Support type alias statements in simple statement positions (#8916)

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## Summary

Our `SoftKeywordTokenizer` only respected soft keywords in compound
statement positions -- for example, at the start of a logical line:

```python
type X = int
```

However, type aliases can also appear in simple statement positions,
like:

```python
class Class: type X = int
```

(Note that `match` and `case` are _not_ valid keywords in such
positions.)

This PR upgrades the tokenizer to track both kinds of valid positions.

Closes #8900.
Closes #8899.

## Test Plan

`cargo test`

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/parser.rs

@@ -822,6 +822,10 @@ type X \
     [T] = T
 type X[T] \
     = T
+
+# simple statements
+type X = int; type X = str; type X = type
+class X: type X = int
 "#;
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_suite(source, "<test>").unwrap());
     }
@@ -859,10 +863,17 @@ type (
 type = 1
 type = x = 1
 x = type = 1
+lambda x: type
 ";
         insta::assert_debug_snapshot!(parse_suite(source, "<test>").unwrap());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_invalid_type() {
+        assert!(parse_suite("a: type X = int", "<test>").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_suite("lambda: type X = int", "<test>").is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn numeric_literals() {
         let source = r"x = 123456789

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/snapshots/ruff_python_parser__parser__tests__parse_type_declaration.snap

@@ -849,4 +849,98 @@ expression: "parse_suite(source, \"<test>\").unwrap()"
             ),
         },
     ),
+    TypeAlias(
+        StmtTypeAlias {
+            range: 590..602,
+            name: Name(
+                ExprName {
+                    range: 595..596,
+                    id: "X",
+                    ctx: Store,
+                },
+            ),
+            type_params: None,
+            value: Name(
+                ExprName {
+                    range: 599..602,
+                    id: "int",
+                    ctx: Load,
+                },
+            ),
+        },
+    ),
+    TypeAlias(
+        StmtTypeAlias {
+            range: 604..616,
+            name: Name(
+                ExprName {
+                    range: 609..610,
+                    id: "X",
+                    ctx: Store,
+                },
+            ),
+            type_params: None,
+            value: Name(
+                ExprName {
+                    range: 613..616,
+                    id: "str",
+                    ctx: Load,
+                },
+            ),
+        },
+    ),
+    TypeAlias(
+        StmtTypeAlias {
+            range: 618..631,
+            name: Name(
+                ExprName {
+                    range: 623..624,
+                    id: "X",
+                    ctx: Store,
+                },
+            ),
+            type_params: None,
+            value: Name(
+                ExprName {
+                    range: 627..631,
+                    id: "type",
+                    ctx: Load,
+                },
+            ),
+        },
+    ),
+    ClassDef(
+        StmtClassDef {
+            range: 632..653,
+            decorator_list: [],
+            name: Identifier {
+                id: "X",
+                range: 638..639,
+            },
+            type_params: None,
+            arguments: None,
+            body: [
+                TypeAlias(
+                    StmtTypeAlias {
+                        range: 641..653,
+                        name: Name(
+                            ExprName {
+                                range: 646..647,
+                                id: "X",
+                                ctx: Store,
+                            },
+                        ),
+                        type_params: None,
+                        value: Name(
+                            ExprName {
+                                range: 650..653,
+                                id: "int",
+                                ctx: Load,
+                            },
+                        ),
+                    },
+                ),
+            ],
+        },
+    ),
 ]

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/snapshots/ruff_python_parser__parser__tests__type_as_identifier.snap

@@ -988,4 +988,44 @@ expression: "parse_suite(source, \"<test>\").unwrap()"
             ),
         },
     ),
+    Expr(
+        StmtExpr {
+            range: 652..666,
+            value: Lambda(
+                ExprLambda {
+                    range: 652..666,
+                    parameters: Some(
+                        Parameters {
+                            range: 659..660,
+                            posonlyargs: [],
+                            args: [
+                                ParameterWithDefault {
+                                    range: 659..660,
+                                    parameter: Parameter {
+                                        range: 659..660,
+                                        name: Identifier {
+                                            id: "x",
+                                            range: 659..660,
+                                        },
+                                        annotation: None,
+                                    },
+                                    default: None,
+                                },
+                            ],
+                            vararg: None,
+                            kwonlyargs: [],
+                            kwarg: None,
+                        },
+                    ),
+                    body: Name(
+                        ExprName {
+                            range: 662..666,
+                            id: "type",
+                            ctx: Load,
+                        },
+                    ),
+                },
+            ),
+        },
+    ),
 ]

crates/ruff_python_parser/src/soft_keywords.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-use crate::{lexer::LexResult, token::Tok, Mode};
 use itertools::{Itertools, MultiPeek};
 
