From e0302173c29d6bf5ed86b8aa1319438e18a4dc83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jasper <huangjasper@126.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Nov 2021 17:33:51 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Add axum example

---
 examples/axum_example/.env                    |   3 +
 examples/axum_example/Cargo.toml              |  33 ++
 examples/axum_example/README.md               |  10 +
 examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs            |  51 +++
 examples/axum_example/src/main.rs             | 221 +++++++++
 examples/axum_example/src/post.rs             |  26 ++
 examples/axum_example/src/setup.rs            |  33 ++
 .../axum_example/static/css/normalize.css     | 427 ++++++++++++++++++
 examples/axum_example/static/css/skeleton.css | 421 +++++++++++++++++
 examples/axum_example/static/css/style.css    |  73 +++
 .../axum_example/static/images/favicon.png    | Bin 0 -> 1155 bytes
 .../axum_example/templates/edit.html.tera     |  49 ++
 .../templates/error/404.html.tera             |  11 +
 .../axum_example/templates/index.html.tera    |  52 +++
 .../axum_example/templates/layout.html.tera   |  26 ++
 examples/axum_example/templates/new.html.tera |  38 ++
 16 files changed, 1474 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/.env
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/README.md
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/src/main.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/src/post.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/src/setup.rs
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/static/css/normalize.css
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/static/css/skeleton.css
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/static/css/style.css
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/static/images/favicon.png
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/templates/edit.html.tera
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/templates/error/404.html.tera
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/templates/index.html.tera
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/templates/layout.html.tera
 create mode 100644 examples/axum_example/templates/new.html.tera

diff --git a/examples/axum_example/.env b/examples/axum_example/.env
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb7fcfb5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/.env
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+HOST=127.0.0.1
+PORT=8000
+DATABASE_URL="postgres://postgres:password@localhost/axum_exmaple"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/Cargo.toml b/examples/axum_example/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..945cab3af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+[package]
+name = "sea-orm-axum-example"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Yoshiera Huang <huangjasper@126.com>"]
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
+[workspace]
+
+[dependencies]
+tokio = { version = "1.5", features = ["full"] }
+axum = { version = "0.3.0" }
+tower = "0.4.10"
+tower-http = { version = "0.1", features = ["fs"] }
+tower-cookies = { git = "https://github.com/imbolc/tower-cookies" }
+anyhow = "1"
+dotenv = "0.15"
+env_logger = "0.9"
+serde = "1"
+serde_json = "1"
+tera = "1"
+
+[dependencies.sea-orm]
+path = "../../" # remove this line in your own project
+version = "^0.3.0"
+features = ["macros", "runtime-tokio-native-tls"]
+default-features = false
+
+[features]
+default = ["sqlx-postgres"]
+sqlx-mysql = ["sea-orm/sqlx-mysql"]
+sqlx-postgres = ["sea-orm/sqlx-postgres"]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/README.md b/examples/axum_example/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b04a53e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Axum with SeaORM example app
+
+Edit `Cargo.toml` to use `sqlx-mysql` or `sqlx-postgres`.
+
+```toml
+[features]
+default = ["sqlx-$DATABASE"]
+```
+
+Edit `.env` to point to your database.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs b/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..825447fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use axum::http::{header, HeaderMap, HeaderValue, StatusCode};
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tower_cookies::{Cookie, Cookies};
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct ValuedMessage<T> {
+    #[serde(rename = "_")]
+    value: T,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+struct ValuedMessageRef<'a, T> {
+    #[serde(rename = "_")]
+    value: &'a T,
+}
+
+const FLASH_COOKIE_NAME: &str = "_flash";
+
+pub fn get_flash_cookie<T>(cookies: &Cookies) -> Option<T>
+where
+    T: DeserializeOwned,
+{
+    cookies.get(FLASH_COOKIE_NAME).and_then(|flash_cookie|
+        (if let Ok(ValuedMessage::<T> { value }) = serde_json::from_str(flash_cookie.value()) {
+            Some(value)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    ))
+}
+
+pub type PostResponse = (StatusCode, HeaderMap);
+
+pub fn post_response<T>(cookies: &mut Cookies, data: T) -> PostResponse
+where
+    T: Serialize,
+{
+    let valued_message_ref = ValuedMessageRef { value: &data };
+
+    let mut cookie = Cookie::new(
+        FLASH_COOKIE_NAME,
+        serde_json::to_string(&valued_message_ref).unwrap(),
+    );
+    cookie.set_path("/");
+    cookies.add(cookie);
+
+    let mut header = HeaderMap::new();
+    header.insert(header::LOCATION, HeaderValue::from_static("/"));
+
+    (StatusCode::SEE_OTHER, header)
+}
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/src/main.rs b/examples/axum_example/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b0b428e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+mod flash;
