Global Patterns Of Covid-19 Early Outbreak Dynamics",
              "exact_answer":"humidity strongly impact the variation of the growth rate of Covid-19 cases across the globe"
            },
            {
              "id":"eob22inx",
              "title":"Climatic factors influence COVID-19 outbreak as revealed by worldwide mortality",
              "exact_answer":"Each additional Celsius degree decreases mortality rate by ~4%, while a 1% increase in relative humidity raises"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"How does seasonality affect the transmission of COVID-19?",
          "kq_name":"Effects of seasonality on the transmission of COVID-19",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"f4hj35dr",
              "title":"Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period",
              "exact_answer":"Winter/spring establishments favored longer-lasting outbreaks with shorter peaks (Fig 3A) , while autumn/winter establishments led to more acute outbreaks (Fig 3B) "
            },
            {
              "id":"zxx7tikz",
              "title":"Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the COVID-19 pandemic",
              "exact_answer":"summer temperatures will not substantially limit pandemic growth"
            },
            {
              "id":"f3qeoyvf",
              "title":"Title: Modeling the Corona Virus Outbreak in IRAN",
              "exact_answer":"available data is too small to identify seasonal patterns and make predictable variation in value"
            },
            {
              "id":"okvu49y3",
              "title":"Application of the ARIMA model on the COVID- 2019 epidemic dataset",
              "exact_answer":"prevalence and incidence of COVID-2019 are not influenced by the seasonality"
            },
            {
              "id":"3p2dl8yf",
              "title":"Potential impact of seasonal forcing on a SARS-CoV-2 pandemic",
              "exact_answer":"seasonal variation might slow down a pandemic"
            },
            {
              "id":"x4qdiln9",
              "title":"A spatial model of CoVID-19 transmission in England and Wales: early spread and peak timing",
              "exact_answer":"Seasonal changes in transmission rate could shift the timing of the peak into winter months"
            },
            {
              "id":"f4hj35dr",
              "title":"Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period",
              "exact_answer":"HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 cause annual wintertime outbreaks of respiratory illness in temperate regions (9, 10), suggesting that wintertime climate and host behaviors may facilitate transmission, as is true for influenza"
            },
            {
              "id":"nzat41wu",
              "title":"Social distancing strategies for curbing the COVID-19 epidemic",
              "exact_answer":"If SARS-Cov-2 transmission is similarly subject to seasonal forcing, summer outbreaks would naturally have lower peaks than winter outbreaks"
            },
            {
              "id":"rnn8wr50",
              "title":"Title: Seasonality and uncertainty in COVID-19 growth rates 2 3 4 Affiliation",
              "exact_answer":"risk will decline across the northern 129 hemisphere this summer, remain active in the tropics, and increase in the southern hemisphere as The overall conclusion is that although COVID-19 might decrease temporarily during summer, 139 there is still a moderate probability that it is weakly affected by summer weather, and that it 140 could return in autumn and pose increasing risks by winter"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name":"Physical science",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "nq_name":"What purity of ethanol inactivates COVID-19?",
          "kq_name":"Purity of ethanol to inactivate COVID-19",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"c1n994j6",
              "title":"Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols",
              "exact_answer":"WHO 21 formulation I, based on 85 % ethanol, efficiently inactivated the virus with reduction 22 factors"
            },
            {
              "id":"c1n994j6",
              "title":"Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols",
              "exact_answer":"Both alcohols, ethanol (Fig. 9 2A) and 2-propanol ( Fig. 2B) were able to reduce viral titers in 30 s exposure"
            },
            {
              "id":"c1n994j6",
              "title":"Efficient inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols",
              "exact_answer":"minimal concentration of 30 % ethanol or 2-propanol is sufficient for viral 12 inactivation"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the temperature used for inactivating COVID-19?",
          "kq_name":"Temperature used for inactivating COVID-19",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"dm1wkpnv",
              "title":"Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?",
              "exact_answer":"heating (dry or in the presence humidity) <100 °C can preserve the filtration"
            },
            {
              "id":"d48u5w0h",
              "title":"Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process",
              "exact_answer":"60°C for 90 minutes"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19?",
          "kq_name":"UVGI intensity used for inactivating COVID-19",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"dm1wkpnv",
              "title":"Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times?",
              "exact_answer":"254 nm, 8 W lamp, and 475 cm 2 internal area"
            },
            {
              "id":"d48u5w0h",
              "title":"Rapid evidence summary on SARS-CoV-2 survivorship and disinfection, and a reusable PPE protocol using a double-hit process",
              "exact_answer":"at least 1,000 mJ/cm 2"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name":"Metaresearch",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "kq_name":"Sample size used in COVID-19 studies",
          "nq_name":"How large is the sample size used in COVID-19 studies?",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"wuclekt6",
              "title":"Longitudinal analysis of laboratory findings during the process of recovery for patients with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"59 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"ragcpbl6",
              "title":"Evolving epidemiology of novel coronavirus diseases 2019 and possible interruption of local transmission outside Hubei Province in China: a descriptive and modeling study",
              "exact_answer":"49 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"56zhxd6e",
              "title":"Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background",
              "exact_answer":"587 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"djq0lvr2",
              "title":"Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?",
              "exact_answer":"2015 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"0hnh4n9e",
              "title":"Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures",
              "exact_answer":"36 individuals"
            },
            {
              "id":"it4ka7v0",
              "title":"Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study",
              "exact_answer":"sample size of 1211"
            },
            {
              "id":"tne83uu0",
