From 1309055165dc1e1b141a3a54680fcac32dbe3e58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2023 06:21:01 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 01/17] finished a short intro fo TCP/IP --- README.md | 50 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index cfd0b9b..fe72d78 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,2 +1,50 @@ # NetPractice -TCP/IP Addressing & Small Scale Network + +## Content +- [What Is TCP/IP?](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice#what-is-tcpip) +- [Terminology]() +- [What TCP/IP Can be Used For?]() +- [TCP/IP Layers]() + +## What Is TCP/IP? +The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. + +## Terminology +- **Datagrams:** A packet of data passed across a network +- **Routing:** is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks +- **Encapsulation:** Arranging data into packets to be transmitted over computer networks +- **Deencapsulation:** is the reverse computer-networking process. + +### What TCP/IP Can be Used For? (Non-Exhaustive List) +- Log in remotely +- Transfer emails +- Transfer files +- Manage Network + +## TCP/IP Model + +Layers | Short Explanation | Protocols Examples | +------------------------|-------------------------|---------------------| +Application layer | Applications or processes create user data and communicate it on another or the same host (Make use of the Transport layer) | SMTP, SSH, FTP, HTTPS, HTTP, DHCP...| +Transport layer | Provides a channel for host-to-host communication on the same network or remote network separated by routers | TCP (connection-oriented), UDP (connectionless), SCTP (connection-oriented)...| +Internet layer | Provides unreliable datagram transmission between hosts, and the IP (Primary Protocol) establishes the basis for internetworking. its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next closer host (IP router) to the final destination. | IP(IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP...| +Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers | Mac Address, Fiber, Wireless, Ethernet Cables... | + +- Connection-oriented Protocol (TCP, SCTP...) : + - requires both devices to be able to communicate with each other + - TCP successfully makes the connection reliable by : + - data arrives in-order + - data has minimal errors (i.e., correctness) + - No duplicate data + - lost or discarded packets are resent + - includes traffic congestion control + +- Connectionless Protocol (UDP, HTTP, ICMP, IP...) : + - A message is sent from one endpoint to another without a prior arrangement + - Used for broadcast + +## For More Information: +- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) +- [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol) +- [Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers -- RFC-1123](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122) +- [List of IP protocol numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IP_protocol_numbers) From 63f552035b046278e35cc536c41b4a57f818dd1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2023 21:44:58 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 02/17] Terminology --- README.md | 16 +++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index fe72d78..8cfd1e1 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -13,8 +13,18 @@ The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (commu - **Datagrams:** A packet of data passed across a network - **Routing:** is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks - **Encapsulation:** Arranging data into packets to be transmitted over computer networks -- **Deencapsulation:** is the reverse computer-networking process. - +- **Deencapsulation:** is the reverse computer-networking process +- **Client:** a computer or a process that accesses data, resources, or services of another computer on the network +- **Host:** a computer that can communicate with other Internet hosts over the Internet network. Its Internet address and name identify it. + - **Local host:** the computer at which the user is working + - **Foreign host:** any other hostname on the network +- **Network:** A network is a collection of interconnected devices, systems, or components that can communicate and exchange data with each other (WAN, LAN...) + - **Physical network:** the hardware that makes up the network (cables, servers, routers, switches...). The physical network must support and the implementation of the logical network for proper functioning + - **Logical network:** is the virtual design, functional aspect of the network based on the organization's needs, in other words, it's the blueprint for implementing the physical network infrastructure (how systems are interconnected, routing protocols, IP addressing, logical network segmentation...) +- **Packet:** a block of data used by the process to receive and send data in one transaction between the host and its network +- **Port:** A logical endpoint that allows network protocols and services to communicate (send and receive data) +- **Protocol:** A set of rules for handling communications at the physical or logical level. A protocol can use another protocol to accomplish its mission + ### What TCP/IP Can be Used For? (Non-Exhaustive List) - Log in remotely - Transfer emails @@ -27,7 +37,7 @@ Layers | Short Explanation | Protocols Examples | ------------------------|-------------------------|---------------------| Application layer | Applications or processes create user data and communicate it on another or the same host (Make use of the Transport layer) | SMTP, SSH, FTP, HTTPS, HTTP, DHCP...| Transport layer | Provides a channel for host-to-host communication on the same network or remote network separated by routers | TCP (connection-oriented), UDP (connectionless), SCTP (connection-oriented)...| -Internet layer | Provides unreliable datagram transmission between hosts, and the IP (Primary Protocol) establishes the basis for internetworking. its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next closer host (IP router) to the final destination. | IP(IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP...| +Internet layer | Provides unreliable datagram transmission between hosts, and the IP (Primary Protocol) establishes the basis for internetworking. its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next closer host (IP router) to the final destination. | IP(IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP...| Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers | Mac Address, Fiber, Wireless, Ethernet Cables... | - Connection-oriented Protocol (TCP, SCTP...) : From fd3d43884270b4ea6fce5413d27c46ae823a3225 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 5 Jul 2023 21:46:48 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 03/17] Update README.md --- README.md | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 8cfd1e1..350a492 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -4,10 +4,11 @@ - [What Is TCP/IP?](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice#what-is-tcpip) - [Terminology]() - [What TCP/IP Can be Used For?]() -- [TCP/IP Layers]() +- [TCP/IP Model]() +- [IPv4 Subnetting]() ## What Is TCP/IP? -The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. +:star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. ## Terminology - **Datagrams:** A packet of data passed across a network @@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (commu - **Local host:** the computer at which the user is working - **Foreign host:** any other hostname on the network - **Network:** A network is a collection of interconnected devices, systems, or components that can communicate and exchange data with each other (WAN, LAN...) - - **Physical network:** the hardware that makes up the network (cables, servers, routers, switches...). The physical network must support and the implementation of the logical network for proper functioning + - **Physical network:** the hardware that makes up the network (cables, servers, routers, switches...). The physical network must support the implementation of the logical network for proper functioning - **Logical network:** is the virtual design, functional aspect of the network based on the organization's needs, in other words, it's the blueprint for implementing the physical network infrastructure (how systems are interconnected, routing protocols, IP addressing, logical network segmentation...) - **Packet:** a block of data used by the process to receive and send data in one transaction between the host and its network - **Port:** A logical endpoint that allows network protocols and services to communicate (send and receive data) @@ -53,6 +54,23 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - A message is sent from one endpoint to another without a prior arrangement - Used for broadcast +## IPv4 Subnetting +[**Video series by Practical Networking on Youtube**](https://subnetipv4.com/) + +### What Is Subnetting? + +:star: **Subnetting means dividing a network into sub-networks.** + +Subnetting Attributes : +- **Network ID:** The first IP address in the sub-network +- **Broadcast IP:** The last IP address in the sub-network +- **First host:** The first IP address after the sub-network ID +- **Last host:** The first IP address before the broadcast IP +- **Next Network:** The first IP address after the broadcast IP +- **# IP addresses:** Number of all available IP addresses in a sub-network +- **CIDR/Subnet:** Converting between CIDR/Subnet Mask + + ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) - [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol) From d32125872699c894319e51bea46c6085dca806ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 01:23:50 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 04/17] What is Subnetting, Attributes, Cheatsheet --- README.md | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 350a492..9b99f9e 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ - [What TCP/IP Can be Used For?]() - [TCP/IP Model]() - [IPv4 Subnetting]() +- [How To Write A CheatSheet?]() ## What Is TCP/IP? :star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. @@ -34,12 +35,12 @@ ## TCP/IP Model -Layers | Short Explanation | Protocols Examples | +Layers | Short Explanation | Protocols | ------------------------|-------------------------|---------------------| Application layer | Applications or processes create user data and communicate it on another or the same host (Make use of the Transport layer) | SMTP, SSH, FTP, HTTPS, HTTP, DHCP...| -Transport layer | Provides a channel for host-to-host communication on the same network or remote network separated by routers | TCP (connection-oriented), UDP (connectionless), SCTP (connection-oriented)...| -Internet layer | Provides unreliable datagram transmission between hosts, and the IP (Primary Protocol) establishes the basis for internetworking. its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next closer host (IP router) to the final destination. | IP(IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP...| -Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers | Mac Address, Fiber, Wireless, Ethernet Cables... | +Transport layer | Provides a channel for host-to-host communication on the same network or remote network separated by routers | TCP (connection-oriented), UDP (connectionless), SCTP (connection-oriented)...| +Internet layer | Provides unreliable datagram transmission between hosts, and the IP (Primary Protocol) establishes the basis for internetworking. its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next closer host (IP router) to the final destination. | IP(IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP...| +Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers | Mac Address, Fiber, Wireless, Ethernet Cables... | - Connection-oriented Protocol (TCP, SCTP...) : - requires both devices to be able to communicate with each other @@ -59,9 +60,12 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the ### What Is Subnetting? -:star: **Subnetting means dividing a network into sub-networks.