diff --git a/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/i18n.test.ts b/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/i18n.test.ts
index ebfd546f8561..ad5ed920fd01 100644
--- a/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/i18n.test.ts
+++ b/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/i18n.test.ts
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ describe('I18n engine', () => {
         'en-us'
       );
 
-      expect(i18n.getLocale()).toBe('en-us');
+      expect(i18n.getLocale()).toBe('en-US');
       expect(i18n.getTranslation()).toEqual({
         messages: {
           ['a.b.c']: 'bar',
@@ -246,9 +246,19 @@ describe('I18n engine', () => {
       expect(i18n.getLocale()).toBe('foo');
     });
 
-    test('should normalize passed locale', () => {
-      i18n.setLocale('en-US');
-      expect(i18n.getLocale()).toBe('en-us');
+    test('should normalize basic locale', () => {
+      i18n.setLocale('It-iT');
+      expect(i18n.getLocale()).toBe('it-IT');
+    });
+
+    test('should normalize simple locale', () => {
+      i18n.setLocale('en-LATN-us_PRIVATE-variant');
+      expect(i18n.getLocale()).toBe('en-Latn-US');
+    });
+
+    test('should normalize complex locale', () => {
+      i18n.setLocale('FR-CA-X-FALLBACK-und-u@keyword=calendarKey');
+      expect(i18n.getLocale()).toBe('fr-CA');
     });
   });
 
@@ -280,8 +290,8 @@ describe('I18n engine', () => {
     });
 
     test('should normalize passed locale', () => {
-      i18n.setDefaultLocale('en-US');
-      expect(i18n.getDefaultLocale()).toBe('en-us');
+      i18n.setDefaultLocale('eN-uS');
+      expect(i18n.getDefaultLocale()).toBe('en-US');
     });
 
     test('should set "en" locale as default for IntlMessageFormat and IntlRelativeFormat', () => {
diff --git a/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/i18n.ts b/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/i18n.ts
index 65da4931ef13..fc040bb834e6 100644
--- a/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/i18n.ts
+++ b/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/i18n.ts
@@ -44,6 +44,16 @@ const EN_LOCALE = 'en';
 const translationsForLocale: Record<string, Translation> = {};
 const getMessageFormat = memoizeIntlConstructor(IntlMessageFormat);
 
+/* A locale code is made of several components:
+ *    * lang: The two- and three-letter lower-case language code follows the ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2/3 standards, respectively.
+ *    * script: The optional four-letter title-case code follows the ISO 15924 standard for representing writing systems.
+ *    * region: The two-letter upper-case region code follows the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard.
+ *
+ * Ref: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5646.txt
+ * Note: While case carries no distinction with locale codes, proper formatting is recommended.
+ */
+const localeParser = /^(?<lang>[a-z]{2,3})(?:-(?<script>[a-z]{4}))?(?:-(?<region>[a-z]{2}|[0-9]{3}))?(?:[_@\-].*)?$/i;
+
 let defaultLocale = EN_LOCALE;
 let currentLocale = EN_LOCALE;
 let formats = EN_FORMATS;
@@ -64,8 +74,16 @@ function getMessageById(id: string): string | undefined {
  * Normalizes locale to make it consistent with IntlMessageFormat locales
  * @param locale
  */
-function normalizeLocale(locale: string) {
-  return locale.toLowerCase();
+export function normalizeLocale(locale: string) {
+  const { lang, script, region } = localeParser.exec(locale)?.groups || {};
+  // If parsing failed or the language code was not extracted, return the locale
+  if (!lang) return locale;
+
+  const parts = [lang.toLowerCase()];
+  if (script) parts.push(script[0].toUpperCase() + script.slice(1).toLowerCase());
+  if (region) parts.push(region.toUpperCase());
+
+  return parts.join('-');
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/locales.js b/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/locales.js
index 14dfe95507a9..826dce2cbdf2 100644
--- a/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/locales.js
+++ b/packages/osd-i18n/src/core/locales.js
@@ -21,22 +21,49 @@ function addLocaleData(localeData) {
   IntlRelativeFormat.__addLocaleData(localeData);
 }
 