+mod post;
+mod setup;
+
+use axum::{
+    error_handling::HandleErrorExt,
+    extract::{Extension, Form, Path, Query},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::Html,
+    routing::{get, post, service_method_routing},
+    AddExtensionLayer, Router, Server,
+};
+use flash::{get_flash_cookie, post_response, PostResponse};
+use post::Entity as Post;
+use sea_orm::{prelude::*, Database, QueryOrder, Set};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::{env, net::SocketAddr};
+use tera::Tera;
+use tower::ServiceBuilder;
+use tower_cookies::{CookieManagerLayer, Cookies};
+use tower_http::services::ServeDir;
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    env::set_var("RUST_LOG", "debug");
+    env_logger::init();
+
+    dotenv::dotenv().ok();
+    let db_url = env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set in .env file");
+    let host = env::var("HOST").expect("HOST is not set in .env file");
+    let port = env::var("PORT").expect("PORT is not set in .env file");
+    let server_url = format!("{}:{}", host, port);
+
+    let conn = Database::connect(db_url)
+        .await
+        .expect("Database connection failed");
+    let _ = setup::create_post_table(&conn).await;
+    let templates = Tera::new(concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/templates/**/*"))
+        .expect("Tera initialization failed");
+    // let state = AppState { templates, conn };
+
+    let app = Router::new()
+        .route("/", get(list_posts).post(create_post))
+        .route("/:id", get(edit_post).post(update_post))
+        .route("/new", get(new_post))
+        .route("/delete/:id", post(delete_post))
+        .nest(
+            "/static",
+            service_method_routing::get(ServeDir::new(concat!(
+                env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"),
+                "/static"
+            )))
+            .handle_error(|error: std::io::Error| {
+                (
+                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                    format!("Unhandled internal error: {}", error),
+                )
+            }),
+        )
+        .layer(
+            ServiceBuilder::new()
+                .layer(CookieManagerLayer::new())
+                .layer(AddExtensionLayer::new(conn))
+                .layer(AddExtensionLayer::new(templates)),
+        );
+
+    let addr = SocketAddr::from_str(&server_url).unwrap();
+    Server::bind(&addr).serve(app.into_make_service()).await?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+struct Params {
+    page: Option<usize>,
+    posts_per_page: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Serialize, Debug, Clone)]
+struct FlashData {
+    kind: String,
+    message: String,
+}
+
+async fn list_posts(
+    Extension(ref templates): Extension<Tera>,
+    Extension(ref conn): Extension<DatabaseConnection>,
+    Query(params): Query<Params>,
+    cookies: Cookies,
+) -> Result<Html<String>, (StatusCode, &'static str)> {
+    let page = params.page.unwrap_or(1);
+    let posts_per_page = params.posts_per_page.unwrap_or(5);
+    let paginator = Post::find()
+        .order_by_asc(post::Column::Id)
+        .paginate(conn, posts_per_page);
+    let num_pages = paginator.num_pages().await.ok().unwrap();
+    let posts = paginator
+        .fetch_page(page - 1)
+        .await
+        .expect("could not retrieve posts");
+
+    let mut ctx = tera::Context::new();
+    ctx.insert("posts", &posts);
+    ctx.insert("page", &page);
+    ctx.insert("posts_per_page", &posts_per_page);
+    ctx.insert("num_pages", &num_pages);
+
+    if let Some(value) = get_flash_cookie::<FlashData>(&cookies) {
+        ctx.insert("flash", &value);
+    }
+
+    let body = templates
+        .render("index.html.tera", &ctx)
+        .map_err(|_| (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Template error"))?;
+
+    Ok(Html(body))
+}
+
+async fn new_post(
+    Extension(ref templates): Extension<Tera>,
+) -> Result<Html<String>, (StatusCode, &'static str)> {
+    let ctx = tera::Context::new();
+    let body = templates
+        .render("new.html.tera", &ctx)
+        .map_err(|_| (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Template error"))?;
+
+    Ok(Html(body))
+}
+
+async fn create_post(
+    Extension(ref conn): Extension<DatabaseConnection>,
+    form: Form<post::Model>,
+    mut cookies: Cookies,
+) -> Result<PostResponse, (StatusCode, &'static str)> {
+    let model = form.0;
+
+    post::ActiveModel {
+        title: Set(model.title.to_owned()),
+        text: Set(model.text.to_owned()),
+        ..Default::default()
+    }
+    .save(conn)
+    .await
+    .expect("could not insert post");
+
+    let data = FlashData {
+        kind: "success".to_owned(),
+        message: "Post succcessfully added".to_owned(),
+    };
+
+    Ok(post_response(&mut cookies, data))
+}
+
+async fn edit_post(
+    Extension(ref templates): Extension<Tera>,
+    Extension(ref conn): Extension<DatabaseConnection>,
+    Path(id): Path<i32>,
+) -> Result<Html<String>, (StatusCode, &'static str)> {
+    let post: post::Model = Post::find_by_id(id)
+        .one(conn)
+        .await
+        .expect("could not find post")
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let mut ctx = tera::Context::new();
+    ctx.insert("post", &post);
+
+    let body = templates
+        .render("edit.html.tera", &ctx)
+        .map_err(|_| (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "Template error"))?;
+
+    Ok(Html(body))
+}
+
+async fn update_post(
+    Extension(ref conn): Extension<DatabaseConnection>,
+    Path(id): Path<i32>,
