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cron-schedule CircleCI

A zero-dependency cron parser and scheduler for Node.js, Deno and the browser. Published on NPM and JSR

ts semantic-release

Features

  • Parse cron expressions.
  • Get next or previous schedules from a specific starting date.
  • Check if a date matches a cron expression.
  • Schedule a function call based on a cron expression.
  • Supports Node.js, Deno and the browser (ESM only)
  • Lightweight and tree-shakeable.

Installation and usage

Node.js

Via npm:

$ npm install cron-schedule

Via yarn:

$ yarn add cron-schedule

Via pnpm:

$ pnpm add cron-schedule

We test our code against the following Node.js releases (18.20, 20.12). Other versions of node.js may also work, but this is not tested.

Usage
import { parseCronExpression } from 'cron-schedule'
const cron = parseCronExpression('*/5 * * * *')
console.log(cron.getNextDate(new Date(2020, 10, 20, 18, 32)))
// 2020-11-20T17:35:00.000Z

Browser via CDN

<script type="module">
  import { parseCronExpression } from 'https://cdn.skypack.dev/cron-schedule@:version'
  const cron = parseCronExpression('*/5 * * * *')
  console.log(cron.getNextDate(new Date(2020, 10, 20, 18, 32)))
  // 2020-11-20T17:35:00.000Z
</script>

The examples above uses Skypack.

Deno

import { parseCronExpression } from 'npm:cron-schedule@:version'
const cron = parseCronExpression('*/5 * * * *')
console.log(cron.getNextDate(new Date(2020, 10, 20, 18, 32)))
// 2020-11-20T17:35:00.000Z

Alternatively you can use deno add @p4sca1/cron-schedule and import from @p4sca1/cron-schedule, or import from jsr:@p4sca1/cron-schedule without an install step.

Note on :version placeholder

The deno import and Skypack CDN urls contain a :version placeholder. Replace :version with the desired version. Semver ranges are supported. To always use the latest 4.x version use ^4.0.0. See https://www.npmjs.com/package/cron-schedule for a list of available versions.

Work with cron expressions

// Import method to parse a cron expression.
import { parseCronExpression } from 'cron-schedule'

// Parse a cron expression to return a Cron instance.
const cron = parseCronExpression('*/5 * * * *')

// Get the next date starting from the given start date or now.
cron.getNextDate(startDate?: Date): Date

// Get the specified amount of future dates starting from the given start date or now.
cron.getNextDates(amount: number, startDate?: Date): Date[]

// Get an ES6 compatible iterator which iterates over the next dates starting from startDate or now.
// The iterator runs until the optional endDate is reached or forever.
// The advantage of an iterator is that you can get more further dates on demand by using iterator.next().
cron.getNextDatesIterator(startDate: Date = new Date(), endDate?: Date): Generator<Date, undefined, undefined>

// Get the previou date starting from the given start date or now.
cron.getPrevDate(startDate: Date = new Date()): Date

// Get the specified amount of previous dates starting from the given start date or now.
cron.getPrevDates(amount: number, startDate?: Date): Date[]

// Get an ES6 compatible iterator which iterates over the previous dates starting from startDate or now.
// The iterator runs until the optional endDate is reached or forever.
// The advantage of an iterator is that you can get more previous dates on demand by using iterator.next().
cron.getPrevDatesIterator(startDate: Date = new Date(), endDate?: Date): Generator<Date, undefined, undefined>

// Check whether there is a cron date at the given date.
cron.matchDate(date: Date): boolean

Schedule tasks based on cron expressions

You can schedule tasks to be executed based on a cron expression. cron-schedule comes with 2 different schedulers.

If you use TypeScript, make sure you set compilerOptions.moduleResolution to node16 or nodenext.

1. Timer based scheduler

The timer based cron scheduler creates one timer for every scheduled cron. When the node timeout limit of ~24 days would be exceeded, it uses multiple consecutive timeouts.

