test: Port tests in `partitioned_csv.rs` to sqllogictest #22283

Job	Run time
Check cargo fmt	41s
cargo check	3m 11s
build with wasm-pack	1m 37s
cargo test (macos)	20m 31s
Verify MSRV	4m 21s
Verify Vendored Code	43s
cargo test (win64)	45m 9s
cargo test datafusion-cli (amd64)	3m 3s
clippy	4m 17s
cargo test (amd64)	10m 33s
cargo doc	3m 4s
cargo test doc (amd64)	12m 35s
cargo examples (amd64)	8m 50s
Run sqllogictest with Postgres runner	2m 58s
cargo test pyarrow (amd64)	2m 24s
verify benchmark results (amd64)	9m 49s
check Cargo.toml formatting	45s
check configs.md is up-to-date	1m 45s
cargo test hash collisions (amd64)	10m 23s
	2h 26m 39s

Provide feedback