+    form: Form<post::Model>,
+    mut cookies: Cookies,
+) -> Result<PostResponse, (StatusCode, String)> {
+    let model = form.0;
+
+    post::ActiveModel {
+        id: Set(id),
+        title: Set(model.title.to_owned()),
+        text: Set(model.text.to_owned()),
+    }
+    .save(conn)
+    .await
+    .expect("could not edit post");
+
+    let data = FlashData {
+        kind: "success".to_owned(),
+        message: "Post succcessfully updated".to_owned(),
+    };
+
+    Ok(post_response(&mut cookies, data))
+}
+
+async fn delete_post(
+    Extension(ref conn): Extension<DatabaseConnection>,
+    Path(id): Path<i32>,
+    mut cookies: Cookies,
+) -> Result<PostResponse, (StatusCode, &'static str)> {
+    let post: post::ActiveModel = Post::find_by_id(id)
+        .one(conn)
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+        .unwrap()
+        .into();
+
+    post.delete(conn).await.unwrap();
+
+    let data = FlashData {
+        kind: "success".to_owned(),
+        message: "Post succcessfully deleted".to_owned(),
+    };
+
+    Ok(post_response(&mut cookies, data))
+}
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/src/post.rs b/examples/axum_example/src/post.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3bb4d6a33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/src/post.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+//! SeaORM Entity. Generated by sea-orm-codegen 0.3.2
+
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "posts")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    #[serde(skip_deserializing)]
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub title: String,
+    #[sea_orm(column_type = "Text")]
+    pub text: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter)]
+pub enum Relation {}
+
+impl RelationTrait for Relation {
+    fn def(&self) -> RelationDef {
+        panic!("No RelationDef")
+    }
+}
+
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/src/setup.rs b/examples/axum_example/src/setup.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04677af46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/src/setup.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+use sea_orm::sea_query::{ColumnDef, TableCreateStatement};
+use sea_orm::{error::*, sea_query, ConnectionTrait, DbConn, ExecResult};
+
+async fn create_table(db: &DbConn, stmt: &TableCreateStatement) -> Result<ExecResult, DbErr> {
+    let builder = db.get_database_backend();
+    db.execute(builder.build(stmt)).await
+}
+
+pub async fn create_post_table(db: &DbConn) -> Result<ExecResult, DbErr> {
+    let stmt = sea_query::Table::create()
+        .table(super::post::Entity)
+        .if_not_exists()
+        .col(
+            ColumnDef::new(super::post::Column::Id)
+                .integer()
+                .not_null()
+                .auto_increment()
+                .primary_key(),
+        )
+        .col(
+            ColumnDef::new(super::post::Column::Title)
+                .string()
+                .not_null(),
+        )
+        .col(
+            ColumnDef::new(super::post::Column::Text)
+                .string()
+                .not_null(),
+        )
+        .to_owned();
+
+    create_table(db, &stmt).await
+}
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/static/css/normalize.css b/examples/axum_example/static/css/normalize.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..458eea1ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/static/css/normalize.css
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+/*! normalize.css v3.0.2 | MIT License | git.io/normalize */
+
+/**
+ * 1. Set default font family to sans-serif.
+ * 2. Prevent iOS text size adjust after orientation change, without disabling
+ *    user zoom.
+ */
+
+html {
+  font-family: sans-serif; /* 1 */
+  -ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
+  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove default margin.
+ */
+
+body {
+  margin: 0;
+}
+
+/* HTML5 display definitions
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Correct `block` display not defined for any HTML5 element in IE 8/9.
+ * Correct `block` display not defined for `details` or `summary` in IE 10/11
+ * and Firefox.
+ * Correct `block` display not defined for `main` in IE 11.
+ */
+
+article,
+aside,
+details,
+figcaption,
+figure,
+footer,
+header,
+hgroup,
+main,
+menu,
+nav,
+section,
+summary {
+  display: block;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 1. Correct `inline-block` display not defined in IE 8/9.
+ * 2. Normalize vertical alignment of `progress` in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera.
+ */
+
+audio,
+canvas,
+progress,
+video {
+  display: inline-block; /* 1 */
+  vertical-align: baseline; /* 2 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prevent modern browsers from displaying `audio` without controls.
+ * Remove excess height in iOS 5 devices.
+ */
+
+audio:not([controls]) {
+  display: none;
+  height: 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address `[hidden]` styling not present in IE 8/9/10.
+ * Hide the `template` element in IE 8/9/11, Safari, and Firefox < 22.
+ */
+
+[hidden],
+template {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* Links
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Remove the gray background color from active links in IE 10.
+ */
+
+a {
+  background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Improve readability when focused and also mouse hovered in all browsers.
+ */
+
+a:active,
+a:hover {
+  outline: 0;
+}
+
+/* Text-level semantics
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Address styling not present in IE 8/9/10/11, Safari, and Chrome.