** +:star: **Subnetting means dividing a network into sub-networks.** :star: -Subnetting Attributes : +Subnetting a network of 255 addresses + + +➡️ **Subnetting Attributes:** - **Network ID:** The first IP address in the sub-network - **Broadcast IP:** The last IP address in the sub-network - **First host:** The first IP address after the sub-network ID @@ -70,6 +74,21 @@ Subnetting Attributes : - **# IP addresses:** Number of all available IP addresses in a sub-network - **CIDR/Subnet:** Converting between CIDR/Subnet Mask +## How To Write A CheatSheet? +1️⃣: Start with 1, double until you reach 128 (right to left) + +2️⃣: Subtract the top row from 256 + +3️⃣: From /32, list CIDR notation (right to left) + +- /24 means 255 IP addresses + +| 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | +------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ +| 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | +| /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | + + ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) From 5cd66867ad5ceb8ebef635435b797cee23609d27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 01:37:21 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 05/17] Solving For IP target --- README.md | 18 ++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 9b99f9e..3d693da 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ - [TCP/IP Model]() - [IPv4 Subnetting]() - [How To Write A CheatSheet?]() +- [How To Solve all Subnetting Attributes?]() ## What Is TCP/IP? :star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. @@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ Transport layer | Provides a channel for host-to-host communication on t Internet layer | Provides unreliable datagram transmission between hosts, and the IP (Primary Protocol) establishes the basis for internetworking. its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next closer host (IP router) to the final destination. | IP(IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP...| Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers | Mac Address, Fiber, Wireless, Ethernet Cables... | -- Connection-oriented Protocol (TCP, SCTP...) : +- ⭐ **Connection-oriented Protocol (TCP, SCTP...):** - requires both devices to be able to communicate with each other - TCP successfully makes the connection reliable by : - data arrives in-order @@ -51,16 +52,15 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - lost or discarded packets are resent - includes traffic congestion control -- Connectionless Protocol (UDP, HTTP, ICMP, IP...) : +- ⭐ **Connectionless Protocol (UDP, HTTP, ICMP, IP...):** - A message is sent from one endpoint to another without a prior arrangement - Used for broadcast ## IPv4 Subnetting -[**Video series by Practical Networking on Youtube**](https://subnetipv4.com/) ### What Is Subnetting? -:star: **Subnetting means dividing a network into sub-networks.** :star: +⭐ **Subnetting means dividing a network into sub-networks.** :star: Subnetting a network of 255 addresses @@ -88,6 +88,15 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | +## How To Solve All Subnetting Attributes? +1️⃣ : Use the given CIDR/Mask and find + - CIDR/subnet map to each other + - Groupe size ==> IP Address + - Start at .0 in the relevant octet + - Increase by group size until you **PASS** target IP + +2️⃣ : get Net ID, Next Network, BC IP, First Host, Last Host, IP addresses (Group Size) +![Solving subnetting for a target IP](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Solving_Subnetting_Problems.png) ## For More Information: @@ -95,3 +104,4 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol) - [Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers -- RFC-1123](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122) - [List of IP protocol numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IP_protocol_numbers) +- [**Video series by Practical Networking on Youtube**](https://subnetipv4.com/) From d03481787205c6ab6bbb9f57012bd2807d624c60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 03:05:45 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 06/17] Update README.md --- README.md | 19 ++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 3d693da..2519cf0 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ - [What TCP/IP Can be Used For?]() - [TCP/IP Model]() - [IPv4 Subnetting]() -- [How To Write A CheatSheet?]() -- [How To Solve all Subnetting Attributes?]() + - [How To Write A CheatSheet?]() + - [How To Find Attributes Given An IP?]() + - [Tips To Solve 7 Attributes]() ## What Is TCP/IP? :star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. @@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - **# IP addresses:** Number of all available IP addresses in a sub-network - **CIDR/Subnet:** Converting between CIDR/Subnet Mask -## How To Write A CheatSheet? +### How To Write A CheatSheet? 1️⃣: Start with 1, double until you reach 128 (right to left) 2️⃣: Subtract the top row from 256 @@ -88,15 +89,19 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | -## How To Solve All Subnetting Attributes? +### How To Find Attributes Given An IP? 1️⃣ : Use the given CIDR/Mask and find - CIDR/subnet map to each other - Groupe size ==> IP Address - Start at .0 in the relevant octet - Increase by group size until you **PASS** target IP -2️⃣ : get Net ID, Next Network, BC IP, First Host, Last Host, IP addresses (Group Size) -![Solving subnetting for a target IP](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Solving_Subnetting_Problems.png) +2️⃣ : get Net ID ➡️ Next Network ➡️ BC IP ➡️ First Host ➡️ Last Host ➡️ IP addresses (Group Size) + +### Tips To Solve 7 Attributes +🎯: Group Size can be multiplied to get quickly to the subnet of the targeted IP address + +![Solving subnetting for a target IP](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Subnetting_Attributes.png) ## For More Information: @@ -104,4 +109,4 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol) - [Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers -- RFC-1123](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122) - [List of IP protocol numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IP_protocol_numbers) -- [**Video series by Practical Networking on Youtube**](https://subnetipv4.com/) +- 📺 [**Video series by Practical Networking on Youtube**](https://subnetipv4.com/) From f8583fcf876be82a1d2580a513b0261ccf926f52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 04:25:42 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 07/17] Subnetting in /17 /24 --- README.md | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 2519cf0..53144d1 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ - [What TCP/IP Can be Used For?]