              "title":"Epidemiologic Characteristics of COVID-19 in Guizhou, China Affiliations: Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention Abstract",
              "exact_answer":"162 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"glq0lckz",
              "title":"Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Compared to Controls in Chinese Han Population",
              "exact_answer":"69 hospitalized patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"ti9b1etu",
              "title":"Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China",
              "exact_answer":"104 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"1mxjklgx",
              "title":"Epidemiological characteristics of 1212 COVID-19 patients in Henan, China. medRxiv",
              "exact_answer":"1212 patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"u8goc7io",
              "title":"Title: The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China",
              "exact_answer":"88 confirmed cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"r5a46n9a",
              "title":"Viral Kinetics and Antibody Responses in Patients with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"67 patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"giabjjnz",
              "title":"Children are unlikely to have been the primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 infections",
              "exact_answer":"40 articles"
            },
            {
              "id":"bmsmegbs",
              "title":"A considerable proportion of individuals with asymptomatic SARS- CoV-2 infection in Tibetan population",
              "exact_answer":"83 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"56zhxd6e",
              "title":"Epidemiological parameters of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis of publicly reported individual data of 1155 cases from seven countries Summary Background",
              "exact_answer":"329 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"atnz63pk",
              "title":"Estimating the Asymptomatic Proportion of 2019 Novel Coronavirus onboard the Princess Cruises Ship, 2020",
              "exact_answer":"634 cases,"
            },
            {
              "id":"k3f7ohzg",
              "title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing",
              "exact_answer":"262 patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"dmrtsxik",
              "title":"Articles Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study",
              "exact_answer":"36 children"
            },
            {
              "id":"jvhrp51s",
              "title":"Title: The clinical and epidemiological features and hints of 82 confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases aged 0-16 in Wuhan, China",
              "exact_answer":"82 confirmed cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"ouca1bol",
              "title":"Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in clinical specimens and clinical characteristics of 10 patients with COVID-19 in Macau",
              "exact_answer":"10 cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"ac4aesoa",
              "title":"Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients Conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in ICU and non-ICU patients Letter to the Editor Comparisons of nucleic acid conversion time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients",
              "exact_answer":"thirty-two patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"4aps0kvp",
              "title":"Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes",
              "exact_answer":"16 people"
            },
            {
              "id":"3q2bj7cr",
              "title":"Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019",
              "exact_answer":"three paediatric cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"nrdiqees",
              "title":"History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study",
              "exact_answer":"275 publicly reported confirmed cases"
            },
            {
              "id":"as6tbfrh",
              "title":"Title: Clinical characteristics associated with COVID-19 severity in California",
              "exact_answer":"54 patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"5ciaonf0",
              "title":"Title: Epidemiological and clinical features of 291 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in areas adjacent to Hubei, China: a double-center observational study",
              "exact_answer":"291 patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"niw61l9r",
              "title":"Neurological Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study",
              "exact_answer":"214 patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"pd70i3d8",
              "title":"Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Severe Illness Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the Early Stage",
              "exact_answer":"61 patients"
            },
            {
              "id":"9mact9br",
              "title":"Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study",
              "exact_answer":"183 cases"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name":"Hypertension",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?",
          "kq_name":"RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"4mnmaky6",
              "title":"The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"pooled crude relative risk of ~3-5 for hypertension, diabetes, and CVD"
            },
            {
              "id":"yx8b2moc",
              "title":"Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"hypertension (RR = 4.48; 95% CI"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?",
          "kq_name":"HR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"7s9ot4vq",
              "title":"Comorbidity and its impact on 1,590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis",
              "exact_answer":"hypertension (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07-2.32)"
            },
            {
              "id":"ol21k1a8",
              "title":"Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio",
              "exact_answer":"HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.6"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension?",
          "kq_name":"OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with hypertension",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"v6frcc5r",
              "title":"Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"There were significant correlations between COVID-19 severity and hypertension [OR=2.3 [95% CI (1.76, 3.00), P<0.01]"
            },
            {
              "id":"vof63qat",
              "title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 infection",
              "exact_answer":"hypertension (1.97, 95% CI 1.40 -2.77)"
            },
            {
              "id":"o56j4qio",
              "title":"Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Prevalence of comorbidities in the Novel Wuhan Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"Higher risk of hypertension (OR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.46–3.83)"
            },
            {
              "id":"3ti3y4y9",
              "title":"Cardiovascular Diseases and COVID-19 Mortality and Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"OR: 2.69, 95%CI 1."