// Import the scheduler.
import { TimerBasedCronScheduler as scheduler } from 'cron-schedule/schedulers/timer-based.js'

// Create a timeout, which fill fire the task on the next cron date.
// An optional errorHandler can be provided, which is called when the task throws an error or returns a promise that gets rejected.
// Returns a handle which can be used to clear the timeout using clearTimeoutOrInterval.
scheduler.setTimeout(cron: Cron, task: () => unknown, opts?: { errorHandler?: (err: Error) => unknown }): ITimerHandle

// Create an interval, which will fire the given task on every future cron date.
// This uses consecutive calls to scheduler.setTimeout under the hood.
// An optional errorHandler can be provided, which is called when the task throws an error or returns a promise that gets rejected.
// The task remains scheduled when an error occurs.
// Returns a handle which can be used to clear the timeout using clearTimeoutOrInterval.
scheduler.setInterval(cron: Cron, task: () => unknown, opts?: { errorHandler?: (err: Error) => unknown }): ITimerHandle

// Clear a timeout or interval, making sure that the task will no longer execute.
scheduler.clearTimeoutOrInterval(handle: ITimerHandle): void

Pros:

  • A task is scheduled exactly to the second of the next cron date.

Cons:

  • There is one timer per task, which could lead to lower performance compared to the interval based scheduler if you have many scheduled tasks.

2. Interval based scheduler

The interval based scheduler checks for due task in a fixed interval. So there is only one interval for all tasks assigned to a scheduler. You can have multiple instances of an interval based scheduler.

// Import the scheduler.
import { IntervalBasedCronScheduler } from 'cron-schedule/schedulers/interval-based.js'

// Instantiate a new instance of the scheduler with the given interval. In this example, the scheduler would check every 60 seconds.
const scheduler = new IntervalBasedCronScheduler(60 * 1000)

// Register a new task that will be executed on every future cron date, or only on the next cron date if isOneTimeTask is true.
// An optional errorHandler can be provided, which is called when the task throws an error or returns a promise that gets rejected.
// The task remains scheduled when an error occurs (if not a one time task). Tasks are at max executed only once per interval.
// Returns an id to be used with unregisterTask.
scheduler.registerTask(cron: Cron, task: () => unknown, opts?: { isOneTimeTask?: boolean, errorHandler?: (err: Error) => unknown }): number

// Unregister a task causing it to no longer be executed.
scheduler.unregisterTask(id: number): void

// You can stop the scheduler, which clears the interval.
scheduler.stop()

// You can start the scheduler after stopping it again. A newly created scheduler is started by default.
// Tasks that were due while the scheduler was stopped will be executed on the next interval tick (but only a single time).
scheduler.start()

Pros:

  • Only one interval for all tasks, which is quite performant.

Cons:

  • Tasks are not executed exactly on the cron date.
  • Tasks can only be executed once per interval.

For most people, the timer based scheduler should be a good option. However, setTimeout can be unreliable for long delays. When you have problems with long timeouts / intervals being skipped, or have performance problems because of many scheduled tasks, you should consider the interval based scheduler.

Cron expression format

cron_schedule uses the linux cron syntax as described here with the addition that you can optionally specify seconds by prepending the minute field with another field.

┌───────────── second (0 - 59, optional)
│ ┌───────────── minute (0 - 59)
│ │ ┌───────────── hour (0 - 23)
│ │ │ ┌───────────── day of month (1 - 31)
│ │ │ │ ┌───────────── month (1 - 12)
│ │ │ │ │ ┌───────────── weekday (0 - 7)
* * * * * *

All linux cron features are supported, including

  • lists
  • ranges
  • ranges in lists
  • step values
  • month names (jan,feb,... - case insensitive)
  • weekday names (mon,tue,... - case insensitive)
  • time nicknames (@yearly, @annually, @monthly, @weekly, @daily, @hourly - case insensitive)

For simple timing tasks like every x seconds, you should consider using setInterval which is more suitable for simple timing tasks, as it does not have the calculation overhead.

Cron validation

Looking for a way to validate cron expressions in your backend (node.js) or in the browser with support for multiple presets? Check out cron-validate!

Use the npm-cron-schedule preset to validate that cron expressions are supported by cron-schedule.