README.md

kubernetes-the-hard-way-on-aws

Setup Kubernetes the hard way on AWS

This is intended for audience that wants to understand how Kubernetes all fits together in AWS before going to production.

In this tutorial, I deployed the infrastructure as code on AWS using AWS CloudFormation. I configured all the needed packages using Ansible for Configuration as Code.

Pre-requisites:

• AWS CLI
• AWS Account

Cluster Details

• kubernetes v1.23.9
• containerd v1.6.8
• coredns v1.9.3
• cni v1.1.1
• etcd v3.4.20
• weavenetwork 1.23

Node Details

• All the provisioned instances run the same OS

ubuntu@ip-10-192-10-110:~$ cat /etc/os-release 
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION="20.04.4 LTS (Focal Fossa)"
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS"
VERSION_ID="20.04"
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
VERSION_CODENAME=focal
UBUNTU_CODENAME=focal

Usage Instructions

Deploying the Infrastructure with CloudFormation

• Goto AWS Console > Choose Region (e.g. eu-west-1) > CloudFormation > Create Stack
• Use the CF Yaml template in infrastructure/k8s_aws_instances.yml
• See image below:

1. Accessing the EC2 instances

• Define your global variables

export LOCAL_SSH_KEY_FILE="~/.ssh/key.pem"
export REGION="eu-west-2"

Setting up for deployments

• Confirm the instances created and the Public IP of the Ansible controller server

aws ec2 describe-instances --filters "Name=tag:project,Values=k8s-hardway" --query 'Reservations[*].Instances[*].[Placement.AvailabilityZone, State.Name, InstanceId, PrivateIpAddress, PublicIpAddress, [Tags[?Key==`Name`].Value] [0][0]]' --output text --region ${REGION}

• Define your Ansible server environment variable

  export ANSIBLE_SERVER_PUBLIC_IP=""

• You can use SSH or AWS SSM to access the Ansible Controller Server or any other nodes that were created with the CloudFormation Template
• Connecting via AWS SSM e.g.

aws ssm start-session --target <instance-id> --region ${REGION}

• Transfer your SSH key to the Ansible Server. This will be need in the Ansible Inventory file.

echo "scp -i ${LOCAL_SSH_KEY_FILE} ${LOCAL_SSH_KEY_FILE} ubuntu@${ANSIBLE_SERVER_PUBLIC_IP}:~/.ssh/" 
inspect and execute the output

• To Create inventory file. Edit the inventory.sh and update the variable SSH_KEY_FILE and REGION accordingly

vi deployments/inventory.sh
chmod +x deployments/inventory.sh
bash deployments/inventory.sh

• Transfer all playbooks in deployments/playbooks to the ansible server

cd kubernetes-the-hard-way-on-aws/deployments

scp -i ${LOCAL_SSH_KEY_FILE} *.yml *.yaml ../inventory *.cfg ubuntu@${ANSIBLE_SERVER_PUBLIC_IP}:~

scp -i ${LOCAL_SSH_KEY_FILE} ../easy_script.sh ubuntu@${ANSIBLE_SERVER_PUBLIC_IP}:~

• Connect to the Ansible Server

ssh -i ${LOCAL_SSH_KEY_FILE} ubuntu@${ANSIBLE_SERVER_PUBLIC_IP}

chmod +x easy_script.sh

LOCAL_SSH_KEY_FILE="~/.ssh/key.pem"  # your ssh key

chmod 400 "~/.ssh/key.pem"  # your ssh key

• After building the inventory file, test if all hosts are reachable

1. list all hosts to confirm that the inventory file is properly configured

ansible all --list-hosts -i inventory

  hosts (5):
    controller1
    controller2
    worker1
    worker2
    controller_api_server_lb

2. Test ping on all the hosts

ansible -i inventory k8s -m ping 

worker1 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
controller_api_server_lb | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
controller2 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
controller1 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
worker2 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python3"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}
ubuntu@ip-10-192-10-137:~$ 

Configuring the Servers with Ansible

From the Ansible server, execute the Ansible playbook in the following order or For an easier 1 click deployment option, see instruction

1. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v client_tools.yml
2. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v cert_vars.yml
3. cat variables.text >> env.yaml
4. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v create_ca_certs.yml
5. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v create_kubeconfigs.yml
6. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v distribute_k8s_files.yml
7. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v deploy_etcd_cluster.yml
8. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v deploy_api-server.yml See API Server Bootstrap results below.
9. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v rbac_authorization.yml
10. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v deploy_nginx.yml
11. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v workernodes.yml See Worker Nodes Bootstrap results below.
12. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v kubectl_remote.yml
13. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v deploy_weavenet.yml See Weavenetwork pods results below.
14. Setup coreDNS
15. ansible-playbook -i inventory -v smoke_test.yml

API Server Bootstrap Results:

Worker Nodes Bootstrap Results. Nodes are in NotReady state because we haven't configured networking.

Weavenetwork pods results

Clean Up

Delete the AWS CloudFormation Stack

aws cloudformation delete-stack --stack-name k8s-hardway

Check if the AWS CloudFormation Stack still exist to confirm deletion

aws cloudformation list-stacks --stack-status-filter CREATE_COMPLETE --region eu-west-1 --query 'StackSummaries[*].{Name:StackName,Date:CreationTime,Status:StackStatus}' --output text | grep k8s-hardway