Definition of communities at risk and marginalized communities

[kaerumy]

Definition and list needed to be able to track consistently RTI issues affecting different communities

[sfyas5]

Working definition of marginalized communities: “Marginal populations are those that have limited access to resources, assets, and services (von Braun and Gatzweiler, 2014), and little social, political or economic standing to change their situation”

1- [USAID] U.S. Agency of International Development

• Marginal populations are those that have limited access to resources, assets, and services (von Braun and Gatzweiler, 2014), and little social, political or economic standing to change their situation.
• Source: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00KPP9.pdf

2- UNESCO

• There is no agreed definition of “marginalization” and education. The EFA Global Monitoring Report 2010: Reaching the marginalised, however, defines marginalisation as “a form of acute and persistent disadvantaged rooted social inequalities”.
• Source: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000188679

3- [OHCHR] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

• Defines minorities, no mention of marginalised, based on i)shared ethnic, ii)cultural, iii)religious, and/or iv)linguistic characteristics
• Such groups are typically non-dominant vis-a-vis the majority(ies) in the spheres of economic, political, social and/or cultural life
• Source: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Minorities/UNDPMarginalisedMinorities.pdf

4- [DFID] Department for International Development

• Defines marginalisation as a description of both a process, condition, that prevents individuals or groups from full participation in social, economic and political life.

• Multidimensional aspect: social, economic and political barriers contributing to the marginalisation of an individual or group of individuals

• Political discrimination: -marginalise some ethnic groups, migrants or particular regions of the country

• Social discrimination and marginalisation: -marginalise people on the basis of age, gender, sexuality, language and disability

• Economic marginalisation: -prevent equal access to basic services, income opportunities and access to jobs

• Source: https://www.ukaiddirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Defining-marginalised.pdf
  
5- World Bank

• Defines marginalisation as exclusion and identifies 4 basic forms of exclusion: i.economic, ii.political, iii.cultural and iv.social, which together perpetuates a vicious cycle. Marginalisation starts with :-1)lack of access to basic infrastructure, then next phase of 2)lack of identity documents which blocks integration into society’s mechanism, 3)lack of an education system, 4)lack of employment opportunities.

• 10 Categories:

  • i.girls and women
  • ii.disability groups
  • iii. hard-to-reach groups (indigenous people and ethnic minorities)
  • iv. people in poverty (poor households)
  • v. people living in informal settlements
  • vi. rural populations
  • vii. nomadic groups
  • viii. those affected by armed conflict
  • ix. those affected by HIV&AIDS
  • x. street/working children
    ⁃ Source: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000188679

[sfyas5]

Refined list

1. Orang Asal in Sabah (current)
2. Orang Asal in Sarawak (current)
3. Sex Workers (current)
4. Youth and students (current)
5. Refugees (tentative 2023)
6. Domestic workers (tentative 2023)
7. Hospital workers (exploitation of workers) (tentative 2023)
8. Single mothers
9. Victims of harassment and domestic violence
10. Persons with Disabilities - physical disability, mental disability
11. Rural communities
12. Stateless Children

[kaerumy]

• Youth and students is too broad a category for a marginalized community.
• Hospital workers might also be too specific, there should be a specific group of workers that are without rights/underpaid.

[kaerumy]

Current suggested changes:

• Hospital Workers' -> Contract Labour` (this will cover similarly abused workers without proper employment rights)
• Stateless Children -> Stateless Persons (distinct from Refugees)

[kaerumy]

On hindsight Hospital Workers might be better to describe a community.

[sfyas5]

• Youth and students is too broad a category for a marginalized community.

'Youth and students lacking media literacy and knowledge in FOE and RTI'

--currently, students lack the ethical and moral part when consuming and using media. With media evolving rapidly, it all comes down to an individual's right: right to privacy in this digital climate, and the right to FOE on media.
--when Youth and students lack media literacy and understanding of their rights navigating through media, as a result they will become marginalised in the workplace due to students' self-censorship and hostile/distrustful attitude

Does the justification provided for 'Youth and students lacking media literacy and knowledge in FOE and RTI' make this category fit to be part of 'marginalised communities'?

Or it is not that suitable to part of the categories?

[sfyas5]

1. Orang Asal in Sabah (current)
2. Orang Asal in Sarawak (current)
3. Sex Workers (current)
4. Youth and students lacking media literacy and knowledge in FOE and RTI (current)
5. Refugees (tentative 2023)
6. Domestic workers (tentative 2023)
7. Hospital workers (exploitation of workers) (tentative 2023)
8. Single mothers
9. Victims of harassment and domestic violence
10. Persons with Disabilities - physical disability, mental disability
11. Rural communities
12. Stateless People