+ */
+
+abbr[title] {
+  border-bottom: 1px dotted;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address style set to `bolder` in Firefox 4+, Safari, and Chrome.
+ */
+
+b,
+strong {
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address styling not present in Safari and Chrome.
+ */
+
+dfn {
+  font-style: italic;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address variable `h1` font-size and margin within `section` and `article`
+ * contexts in Firefox 4+, Safari, and Chrome.
+ */
+
+h1 {
+  font-size: 2em;
+  margin: 0.67em 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address styling not present in IE 8/9.
+ */
+
+mark {
+  background: #ff0;
+  color: #000;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address inconsistent and variable font size in all browsers.
+ */
+
+small {
+  font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prevent `sub` and `sup` affecting `line-height` in all browsers.
+ */
+
+sub,
+sup {
+  font-size: 75%;
+  line-height: 0;
+  position: relative;
+  vertical-align: baseline;
+}
+
+sup {
+  top: -0.5em;
+}
+
+sub {
+  bottom: -0.25em;
+}
+
+/* Embedded content
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Remove border when inside `a` element in IE 8/9/10.
+ */
+
+img {
+  border: 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Correct overflow not hidden in IE 9/10/11.
+ */
+
+svg:not(:root) {
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+/* Grouping content
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Address margin not present in IE 8/9 and Safari.
+ */
+
+figure {
+  margin: 1em 40px;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address differences between Firefox and other browsers.
+ */
+
+hr {
+  -moz-box-sizing: content-box;
+  box-sizing: content-box;
+  height: 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Contain overflow in all browsers.
+ */
+
+pre {
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address odd `em`-unit font size rendering in all browsers.
+ */
+
+code,
+kbd,
+pre,
+samp {
+  font-family: monospace, monospace;
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+/* Forms
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Known limitation: by default, Chrome and Safari on OS X allow very limited
+ * styling of `select`, unless a `border` property is set.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * 1. Correct color not being inherited.
+ *    Known issue: affects color of disabled elements.
+ * 2. Correct font properties not being inherited.
+ * 3. Address margins set differently in Firefox 4+, Safari, and Chrome.
+ */
+
+button,
+input,
+optgroup,
+select,
+textarea {
+  color: inherit; /* 1 */
+  font: inherit; /* 2 */
+  margin: 0; /* 3 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address `overflow` set to `hidden` in IE 8/9/10/11.
+ */
+
+button {
+  overflow: visible;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address inconsistent `text-transform` inheritance for `button` and `select`.
+ * All other form control elements do not inherit `text-transform` values.
+ * Correct `button` style inheritance in Firefox, IE 8/9/10/11, and Opera.
+ * Correct `select` style inheritance in Firefox.
+ */
+
+button,
+select {
+  text-transform: none;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 1. Avoid the WebKit bug in Android 4.0.* where (2) destroys native `audio`
+ *    and `video` controls.
+ * 2. Correct inability to style clickable `input` types in iOS.
+ * 3. Improve usability and consistency of cursor style between image-type
+ *    `input` and others.
+ */
+
+button,
+html input[type="button"], /* 1 */
+input[type="reset"],
+input[type="submit"] {
+  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 2 */
+  cursor: pointer; /* 3 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Re-set default cursor for disabled elements.
+ */
+
+button[disabled],
+html input[disabled] {
+  cursor: default;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove inner padding and border in Firefox 4+.
+ */
+
+button::-moz-focus-inner,
+input::-moz-focus-inner {
+  border: 0;
+  padding: 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Address Firefox 4+ setting `line-height` on `input` using `!important` in
+ * the UA stylesheet.
+ */
+
+input {
+  line-height: normal;
+}
+
+/**
+ * It's recommended that you don't attempt to style these elements.
+ * Firefox's implementation doesn't respect box-sizing, padding, or width.
+ *
+ * 1. Address box sizing set to `content-box` in IE 8/9/10.
+ * 2. Remove excess padding in IE 8/9/10.
+ */
+
+input[type="checkbox"],
+input[type="radio"] {
+  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
+  padding: 0; /* 2 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Fix the cursor style for Chrome's increment/decrement buttons. For certain
+ * `font-size` values of the `input`, it causes the cursor style of the
+ * decrement button to change from `default` to `text`.
+ */
+
+input[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
+input[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
+  height: auto;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 1. Address `appearance` set to `searchfield` in Safari and Chrome.
+ * 2. Address `box-sizing` set to `border-box` in Safari and Chrome
+ *    (include `-moz` to future-proof).
+ */
+
+input[type="search"] {
+  -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */
+  -moz-box-sizing: content-box;
+  -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; /* 2 */
+  box-sizing: content-box;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove inner padding and search cancel button in Safari and Chrome on OS X.
+ * Safari (but not Chrome) clips the cancel button when the search input has
+ * padding (and `textfield` appearance).
+ */
+
+input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,
+input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Define consistent border, margin, and padding.
+ */
+
+fieldset {
+  border: 1px solid #c0c0c0;
+  margin: 0 2px;
+  padding: 0.35em 0.625em 0.75em;
+}
+
+/**
+ * 1. Correct `color` not being inherited in IE 8/9/10/11.
