diff --git a/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ADDRESS.php b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ADDRESS.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2377541d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ADDRESS.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+use PhpOffice\PhpSpreadsheet\Spreadsheet;
+
+require __DIR__ . '/../../Header.php';
+
+$helper->log('Returns a text reference to a single cell in a worksheet.');
+
+// Create new PhpSpreadsheet object
+$spreadsheet = new Spreadsheet();
+$worksheet = $spreadsheet->getActiveSheet();
+
+$worksheet->getCell('A1')->setValue('=ADDRESS(2,3)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A2')->setValue('=ADDRESS(2,3,2)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A3')->setValue('=ADDRESS(2,3,2,FALSE)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A4')->setValue('=ADDRESS(2,3,1,FALSE,"[Book1]Sheet1")');
+$worksheet->getCell('A5')->setValue('=ADDRESS(2,3,1,FALSE,"EXCEL SHEET")');
+
+for ($row = 1; $row <= 5; ++$row) {
+    $cell = $worksheet->getCell("A{$row}");
+    $helper->log("A{$row}: {$cell->getValue()} => {$cell->getCalculatedValue()}");
+}
diff --git a/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/COLUMN.php b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/COLUMN.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e9e5846608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/COLUMN.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+
+use PhpOffice\PhpSpreadsheet\Spreadsheet;
+
+require __DIR__ . '/../../Header.php';
+
+$helper->log('Returns the column index of a cell.');
+
+// Create new PhpSpreadsheet object
+$spreadsheet = new Spreadsheet();
+$worksheet = $spreadsheet->getActiveSheet();
+
+$worksheet->getCell('A1')->setValue('=COLUMN(C13)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A2')->setValue('=COLUMN(E13:G15)');
+$worksheet->getCell('F1')->setValue('=COLUMN()');
+
+for ($row = 1; $row <= 2; ++$row) {
+    $cell = $worksheet->getCell("A{$row}");
+    $helper->log("A{$row}: {$cell->getValue()} => {$cell->getCalculatedValue()}");
+}
+
+$cell = $worksheet->getCell('F1');
+$helper->log("F1: {$cell->getValue()} => {$cell->getCalculatedValue()}");
diff --git a/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/COLUMNS.php b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/COLUMNS.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d7f8d10e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/COLUMNS.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+use PhpOffice\PhpSpreadsheet\Spreadsheet;
+
+require __DIR__ . '/../../Header.php';
+
+$helper->log('Returns the number of columns in an array or reference.');
+
+// Create new PhpSpreadsheet object
+$spreadsheet = new Spreadsheet();
+$worksheet = $spreadsheet->getActiveSheet();
+
+$worksheet->getCell('A1')->setValue('=COLUMNS(C1:G4)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A2')->setValue('=COLUMNS({1,2,3;4,5,6})');
+$worksheet->getCell('A3')->setValue('=ROWS(C1:E4 D3:G5)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A4')->setValue('=COLUMNS(1:1)');
+
+for ($row = 1; $row <= 4; ++$row) {
+    $cell = $worksheet->getCell("A{$row}");
+    $helper->log("A{$row}: {$cell->getValue()} => {$cell->getCalculatedValue()}");
+}
diff --git a/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/INDEX.php b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/INDEX.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ef0b94562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/INDEX.php
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+
+use PhpOffice\PhpSpreadsheet\Spreadsheet;
+
+require __DIR__ . '/../../Header.php';
+
+$helper->log('Returns the row index of a cell.');
+
+// Create new PhpSpreadsheet object
+$spreadsheet = new Spreadsheet();
+$worksheet = $spreadsheet->getActiveSheet();
+
+$data1 = [
+    ['Apples', 'Lemons'],
+    ['Bananas', 'Pears'],
+];
+
+$data2 = [
+    [4, 6],
+    [5, 3],