            },
            {
              "id":"ubqexcof",
              "title":"Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"hypertension: OR = 2.72, 95% CI (1.60,4.64), P = 0.0002"
            },
            {
              "id":"4su6v83t",
              "title":"The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails",
              "exact_answer":"HTN (n= 10, OR= 2.35, 95% CI 1.83-3.02, I 2 = 0.0%, Q-value= 7.38, P= 0.597)"
            },
            {
              "id":"avwk4fwi",
              "title":"Journal Pre-proof Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission Patients with arterial hypertension and COVID-19 are at higher risk of ICU admission",
              "exact_answer":"hypertension had a significantly increased risk of ICU admission (OR¼2.54; 95% CI, 1.83e3.54; P<0.0001; I 2 ¼42%)"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension?",
          "kq_name":"Mortality rate for COVID-19 patients with hypertension",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"r0r1kvkp",
              "title":"Development and external validation of a prognostic multivariable model on admission for hospitalized patients with COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"Patients with hypertension, showed a significantly higher mortality rate (p<0·001)."
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "name":"Diabetes",
      "sub_categories":[
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?",
          "kq_name":"OR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"oqo8pa1p",
              "title":"Risk factors for severe corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients : a systematic review and meta analysis",
              "exact_answer":"OR = 3.04 [2.01, 4.60]"
            },
            {
              "id":"v6frcc5r",
              "title":"Effects of hypertension, diabetes and coronary heart disease on COVID-19 diseases severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"[OR=2.67, 95% CI (1.91, 3.74), P<0.01]"
            },
            {
              "id":"yx8b2moc",
              "title":"Incidence, clinical characteristics and prognostic factor of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Running title: Predictors of clinical prognosis of COVID-19",
              "exact_answer":"2.49; 95% CI, ; n = 10; I 2 = 44%"
            },
            {
              "id":"ubqexcof",
              "title":"Title Page Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"OR=3.68, 95% CI (2.68, 5.03), P < 0.00001;"
            },
            {
              "id":"4su6v83t",
              "title":"The role of comorbidities and clinical predictors of severe disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Emails",
              "exact_answer":"OR= 3.54, 95% CI 1.79-7.01, I 2 = 58.4%, Q-value= 19.22, P= 0.014"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?",
          "kq_name":"RR for severe infection in COVID-19 patients with diabetes",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"4mnmaky6",
              "title":"The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"relative risk estimate of 2.81 (2.01-3.93)"
            },
            {
              "id":"u6uqroi0",
              "title":"Journal Pre-proof Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression Title: Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID-19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression Short Title: Diabetes and COVID-19 Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Increased Mortality and Severity of Disease in COVID- 19 Pneumonia -A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression",
              "exact_answer":"RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p<0.001; I 2 : 45%, p=0.04"
            },
            {
              "id":"4mnmaky6",
              "title":"The relationship of COVID-19 severity with cardiovascular disease and its traditional risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
              "exact_answer":"diabetes (9 studies; 3.20 [2.26-4.53]"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?",
          "kq_name":"HR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"nrdiqees",
              "title":"History of coronary heart disease increases the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients: a nested case-control study",
              "exact_answer":"HR=1.1, p=0.61"
            },
            {
              "id":"ol21k1a8",
              "title":"Title: Characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 patients in the Province of Reggio",
              "exact_answer":"HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.2"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "nq_name":"What is the AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes?",
          "kq_name":"AHR for death in COVID-19 patients with diabetes",
          "answers":[
            {
              "id":"skknfc6h",
              "title":"Comorbid Diabetes Mellitus was Associated with Poorer Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study",
              "exact_answer":"[aHR]=3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09, 12.21"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}