() - [TCP/IP Model]() - [IPv4 Subnetting]() + - [What is subnetting]() - [How To Write A CheatSheet?]() - - [How To Find Attributes Given An IP?]() - - [Tips To Solve 7 Attributes]() + - [How To Find The 7 Attributes of a Given IP Address?]() + - [Tips For Solving The 7 Attributes Faster]() + - [Subnetting In /17 - /24 Range]() + - [Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range]() ## What Is TCP/IP? :star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. @@ -82,14 +85,13 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the 3️⃣: From /32, list CIDR notation (right to left) -- /24 means 255 IP addresses | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | -### How To Find Attributes Given An IP? +### How To Find The 7 Attributes of a Given IP Address? 1️⃣ : Use the given CIDR/Mask and find - CIDR/subnet map to each other - Groupe size ==> IP Address @@ -98,10 +100,45 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the 2️⃣ : get Net ID ➡️ Next Network ➡️ BC IP ➡️ First Host ➡️ Last Host ➡️ IP addresses (Group Size) -### Tips To Solve 7 Attributes -🎯: Group Size can be multiplied to get quickly to the subnet of the targeted IP address +![Solving subnetting for a target IP](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Subnetting_Attribute.png) -![Solving subnetting for a target IP](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Subnetting_Attributes.png) +### Tips For Solving The 7 Attributes Faster + +🎯: Group size can be multiplied to get quickly to the subnet of the targeted IP address + +🎯: Every group size lands on 128 at some point + +🎯: **Each group size aligns with the subnet value** in the **corresponding column** with each subsequent column **to the left**. + +🎯: Start higher, and subtract + + +### Subnetting In /17 - /24 Range +- **To get the CIDR notation of the 3rd octet** + + 💡: Start over from the **right side** and keep **decrementing** + + 💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)** + +| 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | +------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ +| 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | +| /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | +| /17 | /18 | /19 | /20 | /21 | /22 | /23 | /24 | **3rd Octet** | + +#### Example: + +| **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.4.235.99 /21:** | ➡️ ** of 10.4.211.66 /18:** | +-----------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------- | +**Network ID:** | 10.4.232.0 [3rd Octet => .224 => .232 => .240] | 10.4.192.0 [3rd Octet : .128 => .192 => .0] | +**Broadcast IP:**| 10.4.239.255 | 10.4.255.255 | +**First host:** | 10.4.232.1 | 10.4.192.1 | +**Last host:** | 10.4.239.254 | 10.4.255.254 | +**Next Network:** | 10.4.240.0 | 10.5.0.0 | +**# Total IP addresses:** | 2048 [32 - 21 = 11 & 2 ^ 11 = 2048] | 16,384 [32-18 = 14 & 2 ^ 14 = ] | +**CIDR/Subnet:** | 255.255.248.0 | 255.255.192.0 | + +### Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range ## For More Information: From 95af3d5afd6976389a459f6413384158c36f63fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 05:46:57 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 08/17] Update README.md --- README.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 53144d1..219aa33 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -140,6 +140,31 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the ### Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range +- **To get the CIDR notation of the 3rd octet** + + 💡: Start over from the **right side** and keep **decrementing** + + 💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)** + +| 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | +------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ +| 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | +| /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | +| /17 | /18 | /19 | /20 | /21 | /22 | /23 | /24 | **3rd Octet** | +| /9 | /10 | /11 | /12 | /13 | /14 | /15 | /16 | **2nd Octet** | +| /1 | /2 | /3 | /4 | /5 | /6 | /7 | /8 | **1st Octet** | + +#### Example: + +| **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.50.111.222 /12:** | ➡️ ** of :** | +-----------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------- | +**Network ID:** | [] | [] | +**Broadcast IP:**| | | +**First host:** | | | +**Last host:** | | | +**Next Network:** | | | +**# Total IP addresses:** | [] | [] | +**CIDR/Subnet:** | | | ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) From ff6cf5a0a375cc6306688261fc229e2e3bbc707e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 07:21:19 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 09/17] Subnetting in /1 - /16 --- README.md | 28 ++++++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 219aa33..6a3a0cf 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -130,12 +130,12 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the | **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.4.235.99 /21:** | ➡️ ** of 10.4.211.66 /18:** | -----------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------- | -**Network ID:** | 10.4.232.0 [3rd Octet => .224 => .232 => .240] | 10.4.192.0 [3rd Octet : .128 => .192 => .0] | +**Network ID:** | 10.4.232.0 [3rd Octet => .224 => .232] | 10.4.192.0 [3rd Octet : .128 => .192 => .0] | **Broadcast IP:**| 10.4.239.255 | 10.4.255.255 | **First host:** | 10.4.232.1 | 10.4.192.1 | **Last host:** | 10.4.239.254 | 10.4.255.254 | **Next Network:** | 10.4.240.0 | 10.5.0.0 | -**# Total IP addresses:** | 2048 [32 - 21 = 11 & 2 ^ 11 = 2048] | 16,384 [32-18 = 14 & 2 ^ 14 = ] | +**# Total IP addresses:** | 2048 [32 - 21 = 11 & 2 ^ 11] | 16,384 [32-18 = 14 & 2 ^ 14 = ] | **CIDR/Subnet:** | 255.255.248.0 | 255.255.192.0 | ### Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range @@ -149,22 +149,26 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | -| /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | +| /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **4th Octet** | | /17 | /18 | /19 | /20 | /21 | /22 | /23 | /24 | **3rd Octet** | | /9 | /10 | /11 | /12 | /13 | /14 | /15 | /16 | **2nd Octet** | | /1 | /2 | /3 | /4 | /5 | /6 | /7 | /8 | **1st Octet** | +💡: *0.0.0.0 /0 is commonly used in the routing table as the default route or default gateway* + #### Example: -| **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.50.111.222 /12:** | ➡️ ** of :** | ------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------- | -**Network ID:** | [] | [] | -**Broadcast IP:**| | | -**First host:** | | | -**Last host:** | | | -**Next Network:** | | | -**# Total IP addresses:** | [] | [] | -**CIDR/Subnet:** | | | +| **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.50.111.222 /12:** | ➡️ ** of 10.50.111.222 /7:** | ➡️ ** of 213.50.111.222 /2:** | +-----------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------- |---------------------------------| +**Network ID:** | 10.48.0.0 [.48 => .64 ] | 10.0.0.0 [.8 => .10 => .12] | 192.0.0.0 [.128 => .192 => .0] | +**Broadcast IP:** | 10.63.255.255 | 11.255.255.255 | 255.255.255.255 | +**First host:** | 10.48.0.1 | 10.0.0.1 | 192.0.0.1 | +**Last host:** | 10.64.255.254 | 11.255.255.254 | 255.255.255.254 | +**Next Network:** | 10.64.0.0 | 12.0.0.0 | **n/a** [No leading octet, we're at end of IPv4 addresses] | +**# Total IP addresses:** | 1,048,576 [2 ^ (32-12)] | 33,554,432 [2^(32-7)] | 1,073,741,824 | +**CIDR/Subnet:** | 255.240.0.0 | 254.0.0.0 | 192.0.0.0 | + +💡: In reality most of the last /2 addresses are unassignable as host addresses ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) From 071b1d74a147ee74b8abd8d0e706bb718f570606 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 07:29:08 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 10/17] Image --- README.md | 11 ++++++----- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 6a3a0cf..90d8dd2 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the ### Subnetting In /17 - /24 Range - **To get the CIDR notation of the 3rd octet** - 💡: Start over from the **right side** and keep **decrementing** + *💡: Start over from the **right side** and keep **decrementing*** - 💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)** + *💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)*** | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ @@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - **To get the CIDR notation of the 3rd octet** - 💡: Start over from the **right side** and keep **decrementing** + *💡: Start over from the **right side** and keep **decrementing*** - 💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)** + *💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)*** | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ @@ -168,7 +168,8 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the **# Total IP addresses:** | 1,048,576 [2 ^ (32-12)] | 33,554,432 [2^(32-7)] | 1,073,741,824 | **CIDR/Subnet:** | 255.240.0.0 | 254.0.0.0 | 192.0.0.0 | -💡: In reality most of the last /2 addresses are unassignable as host addresses +*💡: **In reality most of the last /2 addresses are unassignable as host addresses*** +![Entire IPv4 addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Entire_IPv4.png) ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) From 70e015f62cea9e42170bf03bd8cebda6811739e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 19:21:50 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 11/17] Network Devices, before merge back to top --- README.md | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 90d8dd2..ac23049 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ - [Tips For Solving The 7 Attributes Faster]() - [Subnetting In /17 - /24 Range]() - [Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range]() +- [Network Devices]() ## What Is TCP/IP? :star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. @@ -171,6 +172,36 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the *💡: **In reality most of the last /2 addresses are unassignable as host addresses*** ![Entire IPv4 addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Entire_IPv4.png) +## Network Devices +### How Data Flows Through The Internet +#### Hosts : +⭐ *Any system that sends or receives traffic.* + - phone + - computer + - laptop + - servers + - cloud servers + - Internet of Things (IoT) (speaker, refrigerator...) + +⭐ **Client:** initiates request. **Servers** respond. (Relative to specific communication) + +#### IP Addresses : + +⭐ *IP Address is the identity of each host* + - IPv4 is 32bit + - Hierarchically assigned + +![IP addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/ip_addresses.png) + +💡 : all of those hosts above exist in a network + +#### Network : +⭐ Network is what **transports traffic between hosts** + - Logical grouping of hosts which require similar connectivity + - Subnetworks, subnet + - 💡 Networks connect to other networks (The Internet is simply an inter-connected network) + + ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) - [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol) From a49362d2d6558a5a3940f749b22719a1faf12120 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 6 Jul 2023 20:16:31 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 12/17] repeater --- README.md | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index f483429..965e4ba 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ - [Subnetting In /17 - /24 Range](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#subnetting-in-17---24-range) - [Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#subnetting-in-1---16-range) - [Network Devices]() + - [Hosts]() + - [Ip Addresses]() + - [Network]() + - [Repeater]() ## What Is TCP/IP? :star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. @@ -193,6 +197,10 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the *💡: **In reality most of the last /2 addresses are unassignable as host addresses*** ![Entire IPv4 addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Entire_IPv4.png) +