+    [6, 9],
+    [7, 5],
+    [8, 3],
+];
+
+$worksheet->fromArray($data1, null, 'A1');
+$worksheet->fromArray($data2, null, 'C1');
+
+$worksheet->getCell('A11')->setValue('=INDEX(A1:B2, 2, 2)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A12')->setValue('=INDEX(A1:B2, 2, 1)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A13')->setValue('=INDEX({1,2;3,4}, 0, 2)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A14')->setValue('=INDEX(C1:C5, 5)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A15')->setValue('=INDEX(C1:D5, 5, 2)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A16')->setValue('=SUM(INDEX(C1:D5, 5, 0))');
+
+for ($row = 11; $row <= 16; ++$row) {
+    $cell = $worksheet->getCell("A{$row}");
+    $helper->log("A{$row}: {$cell->getValue()} => {$cell->getCalculatedValue()}");
+}
diff --git a/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ROW.php b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ROW.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..560639a516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ROW.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+use PhpOffice\PhpSpreadsheet\Spreadsheet;
+
+require __DIR__ . '/../../Header.php';
+
+$helper->log('Returns the row index of a cell.');
+
+// Create new PhpSpreadsheet object
+$spreadsheet = new Spreadsheet();
+$worksheet = $spreadsheet->getActiveSheet();
+
+$worksheet->getCell('A1')->setValue('=ROW(C13)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A2')->setValue('=ROW(E19:G21)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A3')->setValue('=ROW()');
+
+for ($row = 1; $row <= 3; ++$row) {
+    $cell = $worksheet->getCell("A{$row}");
+    $helper->log("A{$row}: {$cell->getValue()} => {$cell->getCalculatedValue()}");
+}
diff --git a/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ROWS.php b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ROWS.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3cdf085bd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/Calculations/LookupRef/ROWS.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+use PhpOffice\PhpSpreadsheet\Spreadsheet;
+
+require __DIR__ . '/../../Header.php';
+
+$helper->log('Returns the row index of a cell.');
+
+// Create new PhpSpreadsheet object
+$spreadsheet = new Spreadsheet();
+$worksheet = $spreadsheet->getActiveSheet();
+
+$worksheet->getCell('A1')->setValue('=ROWS(C1:E4)');
+$worksheet->getCell('A2')->setValue('=ROWS({1,2,3;4,5,6})');
+$worksheet->getCell('A3')->setValue('=ROWS(C1:E4 D3:G5)');
+
+for ($row = 1; $row <= 3; ++$row) {
+    $cell = $worksheet->getCell("A{$row}");
+    $helper->log("A{$row}: {$cell->getValue()} => {$cell->getCalculatedValue()}");
+}
diff --git a/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef.php b/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef.php
index 39823a205d..f1a147f18c 100644
--- a/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef.php
+++ b/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef.php
@@ -529,59 +529,21 @@ public static function MATCH($lookupValue, $lookupArray, $matchType = 1)
      * Excel Function:
      *        =INDEX(range_array, row_num, [column_num])
      *
-     * @param mixed $arrayValues A range of cells or an array constant
-     * @param mixed $rowNum The row in array from which to return a value. If row_num is omitted, column_num is required.
-     * @param mixed $columnNum The column in array from which to return a value. If column_num is omitted, row_num is required.
+     * @Deprecated 1.18.0
+     *
+     * @see Use the index() method in the LookupRef\Matrix class instead
+     *
+     * @param mixed $rowNum The row in the array or range from which to return a value.
+     *                          If row_num is omitted, column_num is required.
+     * @param mixed $columnNum The column in the array or range from which to return a value.
+     *                             If column_num is omitted, row_num is required.
