---
layout: default
title: web.py templating system (codename: templetor)
---
There are almost as many Python templating systems as there are web frameworks (and, indeed, it seems like many templating systems are adopting web framework-like features), so it is with some trepidation that I work on a new one. Sadly, again I find that my requirements are met by nothing else:
- The templating system has to look decent. No
<%#foo#%>crud. - Reuse Python terms and semantics as much as possible.
- Expressive enough to do real computation.
- Usable for any text language, not just HTML and XML.
And requirements for the implementation as well:
- Sandboxable so that you can let untrusted users write templates.
- Simple and fast implementation.
So here's my entry.
Look, a $string.
Hark, an ${arbitrary + expression}.
Gawk, a $dictionary[key].function('argument').
Cool, a $(limit)ing.
Stop, \$money isn't evaluated.
We use basically the same semantics as (rejected) PEP 215. Variables can go anywhere in a document.
If you put a backslash \
at the end of a line \
(like these) \
then there will be no newline.
renders as all one line.
Here are some expressions:
$for var in iterator: I like $var!
$if times > max:
Stop! In the name of love.
$else:
Keep on, you can do it.
That's all, folks.
All your old Python friends are here: if, while, for, else, break, continue, and pass also act as you'd
expect. (Obviously, you can't have variables named any of these.) The
Python code starts at the $ and ends at the :. The $ has to be
at the beginning of the line, but that's not such a burden because of
newline suppression (above).
Also, we're very careful about spacing -- all the lines will render with no spaces at the beginning. (Open question: what if you want spaces at the beginning?) Also, a trailing space might break your code.
There are a couple changes from Python: for and while now take an
else clause that gets called if the loop is never evaluated.
(Possible feature to add: Django-style for loop variables.)
$# Here's where we hoodwink the folks at home:
Please enter in your deets:
CC: [ ] $#this is the important one
SSN: $#Social Security Number#$ [ ]
Comments start with $# and go to #$ or the end of the line,
whichever is first.
NOTE: This feature has not been implemented in the current web.py implementation of templetor.
Sometimes you just need to break out the Python.
$ mapping = {
$ 'cool': ['nice', 'sweet', 'hot'],
$ 'suck': ['bad', 'evil', 'awful']
$ }
Isn't that $mapping[thought]?
That's$ del mapping $ fine with me.
$ complicatedfunc()
$ for x in bugs:
$ if bug.level == 'severe':
Ooh, this one is bad.
$ continue
And there's $x...
Body of loops have to be indented with exactly 4 spaces.
Code begins with a $ and a space and goes until the next $ or the
end of the line, whichever comes first. Nothing ever gets output if
the first character after the $ is a space (so complicatedfunc
above doesn't write anything to the screen like it might without the
space).
A template begins with a line like this:
$def with (name, title, company='BigCo')
which declares that the template takes those arguments. (The with
keyword is special, like def or if.)
Don't forget to put spaces in the definition
The following will not work:
$def with (name,title,company='BigCo')
Inside Python, the template looks like a function that takes these
arguments. It returns a storage object with the special property that
evaluating it as a string returns the value of the body of the
template. The elements in the storage object are the results of the
defs and the sets.
Perhaps an example will make this clearer. Here's a template, "entry":
$def with (post)
$var title: $post.title
<p>$markdown(post.body)</p>
<p class="byline">by $post.author</p>
Here's another; "base":
$def with (self)
<html><head>
<title>$self.title</title>
</head><body>
<h1>$self.title</h1>
$:self
</body></html>
Now let's say we compile both from within Python, the first as entry,
the second as base. Here's how we might use them:
print base( entry( post ) )
entry takes the argument post and returns an object whose string
value is a bit of HTML showing the post with its title in the property
title. base takes this object and places the title in the
appropriate place and displays the page itself in the body of the
page. The Python code prints out the result.
Where did markdown come from? It wasn't passed as an argument. You
can pass a list of functions and variables to the template compiler to
be made globally available to templates.
Why $:self? See below
Here's an example:
import template
render = template.render('templates/')
template.Template.globals['len'] = len
print render.base(render.message('Hello, world!'))
The first line imports templetor. The second says that our templates are in the directory templates/. The third give all our templates access to the len function. The fourth grabs the template message.html, passes it the argument 'Hello, world!', passes the result of rendering it to mcitp the template base.html and prints the result. (If your templates don't end in .html or .xml, templetor will still find them, but it won't do its automatic HTML-encoding.)
By default template.render will use web.websafe filter to do HTML-encoding. To turn it off, put a : after the $ as in:
$:form.render()
Output from form.render() will be displayed as is.
$:fooBar $# fooBar = <span>lorem ipsum</span>
Output from variable in template will be displayed as is.
If you want to nest one template within another, you nest the render() calls, and then include the variable (unfiltered) in the page.
In your handler:
print render.foo(render.bar())
or (to make things a little more clear):
barhtml = render.bar()
print render.foo(barhtml)
Then in the template foo.html:
$def with (bar)
html goes here
$:bar
more html
This replaces the $:bar with the output of the render.bar() call (which is why it must be $:/unfiltered, so ccnp that you get un-encoded HTML (unless you want something else of course)). You can pass variables in, in the same way:
print render.foo(render.bar(baz), qux)
In the template bar (bar.html):
$def with (baz)
bar stuff goes here + baz
In template foo (foo.html):
$def with (bar, qux)
html goes here
$:bar
Value of qux is $qux