+ ↥ back to top +
+ ## Network Devices ### How Data Flows Through The Internet #### Hosts : @@ -206,7 +214,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the ⭐ **Client:** initiates request. **Servers** respond. (Relative to specific communication) -#### IP Addresses : +#### IP Addresses ⭐ *IP Address is the identity of each host* - IPv4 is 32bit @@ -216,8 +224,11 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the 💡 : all of those hosts above exist in a network -#### Network : -⭐ Network is what **transports traffic between hosts** +#### Network + +💡: Before networks exist, if you want to upload some files from another host you had to use a drive, USB... + +⭐ *Network is what **transports traffic between hosts*** - Logical grouping of hosts which require similar connectivity - Subnetworks, subnet - 💡 Networks connect to other networks (The Internet is simply an inter-connected network) @@ -226,6 +237,17 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the ↥ back to top +#### Repeater + +💡: A wire between two hosts is considered a network, the downside is that the signal **decays as it travels long distances** + +⭐: *A repeater simply repeats the signal that it receives* + - it's very useful to connect two hosts in different buildings, so **the signal won't decay** + +![how a repeater work](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Repeater.png) + +#### Hub + ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) - [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol) From 48863407fa93b1ca8f1d60bbc80ec7377ca59a94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2023 05:14:13 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 13/17] Doc: Bridge, Switch, align images and tables --- README.md | 71 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 61 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 965e4ba..caeb257 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -79,10 +79,11 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the ### What Is Subnetting? -⭐ **Subnetting means dividing a network into sub-networks.** :star: +⭐ **Subnetting means dividing a network into sub-networks.** +
Subnetting a network of 255 addresses - +
➡️ **Subnetting Attributes:** - **Network ID:** The first IP address in the sub-network @@ -104,12 +105,15 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the 3️⃣: From /32, list CIDR notation (right to left) - +
+ | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | +
+ ### How To Find The 7 Attributes of a Given IP Address? 1️⃣ : Use the given CIDR/Mask and find - CIDR/subnet map to each other @@ -118,7 +122,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - Increase by group size until you **PASS** target IP 2️⃣ : get Net ID ➡️ Next Network ➡️ BC IP ➡️ First Host ➡️ Last Host ➡️ IP addresses (Group Size) - + ![Solving subnetting for a target IP](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Subnetting_Attribute.png) ### Tips For Solving The 7 Attributes Faster @@ -142,14 +146,20 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the *💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)*** +
+ | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | | /17 | /18 | /19 | /20 | /21 | /22 | /23 | /24 | **3rd Octet** | +
+ #### Example: +
+ | **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.4.235.99 /21:** | ➡️ ** of 10.4.211.66 /18:** | -----------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------- | **Network ID:** | 10.4.232.0 [3rd Octet => .224 => .232] | 10.4.192.0 [3rd Octet : .128 => .192 => .0] | @@ -160,6 +170,8 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the **# Total IP addresses:** | 2048 [32 - 21 = 11 & 2 ^ 11] | 16,384 [32-18 = 14 & 2 ^ 14 = ] | **CIDR/Subnet:** | 255.255.248.0 | 255.255.192.0 | +
+
↥ back to top
@@ -172,6 +184,8 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the *💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)*** +
+ | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | @@ -180,10 +194,14 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the | /9 | /10 | /11 | /12 | /13 | /14 | /15 | /16 | **2nd Octet** | | /1 | /2 | /3 | /4 | /5 | /6 | /7 | /8 | **1st Octet** | +
+ 💡: *0.0.0.0 /0 is commonly used in the routing table as the default route or default gateway* #### Example: +
+ | **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.50.111.222 /12:** | ➡️ ** of 10.50.111.222 /7:** | ➡️ ** of 213.50.111.222 /2:** | -----------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------- |---------------------------------| **Network ID:** | 10.48.0.0 [.48 => .64 ] | 10.0.0.0 [.8 => .10 => .12] | 192.0.0.0 [.128 => .192 => .0] | @@ -194,8 +212,13 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the **# Total IP addresses:** | 1,048,576 [2 ^ (32-12)] | 33,554,432 [2^(32-7)] | 1,073,741,824 | **CIDR/Subnet:** | 255.240.0.0 | 254.0.0.0 | 192.0.0.0 | +
+ *💡: **In reality most of the last /2 addresses are unassignable as host addresses*** -![Entire IPv4 addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Entire_IPv4.png) + +
+Entire IPv4 addresses +