+     * @param mixed $matrix
      *
      * @return mixed the value of a specified cell or array of cells
      */
-    public static function INDEX($arrayValues, $rowNum = 0, $columnNum = 0)
+    public static function INDEX($matrix, $rowNum = 0, $columnNum = 0)
     {
-        $rowNum = Functions::flattenSingleValue($rowNum);
-        $columnNum = Functions::flattenSingleValue($columnNum);
-
-        if (($rowNum < 0) || ($columnNum < 0)) {
-            return Functions::VALUE();
-        }
-
-        if (!is_array($arrayValues) || ($rowNum > count($arrayValues))) {
-            return Functions::REF();
-        }
-
-        $rowKeys = array_keys($arrayValues);
-        $columnKeys = @array_keys($arrayValues[$rowKeys[0]]);
-
-        if ($columnNum > count($columnKeys)) {
-            return Functions::VALUE();
-        } elseif ($columnNum == 0) {
-            if ($rowNum == 0) {
-                return $arrayValues;
-            }
-            $rowNum = $rowKeys[--$rowNum];
-            $returnArray = [];
-            foreach ($arrayValues as $arrayColumn) {
-                if (is_array($arrayColumn)) {
-                    if (isset($arrayColumn[$rowNum])) {
-                        $returnArray[] = $arrayColumn[$rowNum];
-                    } else {
-                        return [$rowNum => $arrayValues[$rowNum]];
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    return $arrayValues[$rowNum];
-                }
-            }
-
-            return $returnArray;
-        }
-        $columnNum = $columnKeys[--$columnNum];
-        if ($rowNum > count($rowKeys)) {
-            return Functions::VALUE();
-        } elseif ($rowNum == 0) {
-            return $arrayValues[$columnNum];
-        }
-        $rowNum = $rowKeys[--$rowNum];
-
-        return $arrayValues[$rowNum][$columnNum];
+        return Matrix::index($matrix, $rowNum, $columnNum);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef/Matrix.php b/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef/Matrix.php
index 99fd6e6e74..8859a28757 100644
--- a/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef/Matrix.php
+++ b/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef/Matrix.php
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 namespace PhpOffice\PhpSpreadsheet\Calculation\LookupRef;
 
+use PhpOffice\PhpSpreadsheet\Calculation\Functions;
+
 class Matrix
 {
     /**
@@ -30,4 +32,73 @@ public static function transpose($matrixData)
 
         return $returnMatrix;
     }
+
+    /**
+     * INDEX.
+     *
+     * Uses an index to choose a value from a reference or array
+     *
+     * Excel Function:
+     *        =INDEX(range_array, row_num, [column_num])
+     *
+     * @param mixed $matrix A range of cells or an array constant
+     * @param mixed $rowNum The row in the array or range from which to return a value.
+     *                          If row_num is omitted, column_num is required.
+     * @param mixed $columnNum The column in the array or range from which to return a value.
+     *                          If column_num is omitted, row_num is required.
+     *
+     * @return mixed the value of a specified cell or array of cells
+     */
+    public static function index($matrix, $rowNum = 0, $columnNum = 0)
+    {
+        $rowNum = Functions::flattenSingleValue($rowNum);
+        $columnNum = Functions::flattenSingleValue($columnNum);
+
+        if (!is_numeric($rowNum) || !is_numeric($columnNum) || ($rowNum < 0) || ($columnNum < 0)) {
+            return Functions::VALUE();
+        }
+
+        if (!is_array($matrix) || ($rowNum > count($matrix))) {
+            return Functions::REF();
+        }
+
+        $rowKeys = array_keys($matrix);
+        $columnKeys = @array_keys($matrix[$rowKeys[0]]);
+
+        if ($columnNum > count($columnKeys)) {
+            return Functions::REF();
+        }
+
+        if ($columnNum == 0) {
+            return self::extractRowValue($matrix, $rowKeys, $rowNum);
+        }
+
+        $columnNum = $columnKeys[--$columnNum];
+        if ($rowNum == 0) {
+            return array_map(
+                function ($value) {
+                    return [$value];
+                },
