diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 687a77b9c64f..74fe2c50306f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ Compatibility:
 * Implement `Time#deconstruct_keys` from Ruby 3.2 (#3039, @rwstauner).
 * Do not autosplat a proc that accepts a single positional argument and keywords (#3039, @andrykonchin).
 * Support passing anonymous * and ** parameters as method call arguments (#3039, @andrykonchin).
+* Handle either positional or keywords arguments by default in `Struct.new` (#3039, @rwstauner).
 
 Performance:
 
diff --git a/spec/tags/core/struct/initialize_tags.txt b/spec/tags/core/struct/initialize_tags.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bbd19c4d0e0..000000000000
--- a/spec/tags/core/struct/initialize_tags.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-fails:Struct#initialize warns about passing only keyword arguments
-fails:Struct#initialize can be initialized with keyword arguments
diff --git a/spec/tags/core/struct/new_tags.txt b/spec/tags/core/struct/new_tags.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 22a7dfffab58..000000000000
--- a/spec/tags/core/struct/new_tags.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-fails:Struct.new on subclasses accepts keyword arguments to initialize
diff --git a/src/main/ruby/truffleruby/core/struct.rb b/src/main/ruby/truffleruby/core/struct.rb
index 0d220cf0045d..19f8447620cb 100644
--- a/src/main/ruby/truffleruby/core/struct.rb
+++ b/src/main/ruby/truffleruby/core/struct.rb
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ def self.new(klass_name, *attrs, keyword_init: nil, &block)
     end
 
     klass = Class.new self do
-      _specialize attrs unless keyword_init
+      # _specialize doesn't support keyword arguments
+      _specialize attrs if Primitive.false?(keyword_init)
 
       attrs.each do |a|
         define_method(a) { Primitive.object_hidden_var_get(self, a) }
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ def self.[](*args)
         new(*args)
       end
 
+      # This doesn't apply when keyword_init is nil.
       if keyword_init
         def self.inspect
           super + '(keyword_init: true)'
@@ -156,7 +158,13 @@ def initialize(*args, **kwargs)
       raise ArgumentError, "Expected #{attrs.size}, got #{args.size}"
     end
 
-    if Primitive.class(self)::KEYWORD_INIT
+    keyword_init = Primitive.class(self)::KEYWORD_INIT
+
+    # When keyword_init is nil:
+    #   If there are any positional args we treat them all as positional.
+    #   If there are no args at all we also want to run the positional handling code.
+
+    if keyword_init || (Primitive.nil?(keyword_init) && args.empty? && !kwargs.empty?)
       # Accept a single positional hash for https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18632 and spec
       if kwargs.empty? && args.size == 1 && Primitive.is_a?(args.first, Hash)
         kwargs = args.first