diff --git a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/MENFORCER-306/parent/pom.xml b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/MENFORCER-306/parent/pom.xml
index cdfd4c28..2cded366 100644
--- a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/MENFORCER-306/parent/pom.xml
+++ b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/MENFORCER-306/parent/pom.xml
@@ -55,52 +55,52 @@ under the License.
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.1.0</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-clean-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.5.2</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-install-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-site-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.7.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-site-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.8.2</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-deploy-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.7.0</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-compiler-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-plugin-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.5.2</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-plugin-tools@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.21.0</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.1.0</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-jar-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.1.0</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-resources-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-wrapper-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-wrapper-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
       </plugins>
     </pluginManagement>
diff --git a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions/pom.xml b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions/pom.xml
index 487b348b..60710f0c 100644
--- a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions/pom.xml
+++ b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions/pom.xml
@@ -36,47 +36,47 @@
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.5</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-clean-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.6</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-resources-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.5.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-compiler-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.12.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-jar-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-install-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.7</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-deploy-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-site-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.2</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-site-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-wrapper-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-wrapper-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>${expressionplugin.groupId}</groupId>
diff --git a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions2/module1/pom.xml b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions2/module1/pom.xml
index 8f124fe9..4f2857d0 100644
--- a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions2/module1/pom.xml
+++ b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions2/module1/pom.xml
@@ -35,9 +35,6 @@
   <properties>
     <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
     <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
-    <checkstyle.plugin.version>3.1.1</checkstyle.plugin.version>
-    <pmd.plugin.version>3.13.0</pmd.plugin.version>
-    <surefire.version>3.0.0-M4</surefire.version>
   </properties>
 
   <build>
@@ -46,27 +43,27 @@
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-antrun-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>${maven.antrun.plugin.version}</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-antrun-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-checkstyle-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>${checkstyle.plugin.version}</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-checkstyle-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-failsafe-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>${surefire.version}</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-pmd-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>${pmd.plugin.version}</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-pmd-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>${surefire.version}</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
         </plugin>
       </plugins>
     </pluginManagement>
diff --git a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions2/pom.xml b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions2/pom.xml
index c4a0c350..1c806464 100644
--- a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions2/pom.xml
+++ b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-expressions2/pom.xml
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
   <properties>
     <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
     <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
-    <maven.antrun.plugin.version>3.0.0</maven.antrun.plugin.version>
   </properties>
 
   <build>
@@ -46,57 +45,57 @@
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.1.0</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-clean-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.8.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-compiler-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.1.2</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-dependency-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.0-M1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-deploy-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-enforcer-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.0-M3</version>
+          <version>@project.version@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.0-M1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-install-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.2.0</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-jar-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-project-info-reports-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.1.0</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-project-info-reports-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-release-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.0-M1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-release-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-site-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.9.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-site-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-wrapper-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-wrapper-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
       </plugins>
     </pluginManagement>
diff --git a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-mm-ci-friendly/pom.xml b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-mm-ci-friendly/pom.xml
index 90507997..3b95ee9e 100644
--- a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-mm-ci-friendly/pom.xml
+++ b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-mm-ci-friendly/pom.xml
@@ -40,47 +40,47 @@ under the License.
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.5</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-clean-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.6</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-resources-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.5.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-compiler-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.12.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-jar-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-install-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.7</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-deploy-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-site-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.2</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-site-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-wrapper-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-wrapper-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
diff --git a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-plugin-with-integration-test-lifecycle/pom.xml b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-plugin-with-integration-test-lifecycle/pom.xml
index e114db2a..9f13b5c2 100644
--- a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-plugin-with-integration-test-lifecycle/pom.xml
+++ b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-plugin-with-integration-test-lifecycle/pom.xml
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
       </plugin>
       <plugin>
         <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
-        <version>2.4.3</version>
+        <version>@version.maven-resources-plugin@</version>
       </plugin>
     </plugins>
   </build>
diff --git a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-projectGAVexpressions/pom.xml b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-projectGAVexpressions/pom.xml
index 757f7f76..8a1de402 100644
--- a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-projectGAVexpressions/pom.xml
+++ b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-plugin-versions-projectGAVexpressions/pom.xml
@@ -36,47 +36,47 @@
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.5</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-clean-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.6</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-resources-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.5.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-compiler-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.12.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-jar-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.4</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-install-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>2.7</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-deploy-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-site-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.2</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-site-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-wrapper-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.0.1</version>
+          <version>@version.maven-wrapper-plugin@</version>
         </plugin>
       </plugins>
     </pluginManagement>
diff --git a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-same-versions_with-dependencies-failure/pom.xml b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-same-versions_with-dependencies-failure/pom.xml
index 7550644f..7d57af38 100644
--- a/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-same-versions_with-dependencies-failure/pom.xml
+++ b/maven-enforcer-plugin/src/it/projects/require-same-versions_with-dependencies-failure/pom.xml
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@
       <plugin>
         <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
         <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
-        <version>2.14</version>
+        <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
       </plugin>
       <plugin>
         <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
         <artifactId>maven-failsafe-plugin</artifactId>
-        <version>2.14</version>
+        <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
       </plugin>
     </plugins>
   </build>
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
       <plugin>
         <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
         <artifactId>maven-surefire-report-plugin</artifactId>
-        <version>2.14</version>
+        <version>@version.maven-surefire@</version>
       </plugin>
     </plugins>
   </reporting>
diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
index d1803f88..62a279a2 100644
--- a/pom.xml
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
   <parent>
     <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
     <artifactId>maven-parent</artifactId>
-    <version>39</version>
+    <version>40</version>
     <relativePath />
   </parent>
   <groupId>org.apache.maven.enforcer</groupId>
@@ -84,6 +84,11 @@
     <project.build.outputTimestamp>2023-04-01T21:03:41Z</project.build.outputTimestamp>
     <!-- the same as Maven 3.2.5 -->
     <aether.version>1.0.0.v20140518</aether.version>
+
+    <!-- plugins used in IT, not defined in parent -->
+    <version.maven-checkstyle-plugin>3.3.0</version.maven-checkstyle-plugin>
+    <version.maven-pmd-plugin>3.21.0</version.maven-pmd-plugin>
+    <version.maven-wrapper-plugin>3.2.0</version.maven-wrapper-plugin>
   </properties>
 
   <dependencyManagement>
@@ -203,12 +208,6 @@
   <build>
     <pluginManagement>
       <plugins>
-        <plugin>
-          <!-- remove with future parent upgrade -->
-          <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
-          <artifactId>maven-invoker-plugin</artifactId>
-          <version>3.5.1</version>
-        </plugin>
         <plugin>
           <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
           <artifactId>maven-site-plugin</artifactId>