Handle cataloger panics

[kzantow]

What would you like to be added:
If any single cataloger panics, the entire Syft execution terminates. It would be nice to loudly log these as ERROR messages but allow Syft to continue cataloging and return a result.

Why is this needed:
Prevent Syft from crashing and give as much information as possible to users.

Additional context:
There was a recent ticket, #1621, in which Syft panic'd and the entire run failed, where we could have cataloged everything except a single file that caused the panic, and reported that file. This would help Syft development as well, because it would be much easier for users to point developers to failed files.

[wagoodman]

we can add a recovery statement here so that no cataloger can cause a non-recoverable panic https://github.com/anchore/syft/blob/main/syft/pkg/cataloger/catalog.go#L100