+ * 2. Remove padding so people aren't caught out if they zero out fieldsets.
+ */
+
+legend {
+  border: 0; /* 1 */
+  padding: 0; /* 2 */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove default vertical scrollbar in IE 8/9/10/11.
+ */
+
+textarea {
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Don't inherit the `font-weight` (applied by a rule above).
+ * NOTE: the default cannot safely be changed in Chrome and Safari on OS X.
+ */
+
+optgroup {
+  font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+/* Tables
+   ========================================================================== */
+
+/**
+ * Remove most spacing between table cells.
+ */
+
+table {
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  border-spacing: 0;
+}
+
+td,
+th {
+  padding: 0;
+}
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/static/css/skeleton.css b/examples/axum_example/static/css/skeleton.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdc432a47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/static/css/skeleton.css
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+/*
+* Skeleton V2.0.4
+* Copyright 2014, Dave Gamache
+* www.getskeleton.com
+* Free to use under the MIT license.
+* https://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+* 12/29/2014
+*/
+
+
+/* Table of contents
+––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
+- Grid
+- Base Styles
+- Typography
+- Links
+- Buttons
+- Forms
+- Lists
+- Code
+- Tables
+- Spacing
+- Utilities
+- Clearing
+- Media Queries
+*/
+
+
+/* Grid
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+.container {
+  position: relative;
+  width: 100%;
+  max-width: 960px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  padding: 0 20px;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+.column,
+.columns {
+  width: 100%;
+  float: left;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+
+/* For devices larger than 400px */
+@media (min-width: 400px) {
+  .container {
+    width: 85%;
+    padding: 0; }
+}
+
+/* For devices larger than 550px */
+@media (min-width: 550px) {
+  .container {
+    width: 80%; }
+  .column,
+  .columns {
+    margin-left: 4%; }
+  .column:first-child,
+  .columns:first-child {
+    margin-left: 0; }
+
+  .one.column,
+  .one.columns                    { width: 4.66666666667%; }
+  .two.columns                    { width: 13.3333333333%; }
+  .three.columns                  { width: 22%;            }
+  .four.columns                   { width: 30.6666666667%; }
+  .five.columns                   { width: 39.3333333333%; }
+  .six.columns                    { width: 48%;            }
+  .seven.columns                  { width: 56.6666666667%; }
+  .eight.columns                  { width: 65.3333333333%; }
+  .nine.columns                   { width: 74.0%;          }
+  .ten.columns                    { width: 82.6666666667%; }
+  .eleven.columns                 { width: 91.3333333333%; }
+  .twelve.columns                 { width: 100%; margin-left: 0; }
+
+  .one-third.column               { width: 30.6666666667%; }
+  .two-thirds.column              { width: 65.3333333333%; }
+
+  .one-half.column                { width: 48%; }
+
+  /* Offsets */
+  .offset-by-one.column,
+  .offset-by-one.columns          { margin-left: 8.66666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-two.column,
+  .offset-by-two.columns          { margin-left: 17.3333333333%; }
+  .offset-by-three.column,
+  .offset-by-three.columns        { margin-left: 26%;            }
+  .offset-by-four.column,
+  .offset-by-four.columns         { margin-left: 34.6666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-five.column,
+  .offset-by-five.columns         { margin-left: 43.3333333333%; }
+  .offset-by-six.column,
+  .offset-by-six.columns          { margin-left: 52%;            }
+  .offset-by-seven.column,
+  .offset-by-seven.columns        { margin-left: 60.6666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-eight.column,
+  .offset-by-eight.columns        { margin-left: 69.3333333333%; }
+  .offset-by-nine.column,
+  .offset-by-nine.columns         { margin-left: 78.0%;          }
+  .offset-by-ten.column,
+  .offset-by-ten.columns          { margin-left: 86.6666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-eleven.column,
+  .offset-by-eleven.columns       { margin-left: 95.3333333333%; }
+
+  .offset-by-one-third.column,
+  .offset-by-one-third.columns    { margin-left: 34.6666666667%; }
+  .offset-by-two-thirds.column,
+  .offset-by-two-thirds.columns   { margin-left: 69.3333333333%; }
+
+  .offset-by-one-half.column,
+  .offset-by-one-half.columns     { margin-left: 52%; }
+
+}
+
+
+/* Base Styles
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+/* NOTE
+html is set to 62.5% so that all the REM measurements throughout Skeleton
+are based on 10px sizing. So basically 1.5rem = 15px :) */
+html {
+  font-size: 62.5%; }
+body {
+  font-size: 1.5em; /* currently ems cause chrome bug misinterpreting rems on body element */
+  line-height: 1.6;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  font-family: "Raleway", "HelveticaNeue", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+  color: #222; }
+
+
+/* Typography
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+  margin-top: 0;
+  margin-bottom: 2rem;
+  font-weight: 300; }
+h1 { font-size: 4.0rem; line-height: 1.2;  letter-spacing: -.1rem;}
+h2 { font-size: 3.6rem; line-height: 1.25; letter-spacing: -.1rem; }
+h3 { font-size: 3.0rem; line-height: 1.3;  letter-spacing: -.1rem; }
+h4 { font-size: 2.4rem; line-height: 1.35; letter-spacing: -.08rem; }
+h5 { font-size: 1.8rem; line-height: 1.5;  letter-spacing: -.05rem; }
+h6 { font-size: 1.5rem; line-height: 1.6;  letter-spacing: 0; }
+
+/* Larger than phablet */
+@media (min-width: 550px) {
+  h1 { font-size: 5.0rem; }