+                array_column($matrix, $columnNum)
+            );
+        }
+        $rowNum = $rowKeys[--$rowNum];
+
+        return $matrix[$rowNum][$columnNum];
+    }
+
+    private static function extractRowValue(array $matrix, array $rowKeys, int $rowNum)
+    {
+        if ($rowNum == 0) {
+            return $matrix;
+        }
+
+        $rowNum = $rowKeys[--$rowNum];
+        $row = $matrix[$rowNum];
+        if (is_array($row)) {
+            return [$rowNum => $row];
+        }
+
+        return $row;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef/RowColumnInformation.php b/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef/RowColumnInformation.php
index 0cce806a5a..19d0d5ff8a 100644
--- a/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef/RowColumnInformation.php
+++ b/src/PhpSpreadsheet/Calculation/LookupRef/RowColumnInformation.php
@@ -39,23 +39,23 @@ public static function COLUMN($cellAddress = null, ?Cell $cell = null)
 
                 return (int) Coordinate::columnIndexFromString($columnKey);
             }
-        } else {
-            [, $cellAddress] = Worksheet::extractSheetTitle($cellAddress, true);
-            if (strpos($cellAddress, ':') !== false) {
-                [$startAddress, $endAddress] = explode(':', $cellAddress);
-                $startAddress = preg_replace('/[^a-z]/i', '', $startAddress);
-                $endAddress = preg_replace('/[^a-z]/i', '', $endAddress);
-                $returnValue = [];
-                do {
-                    $returnValue[] = (int) Coordinate::columnIndexFromString($startAddress);
-                } while ($startAddress++ != $endAddress);
-
-                return $returnValue;
-            }
-            $cellAddress = preg_replace('/[^a-z]/i', '', $cellAddress);
+        }
 
-            return (int) Coordinate::columnIndexFromString($cellAddress);
+        [, $cellAddress] = Worksheet::extractSheetTitle((string) $cellAddress, true);
+        if (strpos($cellAddress, ':') !== false) {
+            [$startAddress, $endAddress] = explode(':', $cellAddress);
+            $startAddress = preg_replace('/[^a-z]/i', '', $startAddress);
+            $endAddress = preg_replace('/[^a-z]/i', '', $endAddress);
+
+            return range(
+                (int) Coordinate::columnIndexFromString($startAddress),
+                (int) Coordinate::columnIndexFromString($endAddress)
+            );
         }
+
+        $cellAddress = preg_replace('/[^a-z]/i', '', $cellAddress);
+
+        return (int) Coordinate::columnIndexFromString($cellAddress);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public static function COLUMN($cellAddress = null, ?Cell $cell = null)
      */
     public static function COLUMNS($cellAddress = null)
     {
-        if ($cellAddress === null || $cellAddress === '') {
+        if ($cellAddress === null || (is_string($cellAddress) && trim($cellAddress) === '')) {
             return 1;
         } elseif (!is_array($cellAddress)) {
             return Functions::VALUE();
@@ -114,28 +114,29 @@ public static function ROW($cellAddress = null, ?Cell $pCell = null)
         }
 
         if (is_array($cellAddress)) {
-            foreach ($cellAddress as $columnKey => $rowValue) {
-                foreach ($rowValue as $rowKey => $cellValue) {
+            foreach ($cellAddress as $rowKey => $rowValue) {
+                foreach ($rowValue as $columnKey => $cellValue) {
                     return (int) preg_replace('/\D/', '', $rowKey);
                 }
             }
-        } else {
-            [, $cellAddress] = Worksheet::extractSheetTitle($cellAddress, true);
-            if (strpos($cellAddress, ':') !== false) {
-                [$startAddress, $endAddress] = explode(':', $cellAddress);
-                $startAddress = preg_replace('/\D/', '', $startAddress);
-                $endAddress = preg_replace('/\D/', '', $endAddress);
-                $returnValue = [];
-                do {
-                    $returnValue[][] = (int) $startAddress;
-                } while ($startAddress++ != $endAddress);
-
-                return $returnValue;
-            }
-            [$cellAddress] = explode(':', $cellAddress);
