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依賴注入 Dependency Injection

依賴注入模式,是控制反轉(Inversion of Control,縮寫為IoC)的一種實作方式,主要是將依賴物件丟給接收物件中,就像是你想要用大頭菜發財致富,但大頭菜有那麼多顆,你不可能每顆都記住鈴錢單價、數量,所以你寫了一張便條紙,紀錄著大頭菜的類別、鈴錢單價、數量,然後貼在大頭菜上。

UML

UML

實作

首先為了讓我們的大頭菜有個便條紙,所以我們要先建立大頭菜的組態文件 TrunipsConfiguration 並且將型別、鈴錢單價及數量帶入進去,為了防止外部物件直接碰到設定,所以需要獨立出 get 方法。

TurnipsConfiguration.php

use InvalidArgumentException;

/**
 * Class TurnipsConfiguration.
 */
class TurnipsConfiguration
{
    /**
     * @var string
     */
    protected $type;

    /**
     * @var int
     */
    protected $price;

    /**
     * @var int
     */
    protected $count;

    /**
     * TurnipsConfiguration constructor.
     * 
     * @param string $type
     * @param int $price
     * @param int $count
     * 
     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function __construct(string $type, int $price, int $count)
    {
        $this->type = $type;

        switch ($type) {
            case '健康的大頭菜':
                $this->price = $price;
                $this->count = $count;
                break;

            case '壞掉的大頭菜':
                $this->price = 0;
                $this->count = $count;
                break;
    
            default:
                throw new InvalidArgumentException('找不到這種大頭菜分類。');
        }
    }

    /**
     * @return int
     */
    public function getType(): string
    {
        return $this->type;
    }

    /**
     * @return int
     */
    public function getPrice(): int
    {
        return $this->price;
    }

    /**
     * @return int
     */
    public function getCount(): int
    {
        return $this->count;
    }
}

再來將剛才建立的組態丟給大頭菜,並且透過 get 方法來去獲得組態設定,進而計算大頭菜的鈴錢總價。

Turnips.php

/**
 * Class Turnips.
 */
class Turnips
{
    /**
     * @var TurnipsConfiguration
     */
    protected $configuration;

    /**
     * Turnips constructor.
     * 
     * @param TurnipsConfiguration $config
     */
    public function __construct(TurnipsConfiguration $config)
    {
        $this->configuration = $config;
    }

    /**
     * @return int
     */
    public function calculatePrice(): int
    {
        return $this->configuration->getPrice() * $this->configuration->getCount();
    }
}

測試

最後我們要寫一下測試,主要測試把組態丟進大頭菜後,能不能正確的計算價格,以及如果組態有錯誤,是否能獲得預期的錯誤。

  1. 測試正常的大頭菜是否可以賣鈴錢。
  2. 測試壞掉的大頭菜是否鈴錢價格為 0。
  3. 測試大頭菜組態檔如果給予不正確的類別,會獲得預期的錯誤。

DependencyInjectionTest.php

use InvalidArgumentException;

/**
 * Class DependencyInjectionTest.
 */
class DependencyInjectionTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * 測試正常的大頭菜是否可以賣鈴錢。
     * 
     * @test
     */
    public function test_turnips_dependency_injection()
    {
        $config = new TurnipsConfiguration('健康的大頭菜', 100, 40);
        $turnips = new Turnips($config);

        $this->assertEquals(4000, $turnips->calculatePrice());
    }

    /**
     * 測試壞掉的大頭菜是否鈴錢價格為 0。
     * 
     * @test
     */
    public function test_spoiled_dependency_injection()
    {
        $config = new TurnipsConfiguration('壞掉的大頭菜', 100, 40);
        $turnips = new Turnips($config);

        $this->assertEquals(0, $turnips->calculatePrice());
    }

    /**
     * 測試大頭菜組態檔如果給予不正確的類別,會獲得預期的錯誤。
     * 
     * @test
     */
    public function test_undefined_dependency_injection()
    {
        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);

        $config = new TurnipsConfiguration('未知的大頭菜', 0, 0);
    }
}

最後測試的執行結果會獲得如下:

PHPUnit Pretty Result Printer 0.28.0 by Codedungeon and contributors.
==> Configuration: ~/php-design-pattern/vendor/codedungeon/phpunit-result-printer/src/phpunit-printer.yml

PHPUnit 9.2.6 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.


 ==> AbstractFactoryTest        ✔  ✔  ✔  ✔  
 ==> BuilderPatternTest         ✔  ✔  ✔  ✔  
 ==> FactoryMethodTest          ✔  ✔  ✔  ✔  
 ==> PoolPatternTest            ✔  ✔  
 ==> PrototypePatternTest       ✔  ✔  
 ==> SimpleFactoryTest          ✔  ✔  ✔  ✔  
 ==> SingletonPatternTest       ✔  
 ==> StaticFactoryTest          ✔  ✔  ✔  ✔  ✔  
 ==> AdapterPatternTest         ✔  ✔  
 ==> BridgePatternTest          ✔  ✔  ✔  
 ==> CompositePatternTest       ✔  ✔  ✔  
 ==> DataMapperTest             ✔  ✔  
 ==> DecoratorPatternTest       ✔  ✔  
 ==> DependencyInjectionTest    ✔  ✔  ✔  

Time: 00:00.050, Memory: 6.00 MB

OK (41 tests, 88 assertions)

完整程式碼

設計模式不難,找回快樂而已,以大頭菜為例。

參考文獻