+  h2 { font-size: 4.2rem; }
+  h3 { font-size: 3.6rem; }
+  h4 { font-size: 3.0rem; }
+  h5 { font-size: 2.4rem; }
+  h6 { font-size: 1.5rem; }
+}
+
+p {
+  margin-top: 0; }
+
+
+/* Links
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+a {
+  color: #1EAEDB; }
+a:hover {
+  color: #0FA0CE; }
+
+
+/* Buttons
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+.button,
+button,
+input[type="submit"],
+input[type="reset"],
+input[type="button"] {
+  display: inline-block;
+  height: 38px;
+  padding: 0 30px;
+  color: #555;
+  text-align: center;
+  font-size: 11px;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  line-height: 38px;
+  letter-spacing: .1rem;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  text-decoration: none;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background-color: transparent;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  border: 1px solid #bbb;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+.button:hover,
+button:hover,
+input[type="submit"]:hover,
+input[type="reset"]:hover,
+input[type="button"]:hover,
+.button:focus,
+button:focus,
+input[type="submit"]:focus,
+input[type="reset"]:focus,
+input[type="button"]:focus {
+  color: #333;
+  border-color: #888;
+  outline: 0; }
+.button.button-primary,
+button.button-primary,
+button.primary,
+input[type="submit"].button-primary,
+input[type="reset"].button-primary,
+input[type="button"].button-primary {
+  color: #FFF;
+  background-color: #33C3F0;
+  border-color: #33C3F0; }
+.button.button-primary:hover,
+button.button-primary:hover,
+button.primary:hover,
+input[type="submit"].button-primary:hover,
+input[type="reset"].button-primary:hover,
+input[type="button"].button-primary:hover,
+.button.button-primary:focus,
+button.button-primary:focus,
+button.primary:focus,
+input[type="submit"].button-primary:focus,
+input[type="reset"].button-primary:focus,
+input[type="button"].button-primary:focus {
+  color: #FFF;
+  background-color: #1EAEDB;
+  border-color: #1EAEDB; }
+
+
+/* Forms
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+input[type="email"],
+input[type="number"],
+input[type="search"],
+input[type="text"],
+input[type="tel"],
+input[type="url"],
+input[type="password"],
+textarea,
+select {
+  height: 38px;
+  padding: 6px 10px; /* The 6px vertically centers text on FF, ignored by Webkit */
+  background-color: #fff;
+  border: 1px solid #D1D1D1;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  box-shadow: none;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+/* Removes awkward default styles on some inputs for iOS */
+input[type="email"],
+input[type="number"],
+input[type="search"],
+input[type="text"],
+input[type="tel"],
+input[type="url"],
+input[type="password"],
+textarea {
+  -webkit-appearance: none;
+     -moz-appearance: none;
+          appearance: none; }
+textarea {
+  min-height: 65px;
+  padding-top: 6px;
+  padding-bottom: 6px; }
+input[type="email"]:focus,
+input[type="number"]:focus,
+input[type="search"]:focus,
+input[type="text"]:focus,
+input[type="tel"]:focus,
+input[type="url"]:focus,
+input[type="password"]:focus,
+textarea:focus,
+select:focus {
+  border: 1px solid #33C3F0;
+  outline: 0; }
+label,
+legend {
+  display: block;
+  margin-bottom: .5rem;
+  font-weight: 600; }
+fieldset {
+  padding: 0;
+  border-width: 0; }
+input[type="checkbox"],
+input[type="radio"] {
+  display: inline; }
+label > .label-body {
+  display: inline-block;
+  margin-left: .5rem;
+  font-weight: normal; }
+
+
+/* Lists
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+ul {
+  list-style: circle inside; }
+ol {
+  list-style: decimal inside; }
+ol, ul {
+  padding-left: 0;
+  margin-top: 0; }
+ul ul,
+ul ol,
+ol ol,
+ol ul {
+  margin: 1.5rem 0 1.5rem 3rem;
+  font-size: 90%; }
+li {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem; }
+
+
+/* Code
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+code {
+  padding: .2rem .5rem;
+  margin: 0 .2rem;
+  font-size: 90%;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  background: #F1F1F1;
+  border: 1px solid #E1E1E1;
+  border-radius: 4px; }
+pre > code {
+  display: block;
+  padding: 1rem 1.5rem;
+  white-space: pre; }
+
+
+/* Tables
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+th,
+td {
+  padding: 12px 15px;
+  text-align: left;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid #E1E1E1; }
+th:first-child,
+td:first-child {
+  padding-left: 0; }
+th:last-child,
+td:last-child {
+  padding-right: 0; }
+
+
+/* Spacing
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+button,
+.button {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem; }
+input,
+textarea,
+select,
+fieldset {
+  margin-bottom: 1.5rem; }
+pre,
+blockquote,
+dl,
+figure,
+table,
+p,
+ul,
+ol,
+form {
+  margin-bottom: 2.5rem; }
+
+
+/* Utilities
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+.u-full-width {
+  width: 100%;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+.u-max-full-width {
+  max-width: 100%;
+  box-sizing: border-box; }
+.u-pull-right {
+  float: right; }
+.u-pull-left {
+  float: left; }
+
+
+/* Misc
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+hr {
+  margin-top: 3rem;
+  margin-bottom: 3.5rem;
+  border-width: 0;
+  border-top: 1px solid #E1E1E1; }
+
+
+/* Clearing
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+
+/* Self Clearing Goodness */
+.container:after,
+.row:after,
+.u-cf {
+  content: "";
+  display: table;
+  clear: both; }
+
+
+/* Media Queries
+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– */
+/*
+Note: The best way to structure the use of media queries is to create the queries
+near the relevant code. For example, if you wanted to change the styles for buttons
+on small devices, paste the mobile query code up in the buttons section and style it
+there.