-addLocaleData({ locale: "pl", pluralRuleFunction: function (n, ord) { var s = String(n).split("."), v0 = !s[1], t0 = Number(s[0]) == n, n10 = t0 && s[0].slice(-1), n100 = t0 && s[0].slice(-2); if (ord) return n10 == 1 && n100 != 11 ? "jeden" : n10 == 2 && n100 != 12 ? "dwa" : n10 == 3 && n100 != 13 ? "kilka" : "inny"; return n == 1 && v0 ? "jeden" : "inny" }, "fields": { "rok": { "displayName": "rok", "relative": { "0": "ten rok", "1": "następny rok", "-1": "poprzedni rok" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "jeden": "za {0} rok", "other": "za {0} lat" }, "past": { "jeden": "{0} rok temu", "other": "{0} lata temu" } } }, "year-short": { "displayName": "rok", "relative": { "0": "ten rok", "1": "następny rok", "-1": "poprzedni rok" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} r.", "other": "za {0} l." }, "past": { "one": "{0} r. temu", "other": "{0} l. temu" } } }, "month": { "displayName": "miesiąc", "relative": { "0": "ten miesiąc", "1": "następny miesiąc", "-1": "poprzedni miesiąc" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "w {0} miesiącu", "other": "w {0} miesiącach" }, "past": { "one": "{0} miesiąc temu", "other": "{0}  miesięcy temu" } } }, "month-short": { "displayName": "miesiąc", "relative": { "0": "ten miesiąc", "1": "następny miesiąc", "-1": "poprzedni miesiąc" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "z {0} miesiąc", "other": "za {0} miesięcy" }, "past": { "one": "{0} miesiąc temu", "other": "{0} miesięcy temu" } } }, "day": { "displayName": "dzień", "relative": { "0": "dzisiaj", "1": "jutro", "-1": "wczoraj" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} dzień", "other": "za {0} dni" }, "past": { "one": "{0} dzień temu", "other": "{0} dni temu" } } }, "day-short": { "displayName": "dzień", "relative": { "0": "dzisiaj", "1": "jutro", "-1": "wczoraj" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} dzień", "other": "za {0} dni" }, "past": { "one": "{0} dzień temu", "other": "{0} dni temu" } } }, "hour": { "displayName": "godzina", "relative": { "0": "ta godzina" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} godzinę", "other": "za {0} godzin" }, "past": { "one": "{0} godzina temu", "other": "{0} godzin temu" } } }, "hour-short": { "displayName": "godz.", "relative": { "0": "ta godzina" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} godz.", "other": "za {0} godz." }, "past": { "one": "{0} godz. temu", "other": "{0} godz. temu" } } }, "minute": { "displayName": "minuta", "relative": { "0": "ta minuta" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} minutę", "other": "za {0} minut" }, "past": { "one": "{0} minuta temu", "other": "{0} minut temu" } } }, "minute-short": { "displayName": "min.", "relative": { "0": "ta min." }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} min.", "other": "za {0} min." }, "past": { "one": "{0} min. temu", "other": "{0} min. temu" } } }, "second": { "displayName": "sekunda", "relative": { "0": "teraz" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} sekundę", "other": "za {0} sekund" }, "past": { "one": "{0} sekundę temu", "other": "{0} sekund temu" } } }, "second-short": { "displayName": "sek.", "relative": { "0": "teraz" }, "relativeTime": { "future": { "one": "za {0} sek.", "other": "za {0} sek." }, "past": { "one": "{0} sek. temu", "other": "{0} sek. temu" } } } } });
-addLocaleData({ locale: "pl-PL", parentLocale: "pl" });
+addLocaleData({ locale: "de", pluralRuleFunction: function (n,ord){var s=String(n).split("."),v0=!s[1];if(ord)return"other";return n==1&&v0?"one":"other"},"fields":{"year":{"displayName":"Jahr","relative":{"0":"dieses Jahr","1":"nächstes Jahr","-1":"letztes Jahr"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Jahr","other":"in {0} Jahren"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Jahr","other":"vor {0} Jahren"}}},"year-short":{"displayName":"Jahr","relative":{"0":"dieses Jahr","1":"nächstes Jahr","-1":"letztes Jahr"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Jahr","other":"in {0} Jahren"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Jahr","other":"vor {0} Jahren"}}},"month":{"displayName":"Monat","relative":{"0":"diesen Monat","1":"nächsten Monat","-1":"letzten Monat"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Monat","other":"in {0} Monaten"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Monat","other":"vor {0} Monaten"}}},"month-short":{"displayName":"Monat","relative":{"0":"diesen Monat","1":"nächsten Monat","-1":"letzten Monat"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Monat","other":"in {0} Monaten"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Monat","other":"vor {0} Monaten"}}},"day":{"displayName":"Tag","relative":{"0":"heute","1":"morgen","2":"übermorgen","-2":"vorgestern","-1":"gestern"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Tag","other":"in {0} Tagen"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Tag","other":"vor {0} Tagen"}}},"day-short":{"displayName":"Tag","relative":{"0":"heute","1":"morgen","2":"übermorgen","-2":"vorgestern","-1":"gestern"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Tag","other":"in {0} Tagen"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Tag","other":"vor {0} Tagen"}}},"hour":{"displayName":"Stunde","relative":{"0":"in dieser Stunde"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Stunde","other":"in {0} Stunden"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Stunde","other":"vor {0} Stunden"}}},"hour-short":{"displayName":"Std.","relative":{"0":"in dieser Stunde"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Std.","other":"in {0} Std."},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Std.","other":"vor {0} Std."}}},"minute":{"displayName":"Minute","relative":{"0":"in dieser Minute"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Minute","other":"in {0} Minuten"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Minute","other":"vor {0} Minuten"}}},"minute-short":{"displayName":"Min.","relative":{"0":"in dieser Minute"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Min.","other":"in {0} Min."},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Min.","other":"vor {0} Min."}}},"second":{"displayName":"Sekunde","relative":{"0":"jetzt"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Sekunde","other":"in {0} Sekunden"},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Sekunde","other":"vor {0} Sekunden"}}},"second-short":{"displayName":"Sek.","relative":{"0":"jetzt"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} Sek.","other":"in {0} Sek."},"past":{"one":"vor {0} Sek.","other":"vor {0} Sek."}}}} });