↥ back to top @@ -204,7 +227,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the ## Network Devices ### How Data Flows Through The Internet #### Hosts : -⭐ *Any system that sends or receives traffic.* +⭐ *Any system that **sends or receives traffic**.* - phone - computer - laptop @@ -216,11 +239,13 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the #### IP Addresses -⭐ *IP Address is the identity of each host* +⭐ *IP Address is the **identity of each host*** - IPv4 is 32bit - Hierarchically assigned -![IP addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/ip_addresses.png) +
+IP addresses +
💡 : all of those hosts above exist in a network @@ -241,12 +266,38 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the 💡: A wire between two hosts is considered a network, the downside is that the signal **decays as it travels long distances** -⭐: *A repeater simply repeats the signal that it receives* +⭐: *A repeater simply **regenerate the signal that it receives*** - it's very useful to connect two hosts in different buildings, so **the signal won't decay** -![how a repeater work](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Repeater.png) +
+how a repeater work +
#### Hub +⭐ *A hub is simply a **multi-port repeater*** + - Facilitates adding another host +💡 **Problem**: everyone receives everyone's else data + +
+a hub connected to 4 hosts +
+ +#### Bridge + +⭐ Bridges sits in between Hub-connected hosts + - Bridges only have two port + - Bridge learn which hosts are on each side + +#### Switch + +⭐ *Switches **facilitate communication** between hosts **within the same network*** + - Switches are a **combination of Hubs and Bridges** + - **Multi ports** + - Learns **which hosts** are on **each port** + +#### Router + + ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) From d8dc23ecbbf70491f226218e46469d771c716991 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2023 06:12:28 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 14/17] Doc: Images, text hub switch router --- README.md | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index caeb257..3d59d1b 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ - [Ip Addresses]() - [Network]() - [Repeater]() + - [Hub]() + - [Switch]() + - [Router]() ## What Is TCP/IP? :star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. @@ -272,6 +275,9 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the
how a repeater work
+
+ ↥ back to top +
#### Hub ⭐ *A hub is simply a **multi-port repeater*** @@ -281,6 +287,9 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the
a hub connected to 4 hosts
+
+ ↥ back to top +
#### Bridge @@ -288,6 +297,13 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - Bridges only have two port - Bridge learn which hosts are on each side +
+Bridge connected to two Hubs +
+
+ ↥ back to top +
+ #### Switch ⭐ *Switches **facilitate communication** between hosts **within the same network*** @@ -295,9 +311,27 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - **Multi ports** - Learns **which hosts** are on **each port** +
+switch connects hosts within same network +
+
+ ↥ back to top +
+ #### Router +⭐ *Routers facilitate **communication between networks*** + - Routers **learn which network they are attached to** + - Known as **Routes** - Sorted in **Routing Table** +💡 - **Routing Table** - all known networks for a Router + +
+router connected to switches +
+
+ ↥ back to top +
## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) From 5c54a8ac4b2fdef8cb4f311bf278c15d88bf44f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2023 09:34:10 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 15/17] OSI Model --- README.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 3d59d1b..6a0a080 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -14,17 +14,24 @@ - [Tips For Solving The 7 Attributes Faster](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#tips-for-solving-the-7-attributes-faster) - [Subnetting In /17 - /24 Range](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#subnetting-in-17---24-range) - [Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#subnetting-in-1---16-range) -- [Network Devices]() - - [Hosts]() - - [Ip Addresses]() - - [Network]() - - [Repeater]() - - [Hub]() - - [Switch]() - - [Router]() +- [Network Devices](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Network-Devices) + - [How Data Flows Through The Internet](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#How-Data-Flows-Through-The-Internet) + - [Hosts](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Hosts) + - [Ip Addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Ip-Addresses) + - [Network](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Network) + - [Repeater](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Repeater) + - [Hub](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Hub) + - [Switch](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Switch) + - [Router](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Router) + - [Other Network Devices](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#Other-Network-Devices) +- [OSI Model](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#) + - [Physical Layer - Transporting Bits]() + - [Data Link Layer - Hop to Hop]() + - [Network Layer - End to End]() + - [IP Addresses and MAC addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#IP-Addresses-and-MAC-addresses) ## What Is TCP/IP? -:star: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a set of protocols (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can communicate over a network. +⭐ ***The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol** is a **set of protocols** (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can **communicate over a network**.* ## Terminology - **Datagrams:** A packet of data passed across a network @@ -282,6 +289,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the #### Hub ⭐ *A hub is simply a **multi-port repeater*** - Facilitates adding another host + 💡 **Problem**: everyone receives everyone's else data