+*/
+
+
+/* Larger than mobile */
+@media (min-width: 400px) {}
+
+/* Larger than phablet (also point when grid becomes active) */
+@media (min-width: 550px) {}
+
+/* Larger than tablet */
+@media (min-width: 750px) {}
+
+/* Larger than desktop */
+@media (min-width: 1000px) {}
+
+/* Larger than Desktop HD */
+@media (min-width: 1200px) {}
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/static/css/style.css b/examples/axum_example/static/css/style.css
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac2720d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/static/css/style.css
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+.field-error {
+  border: 1px solid #ff0000 !important;
+}
+
+.field-error-flash {
+  color: #ff0000;
+  display: block;
+  margin: -10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+.field-success {
+  border: 1px solid #5ab953 !important;
+}
+
+.field-success-flash {
+  color: #5ab953;
+  display: block;
+  margin: -10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+span.completed {
+  text-decoration: line-through;
+}
+
+form.inline {
+  display: inline;
+}
+
+form.link,
+button.link {
+  display: inline;
+  color: #1eaedb;
+  border: none;
+  outline: none;
+  background: none;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  padding: 0;
+  margin: 0 0 0 0;
+  height: inherit;
+  text-decoration: underline;
+  font-size: inherit;
+  text-transform: none;
+  font-weight: normal;
+  line-height: inherit;
+  letter-spacing: inherit;
+}
+
+form.link:hover,
+button.link:hover {
+  color: #0fa0ce;
+}
+
+button.small {
+  height: 20px;
+  padding: 0 10px;
+  font-size: 10px;
+  line-height: 20px;
+  margin: 0 2.5px;
+}
+
+.post:hover {
+  background-color: #bce2ee;
+}
+
+.post td {
+  padding: 5px;
+  width: 150px;
+}
+
+#delete-button {
+  color: red;
+  border-color: red;
+}
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diff --git a/examples/axum_example/templates/edit.html.tera b/examples/axum_example/templates/edit.html.tera
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5aeb22afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/templates/edit.html.tera
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+{% extends "layout.html.tera" %} {% block content %}
+<div class="row">
+  <h4>Edit Post</h4>
+  <div class="twelve columns">
+    <div class="ten columns">
+      <form action="/{{ post.id }}" method="post">
+        <div class="twelve columns">
+          <input
+            type="text"
+            placeholder="title"
+            name="title"
+            id="title"
+            value="{{ post.title }}"
+            autofocus
+            class="u-full-width"
+          />
+          <input
+            type="text"
+            placeholder="content"
+            name="text"
+            id="text"
+            value="{{ post.text }}"
+            autofocus
+            class="u-full-width"
+          />
+        </div>
+        <div class="twelve columns">
+          <div class="two columns">
+            <a href="/">
+              <input type="button" value="cancel" />
+            </a>
+          </div>
+          <div class="eight columns"></div>
+          <div class="two columns">
+            <input type="submit" value="save post" />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </form>
+    </div>
+    <div class="two columns">
+      <form action="/delete/{{ post.id }}" method="post">
+        <div class="two columns">
+          <input id="delete-button" type="submit" value="delete post" />
+        </div>
+      </form>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+{% endblock content %}
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/templates/error/404.html.tera b/examples/axum_example/templates/error/404.html.tera
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afda653d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/templates/error/404.html.tera
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>404 - tera</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>404: Hey! There's nothing here.</h1>
+    The page at {{ uri }} does not exist!