+        }
 
-            return (int) preg_replace('/\D/', '', $cellAddress);
+        [, $cellAddress] = Worksheet::extractSheetTitle((string) $cellAddress, true);
+        if (strpos($cellAddress, ':') !== false) {
+            [$startAddress, $endAddress] = explode(':', $cellAddress);
+            $startAddress = preg_replace('/\D/', '', $startAddress);
+            $endAddress = preg_replace('/\D/', '', $endAddress);
+
+            return array_map(
+                function ($value) {
+                    return [$value];
+                },
+                range($startAddress, $endAddress)
+            );
         }
+        [$cellAddress] = explode(':', $cellAddress);
+
+        return (int) preg_replace('/\D/', '', $cellAddress);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@ public static function ROW($cellAddress = null, ?Cell $pCell = null)
      */
     public static function ROWS($cellAddress = null)
     {
-        if ($cellAddress === null || $cellAddress === '') {
+        if ($cellAddress === null || (is_string($cellAddress) && trim($cellAddress) === '')) {
             return 1;
         } elseif (!is_array($cellAddress)) {
             return Functions::VALUE();
diff --git a/tests/PhpSpreadsheetTests/Calculation/Functions/LookupRef/IndexTest.php b/tests/PhpSpreadsheetTests/Calculation/Functions/LookupRef/IndexTest.php
index 8ff6693169..c84a504de2 100644
--- a/tests/PhpSpreadsheetTests/Calculation/Functions/LookupRef/IndexTest.php
+++ b/tests/PhpSpreadsheetTests/Calculation/Functions/LookupRef/IndexTest.php
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
     public function testINDEX($expectedResult, ...$args): void
     {
         $result = LookupRef::INDEX(...$args);
+//        var_dump($result);
         self::assertEquals($expectedResult, $result);
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/data/Calculation/LookupRef/INDEX.php b/tests/data/Calculation/LookupRef/INDEX.php
index 55206270e0..157794ab18 100644
--- a/tests/data/Calculation/LookupRef/INDEX.php
+++ b/tests/data/Calculation/LookupRef/INDEX.php
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
         -1,
     ],
     [
-        '#VALUE!', // Expected
+        '#REF!', // Expected
         // Input
         [
             '20' => ['R' => 1, 'S' => 3],
@@ -63,6 +63,16 @@
         2,
         10,
     ],
+    [
+        '#REF!', // Expected
+        // Input
+        [
+            '20' => ['R' => 1, 'S' => 3],
+            '21' => ['R' => 2, 'S' => 4],
+        ],
+        10,
+        2,
+    ],
     [
         4, // Expected
         // Input
@@ -87,4 +97,64 @@
             '21' => ['R' => 2],
         ],
     ],
+    [
+        'Pears',
+        [
+            ['Apples', 'Lemons'],
+            ['Bananas', 'Pears'],
+        ],
+        2,
+        2,
+    ],
+    [
+        'Bananas',
+        [
+            ['Apples', 'Lemons'],
+            ['Bananas', 'Pears'],
+        ],
+        2,
+        1,
+    ],
+    [
+        3,
+        [
+            [4, 6],
+            [5, 3],
+            [6, 9],
+            [7, 5],
+            [8, 3],
+        ],
+        5,
+        2,
+    ],
+    [
+        [4 => [8, 3]],
+        [
+            [4, 6],
+            [5, 3],
+            [6, 9],
+            [7, 5],
+            [8, 3],
+        ],
+        5,
+        0,
+    ],
+    [
+        [
+            [6],
+            [3],
+            [9],
+            [5],
+            [3],
+        ],
+        [
+            [4, 6],
+            [5, 3],
+            [6, 9],
+            [7, 5],
+            [8, 3],
+        ],
+        0,
+        2,
+    ],
 ];
diff --git a/tests/data/Calculation/LookupRef/ROW.php b/tests/data/Calculation/LookupRef/ROW.php
index 89566011ef..62545c7674 100644
--- a/tests/data/Calculation/LookupRef/ROW.php
+++ b/tests/data/Calculation/LookupRef/ROW.php
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@
         [[10], [11], [12]],
         'C10:D12',
     ],
+    [
+        4,
+        [
+            4 => ['B' => 'B5', 'C' => 'C5', 'D' => 'D5'],
+            5 => ['B' => 'B5', 'C' => 'C5', 'D' => 'D5'],
+        ],
+    ],
     [
         [[10], [11], [12]],
         'Sheet1!C10:C12',