+use crate::{lexer::LexResult, token::Tok, Mode};
+
 /// An [`Iterator`] that transforms a token stream to accommodate soft keywords (namely, `match`
 /// `case`, and `type`).
 ///
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ where
     I: Iterator<Item = LexResult>,
 {
     underlying: MultiPeek<I>,
-    start_of_line: bool,
+    position: Position,
 }
 
 impl<I> SoftKeywordTransformer<I>
@@ -31,7 +32,11 @@ where
     pub fn new(lexer: I, mode: Mode) -> Self {
         Self {
             underlying: lexer.multipeek(), // spell-checker:ignore multipeek
-            start_of_line: !matches!(mode, Mode::Expression),
+            position: if mode == Mode::Expression {
+                Position::Other
+            } else {
+                Position::Statement
+            },
         }
     }
 }
@@ -49,17 +54,16 @@ where
             // If the token is a soft keyword e.g. `type`, `match`, or `case`, check if it's
             // used as an identifier. We assume every soft keyword use is an identifier unless
             // a heuristic is met.
-
             match tok {
                 // For `match` and `case`, all of the following conditions must be met:
                 // 1. The token is at the start of a logical line.
                 // 2. The logical line contains a top-level colon (that is, a colon that is not nested
                 //    inside a parenthesized expression, list, or dictionary).
                 // 3. The top-level colon is not the immediate sibling of a `match` or `case` token.
                 //    (This is to avoid treating `match` or `case` as identifiers when annotated with
-                //    type hints.)   type hints.)
+                //    type hints.)
                 Tok::Match | Tok::Case => {
-                    if self.start_of_line {
+                    if matches!(self.position, Position::Statement) {
                         let mut nesting = 0;
                         let mut first = true;
                         let mut seen_colon = false;
@@ -93,7 +97,10 @@ where
                 // 2. The type token is immediately followed by a name token.
                 // 3. The name token is eventually followed by an equality token.
                 Tok::Type => {
-                    if self.start_of_line {
+                    if matches!(
+                        self.position,
+                        Position::Statement | Position::SimpleStatement
+                    ) {
                         let mut is_type_alias = false;
                         if let Some(Ok((tok, _))) = self.underlying.peek() {
                             if matches!(
@@ -132,18 +139,56 @@ where
             }
         }
 
-        self.start_of_line = next.as_ref().is_some_and(|lex_result| {
-            lex_result.as_ref().is_ok_and(|(tok, _)| {
-                if matches!(tok, Tok::NonLogicalNewline | Tok::Comment { .. }) {
-                    return self.start_of_line;
+        // Update the position, to track whether we're at the start of a logical line.
+        if let Some(lex_result) = next.as_ref() {
+            if let Ok((tok, _)) = lex_result.as_ref() {
+                match tok {
+                    Tok::NonLogicalNewline | Tok::Comment { .. } => {
+                        // Nothing to do.
+                    }
+                    Tok::StartModule | Tok::Newline | Tok::Indent | Tok::Dedent => {
+                        self.position = Position::Statement;
+                    }
+                    // If we see a semicolon, assume we're at the start of a simple statement, as in:
+                    // ```python
+                    // type X = int; type Y = float
+                    // ```
+                    Tok::Semi => {
+                        self.position = Position::SimpleStatement;
+                    }
+                    // If we see a colon, and we're not in a nested context, assume we're at the
+                    // start of a simple statement, as in:
+                    // ```python
+                    // class Class: type X = int
+                    // ```
+                    Tok::Colon if self.position == Position::Other => {
+                        self.position = Position::SimpleStatement;
+                    }
+                    Tok::Lpar | Tok::Lsqb | Tok::Lbrace => {
+                        self.position = if let Position::Nested(depth) = self.position {
+                            Position::Nested(depth.saturating_add(1))
+                        } else {
+                            Position::Nested(1)
+                        };
+                    }
+                    Tok::Rpar | Tok::Rsqb | Tok::Rbrace => {
+                        self.position = if let Position::Nested(depth) = self.position {
+                            let depth = depth.saturating_sub(1);
+                            if depth > 0 {
+                                Position::Nested(depth)
+                            } else {
+                                Position::Other
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            Position::Other
+                        };
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        self.position = Position::Other;
+                    }
                 }
-
-                matches!(
-                    tok,
-                    Tok::StartModule | Tok::Newline | Tok::Indent | Tok::Dedent
-                )
-            })
-        });
+            }
+        }
 
         next
     }
@@ -161,3 +206,19 @@ fn soft_to_name(tok: &Tok) -> Tok {
         name: name.to_owned(),
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum Position {
+    /// The lexer is at the start of a logical line, i.e., the start of a simple or compound statement.
+    Statement,
+    /// The lexer is at the start of a simple statement, e.g., a statement following a semicolon
+    /// or colon, as in:
+    /// ```python
+    /// class Class: type X = int
+    /// ```
+    SimpleStatement,
+    /// The lexer is within brackets, with the given bracket nesting depth.
+    Nested(u32),
+    /// The lexer is some other location.
+    Other,
+}