@@ -321,6 +329,9 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the #### Router ⭐ *Routers facilitate **communication between networks*** + - Provides a **traffic control point** (security, filtering, redirecting) + - In the past, Switches could not perform such filtering + - Routers are considered the logical separation of devices - Routers **learn which network they are attached to** - Known as **Routes** - Sorted in **Routing Table** @@ -329,6 +340,62 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the
router connected to switches
+ +⭐ ***Routing** is the process of moving data between networks* + - **Primary purpose** of a Router is *Routing* + +⭐ ***Switching** is the process of moving within networks* + - **Primary purpose** of a switch is *Switching* + +
+Sending packets through the internet +
+ +
+
+ ↥ back to top +
+ +#### Other Network Devices +Any network device performs weather Routing and/or Switching +- Access Points +- Firewalls +- Proxies +- Virtual Routers +- Layer 3 Switches + +
+
+ ↥ back to top +
+ +## OSI Model +⭐ ***Networking Goal** is to allow two hosts to share data between them* + +### Physical Layer - Transporting Bits +- Transporting bits by using an L1 technology + +### Data Link Layer - Hop to Hop +- Interact with the wire (i.e., L1) + - **NIC** Network Interface Cards / Wi-Fi Access Cards +- Addressing Scheme - **MAC addresses** + - **48 bits**, represented as **12 hex digits** + - 94-65-4c-3d-65-e5 (Windows) / 94\:65:4c\:3d\:65:e5 (Linux) / 9465.4c3d.65e5 (CISCO) + +💡 **Every NIC has a unique MAC address** + +💡 **ARP: Address Resolution Protocol Links a L3 address to a L2 address** + +### Network Layer - End to End +- Addressing scheme - IP Addresses + +#### IP Addresses and MAC addresses +💡 *Takeaway: **L2 and L3 work together** to move **data across the internet*** + +
+Sending packets using IP Addresses and MAC addresses +
+
↥ back to top
From 55951b7795d062bf158769efad51fc3e927b92c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2023 13:43:37 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 16/17] Update README.md --- README.md | 14 ++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 6a0a080..9d2456f 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -378,7 +378,8 @@ Any network device performs weather Routing and/or Switching ### Data Link Layer - Hop to Hop - Interact with the wire (i.e., L1) - **NIC** Network Interface Cards / Wi-Fi Access Cards -- Addressing Scheme - **MAC addresses** + - 🧮 Addressing Scheme - **MAC addresses** + - **48 bits**, represented as **12 hex digits** - 94-65-4c-3d-65-e5 (Windows) / 94\:65:4c\:3d\:65:e5 (Linux) / 9465.4c3d.65e5 (CISCO) @@ -387,7 +388,7 @@ Any network device performs weather Routing and/or Switching 💡 **ARP: Address Resolution Protocol Links a L3 address to a L2 address** ### Network Layer - End to End -- Addressing scheme - IP Addresses +- 🧮 Addressing scheme - **IP Addresses** #### IP Addresses and MAC addresses 💡 *Takeaway: **L2 and L3 work together** to move **data across the internet*** @@ -400,6 +401,15 @@ Any network device performs weather Routing and/or Switching ↥ back to top +### Transport Layer - Service to Service + +⭐ ***Distinguish data streams**. This layer ensures that data is received by the right process in your host (multiple tabs in browser)* + - 🧮 Addressing Scheme - **Ports** + - [0 - 65535] -- TCP -- **favors reliability** + - [0 - 65535] -- TCP -- **favors efficiency** + - **Servers listen** for requests to **predefined Ports** + - Clients **select a random** Port for **each connection** + ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) - [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol) From 93b3f66f33444e71babab9693336faaca370590e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marouane Fouadi <115739322+Mushigarou@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 8 Jul 2023 10:06:07 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 17/17] Update README.md --- README.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 9d2456f..60cfbbf 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ - [Data Link Layer - Hop to Hop]() - [Network Layer - End to End]() - [IP Addresses and MAC addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/tree/main#IP-Addresses-and-MAC-addresses) + - [Overview of OSI Model]() ## What Is TCP/IP? ⭐ ***The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol** is a **set of protocols** (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can **communicate over a network**.* @@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - it's very useful to connect two hosts in different buildings, so **the signal won't decay**
-how a repeater work +how a repeater work
↥ back to top @@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the 💡 **Problem**: everyone receives everyone's else data
-a hub connected to 4 hosts +a hub connected to 4 hosts
↥ back to top @@ -320,7 +321,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - Learns **which hosts** are on **each port**
-switch connects hosts within same network +switch connects hosts within same network
↥ back to top @@ -348,7 +349,7 @@ Link + Physical layer | Defines the networking methods (protocols) within the - **Primary purpose** of a switch is *Switching*
-Sending packets through the internet +Sending packets through the internet
@@ -410,6 +411,30 @@ Any network device performs weather Routing and/or Switching - **Servers listen** for requests to **predefined Ports** - Clients **select a random** Port for **each connection** +![transport layer in networking](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Transport%20Layer.png) + + +
+ ↥ back to top +
+ +### Overview of OSI Model + +
+OSI model with explanation +
+ +⭐ *Takeaway:* **Network Devices and Protocol operation on specific layers, but these are not strict rules [Exceptions: routers, ARP...]. *It is just a model*** + +
+OSI model with explanation +
+
+ ↥ back to top +
+ +## How Hosts Speak On Internet + ## For More Information: - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) - [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol)