[EPIC] Type System enhancement

[mchades]

Describe the proposal

We have developed a universal type system with a basic implementation in Gravitino.

However, with the growth of users and the richness of application scenarios, we have encountered some issues that cannot be resolved by the current implementation, so we need to enhance the type system to cover more usage scenarios.

Task list

• investing and design enhance solution: [Improvement] Add universal type support for Gravitino #2373
• [Subtask] Add universal TypeConverter to the connector package #3589
• support ExternalType [Subtask] Add ExternalType for unsolved catalog type  #3500
• [Improvement] Support MySQL unsigned type mapping to gravitino type #2340
• Add parameters to IntervalType [Improvement] [spark-connector] add IntervalYearType and IntervalDayType for spark connector #2596
• support MySQL datetime type [Bug report] MysqlTypeConverter cannot handle the datetime data type.  #1761