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---
CIP: 1694
Title: A First Step Towards On-Chain Decentralized Governance
Status: Proposed
Category: Ledger
Authors:
- Jared Corduan <[email protected]>
- Matthias Benkort <[email protected]>
- Kevin Hammond <[email protected]>
- Charles Hoskinson <[email protected]>
- Andre Knispel <[email protected]>
- Samuel Leathers <[email protected]>
Discussions:
- <https://github.com/cardano-foundation/CIPs/pull/380>
- <https://forum.cardano.org/t/swarm-session-cip-1694/114453>
- <https://twitter.com/IOHK_Charles/status/1632211417221701632>
- <https://twitter.com/RichardMcCrackn/status/1632514347195850752>
- <https://twitter.com/RichardMcCrackn/status/1633135124500865024>
- <https://twitter.com/_KtorZ_/status/1632356766368382976>
- <https://twitter.com/_KtorZ_/status/1630087586193584128>
- <https://twitter.com/_KtorZ_/status/1631430933219012608>
- <https://twitter.com/technologypoet/status/1632158736985866241>
- <https://twitter.com/danny_cryptofay/status/1631606919071776768>
- <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hCnmMG1__8>
- <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiLhhOVXQOg>
Created: 2022-11-18
License: CC-BY-4.0
---
## Abstract
We propose a revision of Cardano's on-chain governance system to support the new requirements for Voltaire.
The existing specialized governance support for protocol parameter updates and MIR certificates will be removed,
and two new fields will be added to normal transaction bodies for:
1. governance actions
2. votes
**Any Cardano user** will be allowed to submit a **governance action**.
We also introduce three distinct governance bodies that have specific functions in this new governance framework:
1. a constitutional committee
2. a group of delegated representatives (henceforth called **DReps**)
3. the stake pool operators (henceforth called **SPOs**)
Every governance action must be ratified by at least two of these three governance bodies using their on-chain **votes**.
The type of action and the state of the governance system determines which bodies must ratify it.
Ratified actions are then **enacted** on-chain, following a set of well-defined rules.
As with stake pools, any Ada holder may register to be a DRep and so choose to
represent themselves and/or others. Also, as with stake pools, Ada holders may, instead, delegate their voting
rights to any other DRep.
Voting rights will be based on the total Ada that is delegated, as a whole number of Lovelace.
The most crucial aspect of this proposal is therefore the notion of **"one Lovelace = one vote"**.
#### Acknowledgements
<details>
<summary><strong>First draft</strong></summary>
Many people have commented on and contributed to the first draft of this document, which was published in November 2022.
We would especially like to thank the following people for providing their wisdom and insights:
* Jack Briggs
* Tim Harrison
* Philip Lazos
* Michael Madoff
* Evangelos Markakis
* Joel Telpner
* Thomas Upfield
We would also like to thank those who have commented via Github and other channels.
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Colorado Workshop (28/02 → 01/03)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Longmont, Colorado on February 28th and March 1st 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Adam Rusch, ADAO & Summon
* Addie Girouard
* Andrew Westberg
* Darlington Wleh, LidoNation
* Eystein Hansen
* James Dunseith, Gimbalabs
* Juana Attieh
* Kenric Nelson
* Lloyd Duhon, DripDropz
* Marcus Jay Allen
* Marek Mahut, 5 Binaries
* Markus Gufler
* Matthew Capps
* Mercy, Wada
* Michael Dogali
* Michael Madoff
* Patrick Tobler, NMKR
* Philip Lazos
* π Lanningham, SundaeSwap
* Rick McCracken
* Romain Pellerin
* Sergio Sanchez Ferreros
* Tim Harrison
* Tsz Wai Wu
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Mexico City, Mexico Workshop (20/05)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Mexico City, Mexico on May 20th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Donovan Riaño
* Cristian Jair Rojas
* Victor Hernández
* Ramón Aceves
* Sergio Andrés Cortés
* Isaías Alejandro Galván
* Abigail Guzmán
* Jorge Fernando Murguía
* Luis Guillermo Santana
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Buenos Aires, Argentina Workshop (20/05)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on May 20th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Lucas Macchiavelli
* Alejando Pestchanker
* Juan Manuel Castro Pippo
* Federico Weill
* Jose Otegui
* Mercedes Ruggeri
* Mauro Andreoli
* Elias Aires
* Jorge Nasanovsky
* Ulises Barreiro
* Martin Ochoa
* Facundo Lopez
* Vanina Estrugo
* Luca Pestchanker
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Johannesburg, South Africa Workshop (25/05)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Johannesburg, South Africa on May 25th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Celiwe Ngwenya
* Bernard Sibanda
* Dumo Mbobo
* Shaolyn Dzwedere
* Kunoshe Muchemwa
* Siphiwe Mbobo
* Lucas Sibindi
* DayTapoya
* Mdu Ngwenya
* Lucky Khumalo
* Skhangele Malinga
* Joyce Ncube
* Costa Katenhe
* Bramwell Kasanga
* Precious Abimbola
* Ethel Q Tshuma
* Panashe Sibanda
* Radebe Tefo
* Kaelo Lentsoe
* Richmond Oppong
* Israel Ncube
* Sikhangele Malinga
* Nana Safo
* Ndaba Delsie
* Collen Tshepang
* Dzvedere Shaolyn
* Thandazile Sibanda
* Ncube Joyce
* Lucas Sibindi
* Pinky Ferro
* Ishmael Ntuta
* Khumalo Lucky
* Fhulufelo
* Thwasile Ngwenya
* Kunashe Muchemwa
* Dube Bekezela
* Tinyiko Baloi
* Dada Nomathemba
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Bogota, Colombia Workshop (27/05)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Bogota, Colombia on May 27th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Alvaro Moncada
* Jaime Andres Posada Castro
* Jose Miguel De Gamboa
* Nicolas Gomez
* Luis Restrepo (Moxie)
* Juanita Jaramillo R.
* Daniel Vanegas
* Ernesto Rafael Pabon Moreno
* Carlos Eduardo Escobar
* Manuel Fernando Briceño
* Sebastian Pabon
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Caracas, Venezuela Workshop (27/05)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Caracas, Venezuela on May 27th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Jean Carlo Aguilar
* Wilmer Varón
* José Erasmo Colmenares
* David Jaén
* Félix Dávila
* Yaneth Duarte
* Nando Vitti
* Wilmer Rojas
* Andreina García
* Carmen Galban
* Osmarlina Agüero
* Ender Linares
* Carlos A. Palacios R
* Dewar Rodríguez
* Lennys Blanco
* Francys García
* Davidson Arenas
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Manizales, Colombia Workshop (27/05)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Manizales, Colombia on May 27th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Yaris Cruz
* Yaneth Duarte
* Ciro Gelvez
* Kevin Chacon
* Juan Sierra
* Caue Chianca
* Sonia Malagon
* Facundo Ramirez
* Hope R.
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Workshop (27/05 & 28/5)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on May 27th and 28th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Kaleb Dori
* Eyassu Birru
* Matthew Thornton
* Tamir Kifle
* Kirubel Tabu
* Bisrat Miherete
* Emmanuel Khatchadourian
* Tinsae Teka
* Yoseph Ephrem
* Yonas Eshetu
* Hanna Kaleab
* Tinsae Teka
* Robee Meseret
* Matias Tekeste
* Eyasu Birhanu
* yonatan berihun
* Nasrallah Hassan
* Andinet Assefa
* Tewodros Sintayehu
* KIDUS MENGISTEAB
* Djibril Konate
* Nahom Mekonnen
* Eyasu Birhanu
* Eyob Aschenaki
* Tinsae Demissie
* Yeabsira Tsegaye
* Tihitna Miroche
* Mearaf Tadewos
* Yab Mitiku
* Habtamu Asefa
* Dawit Mengistu
* Nebiyu Barsula
* Nebiyu Sultan
* Nathan Samson
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Kyoto and Fukuoka, Japan Workshop (27/05 & 10/06 )</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Kyoto and Fukuoka, Japan on May 27th and June 10th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Arimura
* Hidemi
* Nagamaru(SASApool)
* shiodome47(SODMpool)
* Wakuda(AID1pool)
* Yuta(Yuki Oishi)
* Andrew
* BANCpool
* Miyatake
* Muen
* Riekousagi
* SMAN8(SA8pool)
* Tatsuya
* カッシー
* 松
* ポンタ
* リサ
* Mako
* Ririco
* ながまる
* Baku
* マリア
* たりふん
* JUNO
* Kinoko
* Chikara
* ET
* Akira555
* Kent
* Ppp
* Shiodome47
* Sam
* ポール
* Concon
* Sogame
* ハンド
* Demi
* Nonnon
* banC
* SMAN8(SA8pool)
* りんむ
* Kensin
* りえこうさぎ
* アダマンタイト
* の/ゆすけ
* MUEN
* いちごだいふく
* Ranket
* A.yy
* N S
* Kazuya
* Daikon
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Monterey, California Workshop (28/05)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Monterey, California on May 28th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Shane Powser
* Rodrigo Gomez
* Adam K. Dean
* John C. Valdez
* Kyle Solomon
* Erick "Mag" Magnana
* Bryant Austin
* John Huthmaker
* Ayori Selassie
* Josh Noriega
* Matthias Sieber
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Tlaxcala, Mexico Workshop (01/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Tlaxcala, Mexico on June 1st 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Victor Hernández
* Cristian Jair Rojas
* Miriam Mejia
* Josmar Cabañas
* Lizbet Delgado
* José Alberto Sánchez
* Fátima Valeria Zamora
* Julio César Montiel
* Jesús Pérez
* José Adrián López
* Lizbeth Calderón
* Zayra Molina
* Nayelhi Pérez
* Josué Armas
* Diego Talavera
* Darían Gutiérrez
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 LATAM Virtual Workshop (03/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in LATAM Virtual on June 3rd 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Juan Sierra
* @CaueChianca
* Ernesto Rafael
* Pabon Moreno
* Sonia Malagon
* Facundo Ramírez
* Mercedes Ruggeri
* Hope R.
* Yaris Cruz
* Yaneth Duarte
* Ciro Gélvez
* Kevin Chacon
* Juanita Jaramillo
* Sebastian Pabon
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Worcester, Massachusetts Workshop (08/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Worcester, Massachusetts on June 8th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* CardanoSharp
* Kenric Nelson
* Matthias Sieber
* Roberto Mayen
* Ian Burzynski
* omdesign
* Chris Gianelloni
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Chicago, Illinois Workshop (10/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Chicago, Illinois on June 10th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Adam Rusch
* Jose Martinez
* Michael McNulty
* Vanessa Villanueva Collao
* Maaz Jedh
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Virtual Workshop (12/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held virtually on June 12th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Rojo Kaboti
* Tommy Frey
* Tevo Saks
* Slate
* UBIO OBU
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Toronto, Canada Workshop (15/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Toronto, Canada on June 15th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* John MacPherson
* Lawrence Ley
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Workshop (17/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 17th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* NOODZ
* Jarhead
* Jenny Brito
* Shepard
* BONE Pool
* type_biggie
* FLAWWD
* A.I. Scholars
* Eddie
* Joker
* Lex
* Jerome
* Joey
* SwayZ
* Cara Mia
* PHILLY 1694
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Santiago de Chile Workshop (17/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Santiago de Chile on June 17th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Rodrigo Oyarsun
* Sebastián Aravena
* Musashi Fujio
* Geo Gavo
* Lucía Escobar
* Juan Cruz Franco
* Natalia Rosa
* Cristian M. García
* Alejandro Montalvo
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Virtual Workshop (17/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held virtually on June 17th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Juana Attieh
* Nadim Karam
* Amir Azem
* Rami Hanania
* LALUL Stake Pool
* HAWAK Stake Pool
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Taipai, Taiwan Workshop (18/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Taipai, Taiwan on June 18th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Michael Rogero
* Ted Chen
* Mic
* Jeremy Firster
* Eric Tsai
* Dylan Chiang
* JohnsonCai
* DavidCHIEN
* Zach Gu
* Jimmy WANG
* JackTsai
* Katherine Hung
* Will Huang
* Kwicil
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Midgard Vikingcenter Horten, Norway Workshop (19/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Midgard Vikingcenter Horten, Norway on June 19th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Daniel D. Johnsen
* Thomas Lindseth
* Eystein Hansen
* Gudbrand Tokerud
* Lally McClay
* $trym
* Arne Rasmussen
* Lise WesselTVVIN
* Bjarne
* Jostein Aanderaa
* Ken-Erik Ølmheim
* DimSum
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Virtual Workshop (19/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held virtually on June 19th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Nicolas Cerny
* Nils Peuser
* Riley Kilgore
* Alejandro Almanza
* Jenny Brito
* John C. Valdez
* Rhys
* Thyme
* Adam Rusch
* Devryn
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 New York City, New York Workshop (20/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in New York City, New York on June 20th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* John Shearing
* Geoff Shearing
* Daniela Balaniuc
* SDuffy
* Garry Golden
* Newman
* Emmanuel Batse
* Ebae
* Mojira
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 La Cumbre, Argentina Workshop (23/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in La Cumbre, Argentina on June 23rd 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Ulises Barreiro
* Daniel F. Rodriguez
* Dominique Gromez
* Leandro Chialvo
* Claudia Vogel
* Guillermo Lucero
* Funes, Brian Carrasco
* Melisa Carrasco
* Carlos Carrasco
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Minneapolis, Minnesota Workshop (23/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota on June 23rd 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Stephanie King
* Darlington Wleh
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 La Plata, Argentina Workshop (23/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in La Plata, Argentina on June 23rd 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Mauro Andreoli
* Rodolfo Miranda
* Agustin Francella
* Federico Sting
* Elias Aires
* Lucas Macchiavelli
* Pablo Hernán Mazzitelli
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Puerto Madryn, Argentina Workshop (23/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Puerto Madryn, Argentina on June 23rd 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Andres Torres Borda
* Federico Ledesma Calatayud
* Maximiliano Torres
* Federico Prado
* Domingo Torres
* Floriana Pérez Barria
* Martin Real
* Florencia García
* Roberto Neme
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Accra, Ghana Workshop (24/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Accra, Ghana on June 24th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Wada
* Laurentine
* Christopher A.
* Nathaniel D.
* Edufua
* Michael
* Augusta
* Jeremiah
* Boaz
* Mohammed
* Richmond O.
* Ezekiel
* Megan
* Josue
* Michel T.
* Bineta
* Afia O.
* Mercy
* Enoch
* Kofi
* Awura
* Emelia
* Richmond S.
* Solomon
* Phillip
* Faakor
* Manfo
* Josh
* Daniel
* Mermose
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Virtual Workshop (24/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held virtually on June 24th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Jonas Riise
* Thomas Lindseth
* André "Eilert" Eilertsen
* Eystein Hansen
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Seoul, South Korea Workshop (24/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Seoul, South Korea on June 24th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Oscar Hong (JUNGI HONG)
* SPO_COOL (Kevin Kordano)
* SPO_KTOP (KT OH)
* WANG JAE LEE
* JAE HYUN AN
* INYOUNG MOON (Penny)
* HOJIN JEON
* SEUNG KYU BAEK
* SA SEONG MAENG
* JUNG MYEONG HAN
* BRIAN KIM
* JUNG HOON KIM
* SEUNG WOOK JUNG (Peter)
* HYUNG WOO PARK
* EUN JAE CHOI
* NA GYEONG KIM
* JADEN CHOI
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Abu Dhabi, UAE Workshop (25/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Abu Dhabi, UAE on June 25th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Amir Azem
* Ian Arden
* Madina Abdibayeva
* BTBF (Yu Kagaya)
* محمد الظاهري
* Tegegne Tefera
* Rami Hanania
* Tania Debs
* Khalil Jad
* Mohamed Jamal
* Ruslan Yakubov
* OUSHEK Mohamed eisa
* Shehryar
* Wael Ben Younes
* Santosh Ray
* Juana Attieh
* Nadim Karam
* DubaistakePool
* HAWAK Pool
* LALKUL Stake Pools
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Williamsburg, New York Workshop (25/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Williamsburg, New York on June 25th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Pi
* Joseph
* Skyler
* Forrest
* Gabriel
* Newman
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Lagos, Nigeria Workshop (28/06)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Lagos, Nigeria on June 28th 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Jonah Benson
* Augusta
* Ubio Obu
* Olumide Hrosuosegbe
* Veralyn Chinenye
* Ona Ohimer
* William Ese
* Ruth Usoro
* William P
* Esther Simi
* Daniel Effiom
* Akinkurai Toluwalase
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Sao Paulo, Brazil Workshop (01/07)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Sao Paulo, Brazil on July 1st 2023 for their valuable contributions to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Otávio Lima
* Rodrigo Pacini
* Maria Carmo
* Cauê Chianca
* Daniela Alves
* Jose Lins Dias
* Felipe Barcelos
* Rosana Melo
* Johnny Oliveira
* Lucas Ravacci
* Cristofer Ramos
* Weslei Menck
* Leandro Tsutsumi
* Izaias Pessoa
* Gabriel Melo
* Yuri Nabeshima
* Alexandre Fernandes
* Vinicius Ferreiro
* Lucas Fernandes
* Alessandro Benicio
* Mario Cielho
* Lory Fernandes Lima
* Larissa Nogueira
* Latam Cardano Community
</details>
<details>
<summary><strong>2023 Brazil Virtual Workshop (04/07)</strong></summary>
In addition, we would like to thank all the attendees of the workshop that was held in Brazil on July 4th 2023 for their valuable contributions
to this CIP, and for their active championing of Cardano's vision for minimal viable governance. These include:
* Lincon Vidal
* Thiago da Silva Nunes
* Rodrigo Pacini
* Livia Corcino de Albuquerque
* Cauê Chianca
* Otávio Lima
</details>
## Motivation: why is this CIP necessary?
+ [Goal](#goal)
+ [Current design](#current-governance-mechanism-design)
+ [Shortcomings of the Shelley governance design](#shortcomings-of-the-shelley-governance-design)
+ [Out of scope](#out-of-scope)
### Goal
We're heading into the age of Voltaire, laying down the foundations for decentralized decision-making.
This CIP describes a mechanism for on-chain governance that will underpin the Voltaire phase of Cardano.
The CIP builds on and extends the original Cardano governance scheme that was based on a fixed number of governance keys.
It aims to provide a **first step** that is both valuable and, importantly, is also technically achievable
in the **near term** as part of the proposed Voltaire governance system.
It also seeks to act as a jumping-off point for continuing community input,
including on appropriate threshold settings and other on-chain settings.
Subsequent proposals may adapt and extend this proposal to meet emerging governance needs.
### Current governance mechanism design
The on-chain Cardano governance mechanism that was introduced in the Shelley ledger era is capable of:
1. modifying the values of the protocol parameters (including initiating "hard forks")
2. transferring Ada out of the reserves and the treasury (and also moving Ada between the reserves and the treasury)
In the current scheme, governance actions are initiated by special transactions that require `Quorum-Many` authorizations
from the governance keys (5 out of 7 on the Cardano mainnet)[^1].
Fields in the transaction body provide details of the proposed governance action:
either i) protocol parameter changes; or ii) initiating funds transfers.
Each transaction can trigger both kinds of governance actions, and a single action can have more than one effect (e.g. changing two or more protocol parameters).
- Protocol parameter updates use [transaction field nº6](https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-ledger/blob/8884d921c8c3c6e216a659fca46caf729282058b/eras/babbage/test-suite/cddl-files/babbage.cddl#L56) of the transaction body.
- Movements of the treasury and the reserves use [Move Instantaneous Rewards (abbrev. MIR) certificates](https://github.com/input-output-hk/cardano-ledger/blob/8884d921c8c3c6e216a659fca46caf729282058b/eras/babbage/test-suite/cddl-files/babbage.cddl#L180).
Properly authorized governance actions are applied on an epoch boundary (they are **enacted**).
#### Hard Forks
One of the protocol parameters is sufficiently significant to merit special attention:
changing the major protocol version enables Cardano to enact controlled hard forks.
This type of protocol parameter update therefore has a special status, since stake pools
must upgrade their nodes so they can support the new protocol version once the hard fork is enacted.
### Shortcomings of the Shelley governance design
The Shelley governance design was intended to provide a simple, transitional approach to governance.
This proposal aims to address a number of shortcomings with that design
that are apparent as we move into Voltaire.
1. The Shelley governance design gives no room for active on-chain participation of Ada holders.
While changes to the protocol are usually the results of discussions with selected community actors,
the process is currently driven mainly by the founding entities.
Ensuring that everyone can voice their concern is cumbersome, and can be perceived as arbitrary at times.
2. Movements from the treasury constitute a critical and sensitive topic.
However, they can be hard to track. It is important to have more transparency
and more layers of control over these movements.
3. While they need to be treated specially by SPOs, hard forks are not differentiated from other protocol parameter changes.
4. Finally, while there is currently a somewhat common vision for _Cardano_ that is shared by its founding entities and also by many community members,
there is no clearly defined document where these guiding principles are recorded.
It makes sense to leverage the Cardano blockchain to record the shared Cardano ethos in an immutable fashion, as a formal Cardano Constitution.
### Out of scope
The following topics are considered to be out of the scope of this CIP.