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/templates/index.html.tera b/examples/axum_example/templates/index.html.tera
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1dccdeba5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/templates/index.html.tera
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+{% extends "layout.html.tera" %} {% block content %}
+<div class="container">
+  <p><!--Nothing to see here --></p>
+  <h1>Posts</h1>
+  {% if flash %}
+  <small class="field-{{ flash.kind }}-flash">
+    {{ flash.message }}
+  </small>
+  {% endif %}
+  <table>
+    <tbody>
+      <thead>
+        <tr>
+          <th>ID</th>
+          <th>Title</th>
+          <th>Text</th>
+        </tr>
+      </thead>
+      {% for post in posts %}
+      <tr class="post" onclick="window.location='/{{ post.id }}';">
+        <td>{{ post.id }}</td>
+        <td>{{ post.title }}</td>
+        <td>{{ post.text }}</td>
+      </tr>
+      {% endfor %}
+    </tbody>
+    <tfoot>
+      <tr>
+        <td></td>
+        <td>
+          {% if page == 1 %} Previous {% else %}
+          <a href="/?page={{ page - 1 }}&posts_per_page={{ posts_per_page }}"
+            >Previous</a
+          >
+          {% endif %} | {% if page == num_pages %} Next {% else %}
+          <a href="/?page={{ page + 1 }}&posts_per_page={{ posts_per_page }}"
+            >Next</a
+          >
+          {% endif %}
+        </td>
+        <td></td>
+      </tr>
+    </tfoot>
+  </table>
+
+  <div class="twelve columns">
+    <a href="/new">
+      <input type="button" value="add post" />
+    </a>
+  </div>
+</div>
+{% endblock content %}
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/templates/layout.html.tera b/examples/axum_example/templates/layout.html.tera
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..54c7397bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/templates/layout.html.tera
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Axum Example</title>
+    <meta name="description" content="Axum - SeaOrm integration example" />
+    <meta name="author" content="Yoshiera Huang" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
+
+    <link
+      href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway:400,300,600"
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+    />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/normalize.css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/skeleton.css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css" />
+    <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/static/images/favicon.png" />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="container">
+      <p><!--Nothing to see here --></p>
+      {% block content %}{% endblock content %}
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/examples/axum_example/templates/new.html.tera b/examples/axum_example/templates/new.html.tera
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dee195658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum_example/templates/new.html.tera
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{% extends "layout.html.tera" %} {% block content %}
+<div class="row">
+  <h4>New Post</h4>
+  <form action="/" method="post">
+    <div class="twelve columns">
+      <input
+        type="text"
+        placeholder="enter title"
+        name="title"
+        id="title"
+        value=""
+        autofocus
+        class="u-full-width"
+      />
+      <input
+        type="text"
+        placeholder="enter content"
+        name="text"
+        id="text"
+        value=""
+        autofocus
+        class="u-full-width"
+      />
+    </div>
+    <div class="twelve columns">
+      <div class="two columns">
+        <a href="/">
+          <input type="button" value="cancel" />
+        </a>
+      </div>
+      <div class="eight columns"></div>
+      <div class="two columns">
+        <input type="submit" value="save post" />
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </form>
+</div>
+{% endblock content %}

From 1ed6371cbd71ed63a3118fa056d2c02171865a4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Billy Chan <ccw.billy.123@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Nov 2021 12:39:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Run `axum_example` on CI

---
 .github/workflows/rust.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust.yml b/.github/workflows/rust.yml
index 521238af0..ad18203e4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/rust.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust.yml
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest]
-        path: [basic, actix_example, actix4_example, rocket_example]
+        path: [basic, actix_example, actix4_example, axum_example, rocket_example]
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v2
 

From 666a5bb06863f89a9cbecd6e5564bee033b8335b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Billy Chan <ccw.billy.123@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Nov 2021 12:50:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] cargo fmt

---
 examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs b/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
index 825447fb4..78db1f896 100644
--- a/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
+++ b/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ pub fn get_flash_cookie<T>(cookies: &Cookies) -> Option<T>
 where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
 {
-    cookies.get(FLASH_COOKIE_NAME).and_then(|flash_cookie|
+    cookies.get(FLASH_COOKIE_NAME).and_then(|flash_cookie| {
         (if let Ok(ValuedMessage::<T> { value }) = serde_json::from_str(flash_cookie.value()) {
             Some(value)
         } else {
             None
-        }
-    ))
+        })
+    })
 }
 
 pub type PostResponse = (StatusCode, HeaderMap);

From cb996d84609a8cd0510fe6231bde25bfdbf1cb97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Billy Chan <ccw.billy.123@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Nov 2021 12:53:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Fix clippy warnings

---
 examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs b/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
index 78db1f896..8f99a27af 100644
--- a/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
+++ b/examples/axum_example/src/flash.rs
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ where
     T: DeserializeOwned,
 {
     cookies.get(FLASH_COOKIE_NAME).and_then(|flash_cookie| {
-        (if let Ok(ValuedMessage::<T> { value }) = serde_json::from_str(flash_cookie.value()) {
+        if let Ok(ValuedMessage::<T> { value }) = serde_json::from_str(flash_cookie.value()) {
             Some(value)
         } else {
             None
-        })
+        }
     })
 }