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cherylmc
azure-vpn-gateway
08/04/2023
cherylmc

Create a self-signed root certificate

Use the New-SelfSignedCertificate cmdlet to create a self-signed root certificate. For additional parameter information, see New-SelfSignedCertificate.

  1. From a computer running Windows 10 or later, or Windows Server 2016, open a Windows PowerShell console with elevated privileges.

  2. Create a self-signed root certificate. The following example creates a self-signed root certificate named 'P2SRootCert' that's automatically installed in 'Certificates-Current User\Personal\Certificates'. You can view the certificate by opening certmgr.msc, or Manage User Certificates.

    Make any needed modifications before using this sample. The 'NotAfter' parameter is optional. By default, without this parameter, the certificate expires in 1 year.

    $params = @{
    Type = 'Custom'
    Subject = 'CN=P2SRootCert'
    KeySpec = 'Signature'
    KeyExportPolicy = 'Exportable'
    KeyUsage = 'CertSign'
    KeyUsageProperty = 'Sign'
    KeyLength = 2048
    HashAlgorithm = 'sha256'
    NotAfter = (Get-Date).AddMonths(24)
    CertStoreLocation = 'Cert:\CurrentUser\My'
}
$cert = New-SelfSignedCertificate @params

  3. Leave the PowerShell console open and proceed with the next steps to generate a client certificate.

Generate a client certificate

Each client computer that connects to a VNet using point-to-site must have a client certificate installed. You generate a client certificate from the self-signed root certificate, and then export and install the client certificate. If the client certificate isn't installed, authentication fails.

The following steps walk you through generating a client certificate from a self-signed root certificate. You may generate multiple client certificates from the same root certificate. When you generate client certificates using the steps below, the client certificate is automatically installed on the computer that you used to generate the certificate. If you want to install a client certificate on another client computer, export the certificate.

The examples use the New-SelfSignedCertificate cmdlet to generate a client certificate.

Example 1 - PowerShell console session still open

Use this example if you haven't closed your PowerShell console after creating the self-signed root certificate. This example continues from the previous section and uses the declared '$cert' variable. If you closed the PowerShell console after creating the self-signed root certificate, or are creating additional client certificates in a new PowerShell console session, use the steps in Example 2.

Modify and run the example to generate a client certificate. If you run the following example without modifying it, the result is a client certificate named 'P2SChildCert'. If you want to name the child certificate something else, modify the CN value. Don't change the TextExtension when running this example. The client certificate that you generate is automatically installed in 'Certificates - Current User\Personal\Certificates' on your computer.

   $params = @{
       Type = 'Custom'
       Subject = 'CN=P2SChildCert'
       DnsName = 'P2SChildCert'
       KeySpec = 'Signature'
       KeyExportPolicy = 'Exportable'
       KeyLength = 2048
       HashAlgorithm = 'sha256'
       NotAfter = (Get-Date).AddMonths(18)
       CertStoreLocation = 'Cert:\CurrentUser\My'
       Signer = $cert
       TextExtension = @(
        '2.5.29.37={text}1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2')
   }
   New-SelfSignedCertificate @params

Example 2 - New PowerShell console session

If you're creating additional client certificates, or aren't using the same PowerShell session that you used to create your self-signed root certificate, use the following steps:

  1. Identify the self-signed root certificate that is installed on the computer. This cmdlet returns a list of certificates that are installed on your computer.

    Get-ChildItem -Path "Cert:\CurrentUser\My"

  2. Locate the subject name from the returned list, then copy the thumbprint that is located next to it to a text file. In the following example, there are two certificates. The CN name is the name of the self-signed root certificate from which you want to generate a child certificate. In this case, 'P2SRootCert'.

    Thumbprint                                Subject
----------                                -------
AED812AD883826FF76B4D1D5A77B3C08EFA79F3F  CN=P2SChildCert4
7181AA8C1B4D34EEDB2F3D3BEC5839F3FE52D655  CN=P2SRootCert

  3. Declare a variable for the root certificate using the thumbprint from the previous step. Replace THUMBPRINT with the thumbprint of the root certificate from which you want to generate a child certificate.

    $cert = Get-ChildItem -Path "Cert:\CurrentUser\My\<THUMBPRINT>"

    For example, using the thumbprint for P2SRootCert in the previous step, the variable looks like this:

    $cert = Get-ChildItem -Path "Cert:\CurrentUser\My\7181AA8C1B4D34EEDB2F3D3BEC5839F3FE52D655"

  4. Modify and run the example to generate a client certificate. If you run the following example without modifying it, the result is a client certificate named 'P2SChildCert'. If you want to name the child certificate something else, modify the CN value. Don't change the TextExtension when running this example. The client certificate that you generate is automatically installed in 'Certificates - Current User\Personal\Certificates' on your computer.

    $params = @{
    Type = 'Custom'
    Subject = 'CN=P2SChildCert'
    DnsName = 'P2SChildCert1'
    KeySpec = 'Signature'
    KeyExportPolicy = 'Exportable'
    KeyLength = 2048
    HashAlgorithm = 'sha256'
    NotAfter = (Get-Date).AddMonths(18)
    CertStoreLocation = 'Cert:\CurrentUser\My'
    Signer = $cert
    TextExtension = @(
     '2.5.29.37={text}1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2')
}
New-SelfSignedCertificate @params

Export the root certificate public key (.cer)

[!INCLUDE Export public key]

Export the self-signed root certificate and private key to store it (optional)

You may want to export the self-signed root certificate and store it safely as backup. If need be, you can later install it on another computer and generate more client certificates. To export the self-signed root certificate as a .pfx, select the root certificate and use the same steps as described in Export a client certificate.

Export the client certificate

[!INCLUDE Export client certificate]