diff --git a/chapter-group-presentations-and-generators.tex b/chapter-group-presentations-and-generators.tex index b9a82e0..b5ac099 100644 --- a/chapter-group-presentations-and-generators.tex +++ b/chapter-group-presentations-and-generators.tex @@ -243,4 +243,12 @@ \subsection{Problems and Exercises} \end{enumerate} \end{exercise} +\begin{prob} + Let $G$ be a finitely generated group, and suppose that $[G:H]$ is finite. + Prove that $H$ is finitely generated. \textit{(You might need the content + from \cref{chapter:lagrange-theorem} to do this.)} + + \textit{Bonus: Try to find a proof of this fact using algebraic topology} +\end{prob} + \end{document} diff --git a/chapter-lagrange-theorem.tex b/chapter-lagrange-theorem.tex index 9bc7a8f..8d91af3 100644 --- a/chapter-lagrange-theorem.tex +++ b/chapter-lagrange-theorem.tex @@ -138,7 +138,12 @@ We again direct our attention to the power of definitions. Having the correct choice of equivalence relation made the proof of Lagrange's Theorem very easy. As such, it would do a lot of good to understand how such an equivalence -relation was chosen. +relation was chosen. Lagrange's theorem now motivates the following definition: +the \emph{index of a subgroup}. If $H$ is a subgroup of $G$, then we let $[G:H]$ +denote the number of left cosets of $H$. This is called the \emph{index of $H$ +in $G$}. We leave it to the reader to verify that $[G:H]$ is the same number if +we used right cosets instead of left. If there are infinitely many cosets, we +write $[G:H] = \infty$. We now state some corollaries of Lagrange's Theorem. While obvious, they are still good to mention. @@ -199,7 +204,8 @@ So if $t = h\inv h' = k {k'}\inv$, then it all works out. This shows that every element in $HK$ is represented by precisely $\abs{H \cap K}$ products. \end{proof} -The proof here actually leads to a proof of a more general fact, which is outlined in \cref{ex:generalization-of-hk-theorem}. +The proof here actually leads to a proof of a more general fact, which is +outlined in \cref{ex:generalization-of-hk-theorem}. Let us now see another application of Lagrange's theorem. This time, we classify @@ -234,6 +240,11 @@ \subsection{Exercises and Problems} +\begin{exercise} + Suppose that $G$ is finite. Let $H \leq G$ and $K \leq H$. Show that $[G:K] + = [G:H][H:K]$. +\end{exercise} + \begin{exercise} \label{ex:prove-thm-classifying-order-2p} Prove \cref{thm:groups-order-2p} by following the steps below. @@ -260,9 +271,10 @@ \subsection{Exercises and Problems} \begin{exercise}[Generalization of $HK$ theorem] \label{ex:generalization-of-hk-theorem} Let $H, K$ be subgroups of $G$, and $\alpha: H \times K \to G$ be the map - defined by $\alpha(h, k) = hk$. Prove that $\alpha\inv \paren{hk} = \set{(ht, t\inv k): t \in H \cap K}$, - and that additionally the cardinality of $\alpha\inv\paren{hk}$ equals to the cardinality of $H \cap K$. - Conclude that if $HK$ has finite cardinality then $\abs{HK} = \abs H \abs K/(\abs{H \cap K})$. + defined by $\alpha(h, k) = hk$. Prove that $\alpha\inv \paren{hk} = + \set{(ht, t\inv k): t \in H \cap K}$, and that additionally the cardinality + of $\alpha\inv\paren{hk}$ equals to the cardinality of $H \cap K$. Conclude + that if $H, K$ are finite, then $\abs{HK} = \abs H \abs K/(\abs{H \cap K})$. See \autocite[Exercise~9,\pno~58]{Jacobson_2009} \end{exercise}