+addLocaleData({ locale: "de-DE", parentLocale: "de" });
 addLocaleData({ locale: "en", pluralRuleFunction: function (n,ord){var s=String(n).split("."),v0=!s[1],t0=Number(s[0])==n,n10=t0&&s[0].slice(-1),n100=t0&&s[0].slice(-2);if(ord)return n10==1&&n100!=11?"one":n10==2&&n100!=12?"two":n10==3&&n100!=13?"few":"other";return n==1&&v0?"one":"other"},"fields":{"year":{"displayName":"year","relative":{"0":"this year","1":"next year","-1":"last year"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} year","other":"in {0} years"},"past":{"one":"{0} year ago","other":"{0} years ago"}}},"year-short":{"displayName":"yr.","relative":{"0":"this yr.","1":"next yr.","-1":"last yr."},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} yr.","other":"in {0} yr."},"past":{"one":"{0} yr. ago","other":"{0} yr. ago"}}},"month":{"displayName":"month","relative":{"0":"this month","1":"next month","-1":"last month"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} month","other":"in {0} months"},"past":{"one":"{0} month ago","other":"{0} months ago"}}},"month-short":{"displayName":"mo.","relative":{"0":"this mo.","1":"next mo.","-1":"last mo."},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} mo.","other":"in {0} mo."},"past":{"one":"{0} mo. ago","other":"{0} mo. ago"}}},"day":{"displayName":"day","relative":{"0":"today","1":"tomorrow","-1":"yesterday"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} day","other":"in {0} days"},"past":{"one":"{0} day ago","other":"{0} days ago"}}},"day-short":{"displayName":"day","relative":{"0":"today","1":"tomorrow","-1":"yesterday"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} day","other":"in {0} days"},"past":{"one":"{0} day ago","other":"{0} days ago"}}},"hour":{"displayName":"hour","relative":{"0":"this hour"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} hour","other":"in {0} hours"},"past":{"one":"{0} hour ago","other":"{0} hours ago"}}},"hour-short":{"displayName":"hr.","relative":{"0":"this hour"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} hr.","other":"in {0} hr."},"past":{"one":"{0} hr. ago","other":"{0} hr. ago"}}},"minute":{"displayName":"minute","relative":{"0":"this minute"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} minute","other":"in {0} minutes"},"past":{"one":"{0} minute ago","other":"{0} minutes ago"}}},"minute-short":{"displayName":"min.","relative":{"0":"this minute"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} min.","other":"in {0} min."},"past":{"one":"{0} min. ago","other":"{0} min. ago"}}},"second":{"displayName":"second","relative":{"0":"now"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} second","other":"in {0} seconds"},"past":{"one":"{0} second ago","other":"{0} seconds ago"}}},"second-short":{"displayName":"sec.","relative":{"0":"now"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"one":"in {0} sec.","other":"in {0} sec."},"past":{"one":"{0} sec. ago","other":"{0} sec. ago"}}}} });
 addLocaleData({ locale: "en-US", parentLocale: "en" });
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+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-Hans", parentLocale: "zh" });
 addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-CN", parentLocale: "zh" });
+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-Hans-SG", parentLocale: "zh-Hans", "fields":{"year":{"displayName":"年","relative":{"0":"今年","1":"明年","-1":"去年"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}年后"},"past":{"other":"{0}年前"}}},"year-short":{"displayName":"年","relative":{"0":"今年","1":"明年","-1":"去年"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}年后"},"past":{"other":"{0}年前"}}},"month":{"displayName":"月","relative":{"0":"本月","1":"下个月","-1":"上个月"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}个月后"},"past":{"other":"{0}个月前"}}},"month-short":{"displayName":"月","relative":{"0":"本月","1":"下个月","-1":"上个月"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}个月后"},"past":{"other":"{0}个月前"}}},"week":{"displayName":"周","relativePeriod":"{0}这周","relative":{"0":"本周","1":"下周","-1":"上周"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}周后"},"past":{"other":"{0}周前"}}},"week-short":{"displayName":"周","relativePeriod":"{0}这周","relative":{"0":"本周","1":"下周","-1":"上周"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}周后"},"past":{"other":"{0}周前"}}},"day":{"displayName":"日","relative":{"0":"今天","1":"明天","2":"后天","-2":"前天","-1":"昨天"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}天后"},"past":{"other":"{0}天前"}}},"day-short":{"displayName":"日","relative":{"0":"今天","1":"明天","2":"后天","-2":"前天","-1":"昨天"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}天后"},"past":{"other":"{0}天前"}}},"hour":{"displayName":"小时","relative":{"0":"这一时间 \u002F 此时"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}小时后"},"past":{"other":"{0}小时前"}}},"hour-short":{"displayName":"小时","relative":{"0":"这一时间 \u002F 此时"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}小时后"},"past":{"other":"{0}小时前"}}},"minute":{"displayName":"分钟","relative":{"0":"此刻"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}分钟后"},"past":{"other":"{0}分钟前"}}},"minute-short":{"displayName":"分","relative":{"0":"此刻"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}分钟后"},"past":{"other":"{0}分钟前"}}},"second":{"displayName":"秒","relative":{"0":"现在"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}秒后"},"past":{"other":"{0}秒前"}}},"second-short":{"displayName":"秒","relative":{"0":"现在"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0}秒后"},"past":{"other":"{0}秒前"}}}}});
+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-Hant", pluralRuleFunction: function (n) {return 'other';},"fields":{"year":{"displayName":"年","relative":{"0":"今年","1":"明年","-1":"去年"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 年後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 年前"}}},"year-short":{"displayName":"年","relative":{"0":"今年","1":"明年","-1":"去年"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 年後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 年前"}}},"month":{"displayName":"月","relative":{"0":"本月","1":"下個月","-1":"上個月"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 個月後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 個月前"}}},"month-short":{"displayName":"月","relative":{"0":"本月","1":"下個月","-1":"上個月"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 個月後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 個月前"}}},"week":{"displayName":"週","relativePeriod":"{0} 當週","relative":{"0":"本週","1":"下週","-1":"上週"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 週後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 週前"}}},"week-short":{"displayName":"週","relativePeriod":"{0} 當週","relative":{"0":"本週","1":"下週","-1":"上週"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 週後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 週前"}}},"day":{"displayName":"日","relative":{"0":"今天","1":"明天","2":"後天","-2":"前天","-1":"昨天"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 天後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 天前"}}},"day-short":{"displayName":"日","relative":{"0":"今天","1":"明天","2":"後天","-2":"前天","-1":"昨天"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 天後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 天前"}}},"hour":{"displayName":"小時","relative":{"0":"這一小時"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 小時後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 小時前"}}},"hour-short":{"displayName":"小時","relative":{"0":"這一小時"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 小時後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 小時前"}}},"minute":{"displayName":"分鐘","relative":{"0":"這一分鐘"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 分鐘後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 分鐘前"}}},"minute-short":{"displayName":"分鐘","relative":{"0":"這一分鐘"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 分鐘後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 分鐘前"}}},"second":{"displayName":"秒","relative":{"0":"現在"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 秒後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 秒前"}}},"second-short":{"displayName":"秒","relative":{"0":"現在"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 秒後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 秒前"}}}}});
+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-Hant-HK", parentLocale: "zh-Hant", "fields":{"year":{"displayName":"年","relative":{"0":"今年","1":"下年","-1":"上年"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 年後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 年前"}}},"year-short":{"displayName":"年","relative":{"0":"今年","1":"下年","-1":"上年"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 年後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 年前"}}},"month":{"displayName":"月","relative":{"0":"本月","1":"下個月","-1":"上個月"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 個月後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 個月前"}}},"month-short":{"displayName":"月","relative":{"0":"本月","1":"下個月","-1":"上個月"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 個月後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 個月前"}}},"week":{"displayName":"星期","relativePeriod":"{0} 當週","relative":{"0":"本星期","1":"下星期","-1":"上星期"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 星期後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 星期前"}}},"week-short":{"displayName":"星期","relativePeriod":"{0} 當週","relative":{"0":"本星期","1":"下星期","-1":"上星期"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 星期後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 星期前"}}},"day":{"displayName":"日","relative":{"0":"今日","1":"明日","2":"後日","-2":"前日","-1":"昨日"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 日後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 日前"}}},"day-short":{"displayName":"日","relative":{"0":"今日","1":"明日","2":"後日","-2":"前日","-1":"昨日"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 日後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 日前"}}},"hour":{"displayName":"小時","relative":{"0":"這個小時"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 小時後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 小時前"}}},"hour-short":{"displayName":"小時","relative":{"0":"這個小時"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 小時後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 小時前"}}},"minute":{"displayName":"分鐘","relative":{"0":"這分鐘"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 分鐘後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 分鐘前"}}},"minute-short":{"displayName":"分鐘","relative":{"0":"這分鐘"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 分鐘後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 分鐘前"}}},"second":{"displayName":"秒","relative":{"0":"現在"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 秒後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 秒前"}}},"second-short":{"displayName":"秒","relative":{"0":"現在"},"relativeTime":{"future":{"other":"{0} 秒後"},"past":{"other":"{0} 秒前"}}}}});
+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-HK", parentLocale: "zh-Hant-HK" });
+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-Hant-MO", parentLocale: "zh-Hant-HK" });
+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-MO", parentLocale: "zh-Hant-HK" });
+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-SG", parentLocale: "zh-Hans-SG" });
+addLocaleData({ locale: "zh-TW", parentLocale: "zh-Hant" });
diff --git a/packages/osd-i18n/src/loader.ts b/packages/osd-i18n/src/loader.ts
index c5fec0168e9f..6454a8a2f980 100644
--- a/packages/osd-i18n/src/loader.ts
+++ b/packages/osd-i18n/src/loader.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import { promisify } from 'util';
 
 import { unique } from './core/helper';
 import { Translation } from './translation';
+import { normalizeLocale } from './core';
 
 const TRANSLATION_FILE_EXTENSION = '.json';
 
@@ -69,7 +70,9 @@ function getLocaleFromFileName(fullFileName: string) {
     );
   }
 
-  return path.basename(fullFileName, TRANSLATION_FILE_EXTENSION);
+  const basename = path.basename(fullFileName, TRANSLATION_FILE_EXTENSION);
+
+  return normalizeLocale(basename);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -131,6 +134,15 @@ export function getRegisteredLocales() {
   return Object.keys(translationsRegistry);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Check if a locale is registered; returns undefined if i18n is uninitialized
+ */
+export function isRegisteredLocale(locale: string): boolean | undefined {
+  const normalizedLocale = normalizeLocale(locale);
+
+  return translationsRegistry?.hasOwnProperty(normalizedLocale);
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns translation messages by specified locale
  * @param locale
diff --git a/src/core/public/application/scoped_history.test.ts b/src/core/public/application/scoped_history.test.ts
index 6575a6aa1ab1..067c33256bd1 100644
--- a/src/core/public/application/scoped_history.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/public/application/scoped_history.test.ts
@@ -30,23 +30,8 @@
 
 import { ScopedHistory } from './scoped_history';
 import { createMemoryHistory } from 'history';
-import { getLocaleInUrl } from '../locale_helper';
-import { i18n } from '@osd/i18n';
-
-jest.mock('../locale_helper', () => ({
-  getLocaleInUrl: jest.fn(),
-}));
-
-jest.mock('@osd/i18n', () => ({
-  i18n: {
-    getLocale: jest.fn(),
-  },
-}));
 
 describe('ScopedHistory', () => {
-  beforeEach(() => {
-    (getLocaleInUrl as jest.Mock).mockReturnValue('en');
-  });
   describe('construction', () => {
     it('succeeds if current location matches basePath', () => {
       const gh = createMemoryHistory();
@@ -373,49 +358,4 @@ describe('ScopedHistory', () => {
       expect(gh.length).toBe(4);
     });
   });
-
-  describe('locale handling', () => {
-    let originalLocation: Location;
-
-    beforeEach(() => {
-      originalLocation = window.location;
-      delete (window as any).location;
-      window.location = { href: 'http://localhost/app/wow', reload: jest.fn() } as any;
-      (i18n.getLocale as jest.Mock).mockReturnValue('en');
-    });
-
-    afterEach(() => {
-      window.location = originalLocation;
-      jest.resetAllMocks();
-    });
-
-    it('reloads the page when locale changes', () => {
-      const gh = createMemoryHistory();
-      gh.push('/app/wow');
-      const h = new ScopedHistory(gh, '/app/wow');
-      // Use the 'h' variable to trigger the listener
-      h.push('/new-page');
-
-      // Mock getLocaleInUrl to return a different locale
-      (getLocaleInUrl as jest.Mock).mockReturnValue('fr');
-
-      // Simulate navigation
-      gh.push('/app/wow/new-page');
-
-      expect(window.location.reload).toHaveBeenCalled();
-    });
-
-    it('does not reload the page when locale changes', () => {
-      const gh = createMemoryHistory();
-      gh.push('/app/wow');
-
-      // Mock getLocaleInUrl to return a different locale
-      (getLocaleInUrl as jest.Mock).mockReturnValue('en');
-
-      // Simulate navigation
-      gh.push('/app/wow/new-page');
-
-      expect(window.location.reload).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    });
-  });
 });
diff --git a/src/core/public/application/scoped_history.ts b/src/core/public/application/scoped_history.ts
index 74e4bb068d3e..487093be191f 100644
--- a/src/core/public/application/scoped_history.ts
+++ b/src/core/public/application/scoped_history.ts
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ import {
   Href,
   Action,
 } from 'history';
-import { i18n } from '@osd/i18n';
-import { getLocaleInUrl } from '../locale_helper';
 
 /**
  * A wrapper around a `History` instance that is scoped to a particular base path of the history stack. Behaves
@@ -309,7 +307,6 @@ export class ScopedHistory<HistoryLocationState = unknown>
    * state. Also forwards events to child listeners with the base path stripped from the location.
    */
   private setupHistoryListener() {
-    const currentLocale = i18n.getLocale() || 'en';
     const unlisten = this.parentHistory.listen((location, action) => {
       // If the user navigates outside the scope of this basePath, tear it down.
       if (!location.pathname.startsWith(this.basePath)) {
@@ -318,14 +315,6 @@ export class ScopedHistory<HistoryLocationState = unknown>
         return;
       }
 
-      const localeValue = getLocaleInUrl(window.location.href);
-
-      if (localeValue !== currentLocale) {
-        // Force a full page reload
-        window.location.reload();
-        return;
-      }
-
       /**
        * Track location keys using the same algorithm the browser uses internally.
        * - On PUSH, remove all items that came after the current location and append the new location.
diff --git a/src/core/public/locale_helper.test.ts b/src/core/public/locale_helper.test.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 238dbced3892..000000000000
--- a/src/core/public/locale_helper.test.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright OpenSearch Contributors
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
- */
-
-import { getLocaleInUrl } from './locale_helper';
-
-describe('getLocaleInUrl', () => {
-  beforeEach(() => {
-    // Clear any warnings before each test
-    delete (window as any).__localeWarning;
-  });
-
-  it('should return the locale from a valid query string', () => {
-    const url = 'http://localhost:5603/app/home?locale=en-US';
-    expect(getLocaleInUrl(url)).toBe('en-US');
-  });
-
-  it('should return the locale from a valid hash query string', () => {
-    const url = 'http://localhost:5603/app/home#/?locale=fr-FR';
-    expect(getLocaleInUrl(url)).toBe('fr-FR');
-  });
-
-  it('should return en for a URL without locale', () => {
-    const url = 'http://localhost:5603/app/home';
-    expect(getLocaleInUrl(url)).toBe('en');
-  });
-
-  it('should return en and set a warning for an invalid locale format in hash', () => {
-    const url = 'http://localhost:5603/app/home#/&locale=de-DE';
-    expect(getLocaleInUrl(url)).toBe('en');
-    expect((window as any).__localeWarning).toBeDefined();
-    expect((window as any).__localeWarning.title).toBe('Invalid URL Format');
-  });
-
-  it('should return en for an empty locale value', () => {
-    const url = 'http://localhost:5603/app/home?locale=';
-    expect(getLocaleInUrl(url)).toBe('en');
-  });
-
-  it('should handle URLs with other query parameters', () => {
-    const url = 'http://localhost:5603/app/home?param1=value1&locale=ja-JP&param2=value2';
-    expect(getLocaleInUrl(url)).toBe('ja-JP');
-  });
-
-  it('should handle URLs with other hash parameters', () => {
-    const url = 'http://localhost:5603/app/home#/route?param1=value1&locale=zh-CN&param2=value2';
-    expect(getLocaleInUrl(url)).toBe('zh-CN');
-  });
-});
diff --git a/src/core/public/locale_helper.ts b/src/core/public/locale_helper.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 38a734a523b1..000000000000
--- a/src/core/public/locale_helper.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright OpenSearch Contributors
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
- */
-
-/**
- * Extracts the locale value from a given URL.
- *
- * This function looks for the 'locale' parameter in either the main query string
- * or in the hash part of the URL. It supports two valid formats:
- * 1. As a regular query parameter: "?locale=xx-XX"
- * 2. In the hash with a proper query string: "#/?locale=xx-XX"
- *
- * If an invalid format is detected, it sets a warning message on the window object.
- *
- * @param url - The URL to extract the locale from
- * @returns The locale value if found and valid, or null otherwise
- */
-export function getLocaleInUrl(url: string): string | null {
-  let urlObject: URL;
-  // Attempt to parse the URL, return null if invalid
-  try {
-    urlObject = new URL(url, window.location.origin);
-  } catch (error) {
-    setInvalidUrlWarning();
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  let localeValue: string | null = null;
-
-  // Check for locale in the main query string
-  if (urlObject.searchParams.has('locale')) {
-    localeValue = urlObject.searchParams.get('locale');
-  }
-  // Check for locale in the hash, but only if it's in proper query string format
-  else if (urlObject.hash.includes('?')) {
-    const hashParams = new URLSearchParams(urlObject.hash.split('?')[1]);
-    if (hashParams.has('locale')) {
-      localeValue = hashParams.get('locale');
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Check for non standard query format:
-  if (localeValue === null && url.includes('&locale=')) {
-    setInvalidUrlWithLocaleWarning();
-    return 'en';
-  }
-
-  // Return the locale value if found, or 'en' if not found
-  return localeValue && localeValue.trim() !== '' ? localeValue : 'en';
-}
-
-function setInvalidUrlWarning(): void {
-  (window as any).__localeWarning = {
-    title: 'Invalid URL Format',
-    text: 'The provided URL is not in a valid format.',
-  };
-}
-
-function setInvalidUrlWithLocaleWarning(): void {
-  (window as any).__localeWarning = {
-    title: 'Invalid URL Format',
-    text:
-      'The locale parameter is not in a valid URL format. ' +
-      'Use either "?locale=xx-XX" in the main URL or "#/?locale=xx-XX" in the hash. ' +
-      'For example: "yourapp.com/page?locale=en-US" or "yourapp.com/page#/?locale=en-US".',
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/core/public/osd_bootstrap.test.ts b/src/core/public/osd_bootstrap.test.ts
index 7630b4441ab6..b51d05dd9312 100644
--- a/src/core/public/osd_bootstrap.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/public/osd_bootstrap.test.ts
@@ -28,23 +28,10 @@
  * under the License.
  */
 
-import {
-  apmSystem,
-  fatalErrorMock,
-  i18nLoad,
-  i18nSetLocale,
-  consoleWarnMock,
-} from './osd_bootstrap.test.mocks';
+import { apmSystem, fatalErrorMock, i18nLoad } from './osd_bootstrap.test.mocks';
 import { __osdBootstrap__ } from './';
-import { getLocaleInUrl } from './locale_helper';
-
-jest.mock('./locale_helper', () => ({
-  getLocaleInUrl: jest.fn(),
-}));
 
 describe('osd_bootstrap', () => {
-  let originalWindowLocation: Location;
-
   beforeAll(() => {
     const metadata = {
       branding: { darkMode: 'true' },
@@ -52,22 +39,12 @@ describe('osd_bootstrap', () => {
       vars: { apmConfig: null },
     };
     // eslint-disable-next-line no-unsanitized/property
-    document.body.innerHTML = `<osd-injected-metadata data=${JSON.stringify(
-      metadata
-    )}> </osd-injected-metadata>`;
-
-    originalWindowLocation = window.location;
-    delete (window as any).location;
-    window.location = { ...originalWindowLocation, href: 'http://localhost' };
+    document.body.innerHTML = `<osd-injected-metadata data=${JSON.stringify(metadata)}>
+</osd-injected-metadata>`;
   });
 
   beforeEach(() => {
     jest.clearAllMocks();
-    (getLocaleInUrl as jest.Mock).mockReturnValue(null);
-  });
-
-  afterAll(() => {
-    window.location = originalWindowLocation;
   });
 
   it('does not report a fatal error if apm load fails', async () => {
@@ -87,39 +64,4 @@ describe('osd_bootstrap', () => {
 
     expect(fatalErrorMock.add).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
   });
-
-  it('sets locale from URL if present', async () => {
-    (getLocaleInUrl as jest.Mock).mockReturnValue('fr');
-    window.location.href = 'http://localhost/?locale=fr';
-
-    await __osdBootstrap__();
-
-    expect(i18nSetLocale).toHaveBeenCalledWith('fr');
-    expect(i18nLoad).toHaveBeenCalledWith('http://localhost/translations/fr.json');
-  });
-
-  it('sets default locale if not present in URL', async () => {
-    await __osdBootstrap__();
-
-    expect(i18nSetLocale).toHaveBeenCalledWith('en');
-    expect(i18nLoad).toHaveBeenCalledWith('http://localhost/translations/en.json');
-  });
-
-  it('displays locale warning if set', async () => {
-    (window as any).__localeWarning = { title: 'Locale Warning', text: 'Invalid locale' };
-
-    await __osdBootstrap__();
-
-    expect(consoleWarnMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Locale Warning: Invalid locale');
-    expect((window as any).__localeWarning).toBeUndefined();
-  });
-
-  it('displays i18n warning if set', async () => {
-    (window as any).__i18nWarning = { title: 'i18n Warning', text: 'Translation issue' };
-
-    await __osdBootstrap__();
-
-    expect(consoleWarnMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('i18n Warning: Translation issue');
-    expect((window as any).__i18nWarning).toBeUndefined();
-  });
 });
diff --git a/src/core/public/osd_bootstrap.ts b/src/core/public/osd_bootstrap.ts
index 5190fdc37e21..2c614b279891 100644
--- a/src/core/public/osd_bootstrap.ts
+++ b/src/core/public/osd_bootstrap.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 import { i18n } from '@osd/i18n';
 import { CoreSystem } from './core_system';
 import { ApmSystem } from './apm_system';
-import { getLocaleInUrl } from './locale_helper';
 
 /** @internal */
 export async function __osdBootstrap__() {
@@ -39,33 +38,6 @@ export async function __osdBootstrap__() {
     document.querySelector('osd-injected-metadata')!.getAttribute('data')!
   );
 
-  // Extract the locale from the URL if present
-  const currentLocale = i18n.getLocale();
-  const urlLocale = getLocaleInUrl(window.location.href);
-
-  if (urlLocale && urlLocale !== currentLocale) {
-    // If a locale is specified in the URL, update the i18n settings
-    // This enables dynamic language switching
-    // Note: This works in conjunction with server-side changes:
-    // 1. The server registers all available translation files at startup
-    // 2. A server route handles requests for specific locale translations
-
-    // Set the locale in the i18n core
-    // This will affect all subsequent i18n.translate() calls
-    i18n.setLocale(urlLocale);
-
-    // Modify the translationsUrl to include the new locale
-    // This ensures that the correct translation file is requested from the server
-    // The replace function changes the locale in the URL, e.g.,
-    // from '/translations/en.json' to '/translations/zh-CN.json'
-    injectedMetadata.i18n.translationsUrl = injectedMetadata.i18n.translationsUrl.replace(
-      /\/([^/]+)\.json$/,
-      `/${urlLocale}.json`
-    );
-  } else if (!urlLocale) {
-    i18n.setLocale('en');
-  }
-
   const globals: any = typeof window === 'undefined' ? {} : window;
   const themeTag: string = globals.__osdThemeTag__ || '';
 
diff --git a/src/core/server/rendering/rendering_service.test.ts b/src/core/server/rendering/rendering_service.test.ts
index 5fa7d010989e..5df516f95114 100644
--- a/src/core/server/rendering/rendering_service.test.ts
+++ b/src/core/server/rendering/rendering_service.test.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,21 @@
  */
 
 import { load } from 'cheerio';
+import { i18nLoader } from '@osd/i18n';
+
+jest.mock('@osd/i18n', () => {
+  const originalModule = jest.requireActual('@osd/i18n');
+  return {
+    ...originalModule,
+    i18nLoader: {
+      getRegisteredLocales: jest.fn(),
+      getTranslationsByLocale: jest.fn(),
+      isRegisteredLocale: jest.fn(),
+    },
+  };
+});
+
+const i18nLoaderMock = jest.mocked(i18nLoader, true);
 
 import { httpServerMock } from '../http/http_server.mocks';
 import { uiSettingsServiceMock } from '../ui_settings/ui_settings_service.mock';
@@ -161,6 +176,34 @@ describe('RenderingService', () => {
 
         expect(data).toMatchSnapshot(INJECTED_METADATA);
       });
+
+      it('renders "core" page driven by overridden locale', async () => {
+        i18nLoaderMock.isRegisteredLocale.mockReturnValue(true);
+        const content = await render(
+          createOpenSearchDashboardsRequest({ query: { locale: 'TR-tr' } }),
+          uiSettings,
+          {}
+        );
+        const dom = load(content);
+        const $elStyle = dom('html');
+
+        expect(i18nLoader.isRegisteredLocale).toHaveBeenCalledWith('tr-TR');
+        expect($elStyle.attr('lang')).toBe('tr-TR');
+      });
+
+      it('renders "core" page driven by invalid overridden locale', async () => {
+        i18nLoaderMock.isRegisteredLocale.mockReturnValue(false);
+        const content = await render(
+          createOpenSearchDashboardsRequest({ query: { locale: 'xx-XX' } }),
+          uiSettings,
+          {}
+        );
+        const dom = load(content);
+        const $elStyle = dom('html');
+
+        expect(i18nLoader.isRegisteredLocale).toHaveBeenCalledWith('xx-XX');
+        expect($elStyle.attr('lang')).toBe('en');
+      });
     });
   });
 
diff --git a/src/core/server/rendering/rendering_service.tsx b/src/core/server/rendering/rendering_service.tsx
index 371737929f31..81ddce913649 100644
--- a/src/core/server/rendering/rendering_service.tsx
+++ b/src/core/server/rendering/rendering_service.tsx
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { renderToStaticMarkup } from 'react-dom/server';
 import { first, take } from 'rxjs/operators';
-import { i18n } from '@osd/i18n';
+import { i18n, i18nLoader } from '@osd/i18n';
 import { Agent as HttpsAgent } from 'https';
 
 import Axios from 'axios';
@@ -100,6 +100,15 @@ export class RenderingService {
           opensearchDashboardsConfig as OpenSearchDashboardsConfigType
         );
 
+        let locale = i18n.getLocale();
+        const localeOverride = (request.query as any)?.locale?.trim?.();
+        if (localeOverride) {
+          const normalizedLocale = i18n.normalizeLocale(localeOverride);
+          if (i18nLoader.isRegisteredLocale(normalizedLocale)) {
+            locale = normalizedLocale;
+          }
+        }
+
         const dynamicConfigStartServices = await dynamicConfig.getStartService();
 
         const metadata: RenderingMetadata = {
@@ -108,7 +117,7 @@ export class RenderingService {
           bootstrapScriptUrl: `${basePath}/bootstrap.js`,
           startupScriptUrl: `${basePath}/startup.js`,
           i18n: i18n.translate,
-          locale: i18n.getLocale(),
+          locale,
           injectedMetadata: {
             version: env.packageInfo.version,
             buildNumber: env.packageInfo.buildNum,
@@ -118,7 +127,7 @@ export class RenderingService {
             env,
             anonymousStatusPage: status.isStatusPageAnonymous(),
             i18n: {
-              translationsUrl: `${basePath}/translations/${i18n.getLocale()}.json`,
+              translationsUrl: `${basePath}/translations/${locale}.json`,
             },
             csp: { warnLegacyBrowsers: http.csp.warnLegacyBrowsers },
             vars: vars ?? {},
diff --git a/src/legacy/ui/ui_render/ui_render_mixin.js b/src/legacy/ui/ui_render/ui_render_mixin.js
index 224050c0c0d3..f02e273c9f8a 100644
--- a/src/legacy/ui/ui_render/ui_render_mixin.js
+++ b/src/legacy/ui/ui_render/ui_render_mixin.js
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ import { getApmConfig } from '../apm';
  */
 export function uiRenderMixin(osdServer, server, config) {
   const translationsCache = { translations: null, hash: null };
-  const defaultLocale = i18n.getLocale() || 'en'; // Fallback to 'en' if no default locale is set
+  // `i18n.getLocale` will always return a value; the 'en' is just to accommodate tests
+  const defaultLocale = i18n.getLocale() || 'en';
 
   // Route handler for serving translation files.
   // This handler supports two scenarios:
@@ -67,8 +68,7 @@ export function uiRenderMixin(osdServer, server, config) {
     config: { auth: false },
     handler: async (request, h) => {
       const { locale } = request.params;
-      const normalizedLocale = locale.toLowerCase();
-      const registeredLocales = i18nLoader.getRegisteredLocales().map((l) => l.toLowerCase());
+      const normalizedLocale = i18n.normalizeLocale(locale);
       let warning = null;
 
       // Function to get or create cached translations
@@ -85,12 +85,12 @@ export function uiRenderMixin(osdServer, server, config) {
 
       let cachedTranslations;
 
-      if (normalizedLocale === defaultLocale.toLowerCase()) {
+      if (normalizedLocale === defaultLocale) {
         // Default locale
         cachedTranslations = await getCachedTranslations(defaultLocale, () =>
           i18n.getTranslation()
         );
-      } else if (registeredLocales.includes(normalizedLocale)) {
+      } else if (i18nLoader.isRegisteredLocale(normalizedLocale)) {
         // Other registered locales
         cachedTranslations = await getCachedTranslations(normalizedLocale, () =>
           i18nLoader.getTranslationsByLocale(locale)
diff --git a/src/legacy/ui/ui_render/ui_render_mixin.test.js b/src/legacy/ui/ui_render/ui_render_mixin.test.js
index 81f8a9f9a696..e96a3ce77a8e 100644
--- a/src/legacy/ui/ui_render/ui_render_mixin.test.js
+++ b/src/legacy/ui/ui_render/ui_render_mixin.test.js
@@ -6,17 +6,22 @@
 import { uiRenderMixin } from './ui_render_mixin';
 
 // Mock dependencies
-jest.mock('@osd/i18n', () => ({
-  i18n: {
-    getLocale: jest.fn(),
-    getTranslation: jest.fn(),
-    translate: jest.fn((key, { defaultMessage }) => defaultMessage),
-  },
-  i18nLoader: {
-    getRegisteredLocales: jest.fn(),
-    getTranslationsByLocale: jest.fn(),
-  },
-}));
+jest.mock('@osd/i18n', () => {
+  const getRegisteredLocales = jest.fn();
+  return {
+    i18n: {
+      getLocale: jest.fn(),
+      getTranslation: jest.fn(),
+      normalizeLocale: jest.fn((locale) => locale),
+      translate: jest.fn((key, { defaultMessage }) => defaultMessage),
+    },
+    i18nLoader: {
+      getRegisteredLocales: getRegisteredLocales,
+      getTranslationsByLocale: jest.fn(),
+      isRegisteredLocale: jest.fn((locale) => getRegisteredLocales()?.includes?.(locale)),
+    },
+  };
+});
 
 // Import mocked modules
 const { i18n, i18nLoader } = require('@osd/i18n');