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India, officially the Republic of India (Bharat Ga?arajya),[e] is a country in South Asia. It is the seventhlargest
country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most
populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on
the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the
west;[f] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east.
In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar
Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE.
In the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed.
Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, and Buddhism and Jainism
arose. Early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires; the later
peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era,
Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, and Sikhism emerged, all adding to the
region's diverse culture. Much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate; the south was united under the
Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal Empire. In the mid-
18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under
British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under
Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance and led to India's independence in 1947.
In 2015, the Indian economy was the world's seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by
purchasing power parity.[15] Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of
the fastest-growing major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it
continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, and inadequate public healthcare.
A nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and
ranks fifth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal republic governed under a
parliamentary system and consists of 29 states and 7 union territories. It is a pluralistic, multilingual
and multi-ethnic society and is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.