#### The contents of the constitution
This CIP focuses only on on-chain mechanisms. The provisions of the initial constitution are extremely important, as are any processes that
will allow it to be amended. These merit their own separate and focused discussion.
#### The membership of the constitutional committee
This is an off-chain issue.
#### Legal issues
Any potential legal enforcement of either the Cardano protocol or the Cardano Constitution are completely out of scope for this CIP.
#### Off chain standards for governance actions
The Cardano community must think deeply about the correct standards and processes for handling the creation of the governance actions that are specified in this CIP.
In particular, the role of Project Catalyst in creating treasury withdrawal actions is completely outside the scope of this CIP.
#### Ada holdings and delegation
How any private companies, public or private institutions, individuals etc. choose to hold or delegate their Ada, including delegation to stake pools or DReps, is outside the scope of this CIP.
## Specification
+ [The Cardano Constitution](#the-cardano-constitution)
+ [The constitutional committee](#the-constitutional-committee)
- [State of no-confidence](#state-of-no-confidence)
- [Constitutional committee keys](#constitutional-committee-keys)
- [Replacing the constitutional committee](#replacing-the-constitutional-committee)
- [Size of the constitutional committee](#size-of-the-constitutional-committee)
- [Term limits](#term-limits)
+ [Delegated representatives (DReps)](#delegated-representatives-dreps)
- [Pre-defined DReps](#pre-defined-dreps)
- [Registered DReps](#registered-dreps)
- [New stake distribution for DReps](#new-stake-distribution-for-dreps)
- [Incentives for Ada holders to delegate voting stake](#incentives-for-ada-holders-to-delegate-voting-stake)
- [DRep incentives](#drep-incentives)
+ [Governance actions](#governance-actions)
- [Ratification](#ratification)
* [Requirements](#requirements)
* [Restrictions](#restrictions)
- [Enactment](#enactment)
- [Lifecycle](#lifecycle)
- [Content](#content)
- [Protocol parameter groups](#protocol-parameter-groups)
+ [Votes](#votes)
- [Governance state](#governance-state)
- [Changes to the stake snapshot](#changes-to-the-stake-snapshot)
- [Definitions relating to voting stake](#definitions-relating-to-voting-stake)
### The Cardano Constitution
The Cardano Constitution is a text document that defines Cardano's shared values and guiding principles.
At this stage, the Constitution is an informational document that unambiguously captures the core values of Cardano
and acts to ensure its long-term sustainability.
At a later stage, we can imagine the Constitution perhaps evolving into a smart-contract based set of rules that drives the entire governance framework.
For now, however, the Constitution will remain an off-chain document whose hash digest value will be recorded on-chain.
As discussed above, the Constitution is not yet defined and its content is out of scope for this CIP.
<!--------------------------- Constitutional committee ------------------------>
### The constitutional committee
We define a _constitutional committee_ which represents a set of individuals or entities
(each associated with a pair of Ed25519 credentials) that are collectively responsible for **ensuring that the Constitution is respected**.
Though it **cannot be enforced on-chain**, the constitutional committee is **only** supposed to vote
on the constitutionality of governance actions (which should thus ensure the long-term sustainability of the blockchain) and should be replaced
(via the **no confidence** action) if they overstep this boundary.
Said differently, there is a social contract between the constitutional committee and the actors of the network.
Although the constitutional committee could reject certain governance actions (by voting 'No' on them),
they should only do so when those governance actions are in conflict with the Constitution.
For example, if we consider the hypothetical Constitution rule "The Cardano network must always be able to produce new blocks",
then a governance action that would reduce the maximum block size to `0` would be, in effect,
unconstitutional and so might not be ratified by the constitutional committee. The rule does
not, however, specify the smallest acceptable maximum block size, so the constitutional committee would need to determine this number
and vote accordingly.
#### State of no-confidence
The constitutional committee is considered to be in one of the following two states at all times:
1. a normal state (i.e. a state of confidence)
2. a state of no-confidence
In a _state of no-confidence_, the current committee is no longer able to participate in governance actions
and must be replaced before any governance actions can be ratified (see below).
#### Constitutional committee keys
The constitutional committee will use a hot and cold key setup, similar to the existing "genesis delegation certificate" mechanism.
#### Replacing the constitutional committee
The constitutional committee can be replaced via a specific governance action
("New constitutional committee", described below) that requires the approval of both
the **SPOs** and the **DReps**.
The threshold for ratification might be different depending on if the governance is