example_inputs.jsonl

{"prompt": "What medicine should I take when I get a cold?", "category": "kbqa", "response": "I'm not a doctor, but there are some over-the-counter medicines that people commonly take for cold symptoms. These may include pain relievers (like acetaminophen or ibuprofen), decongestants, antihistamines, and cough suppressants. However, it's important to talk to a healthcare professional for personalized advice and recommendations."}
{"prompt": "Can you briefly explain this concept of computational irreducibility?", "category": "kbqa", "response": "Computational irreducibility is a concept in the field of complexity theory and computation, which states that certain problems or systems cannot be predicted or solved more efficiently than simply running the process or simulating the system itself. In other words, there is no shortcut or algorithm that can generate the outcome of these systems more quickly than just letting the system evolve according to its rules.\n\nThis concept was introduced by Stephen Wolfram in his book \"A New Kind of Science.\" It is closely related to the idea of algorithmic complexity, which deals with the minimum amount of information or resources needed to describe or reproduce a given pattern or process.\n\nIn essence, computational irreducibility suggests that some complex systems and phenomena cannot be simplified or reduced to a more computationally efficient form, and we must rely on direct simulation or observation to understand their behavior. Examples of such systems include cellular automata, chaotic systems, and some aspects of natural phenomena like fluid dynamics or weather patterns."}
{"prompt": "Who was the president in France in 1250?", "category": "kbqa", "response": "In 1250, France did not have a president as its head of state. Instead, France was ruled by a monarchy. During that time, Louis IX, also known as Saint Louis, was the King of France, reigning from 1226 to 1270."}
{"prompt": "Does the world have enough drinking water for everyone? How much do we have? How much more do we need?", "category": "kbqa", "response": "The world has enough water to meet the needs of its current population, but the distribution of water resources is uneven, and water scarcity affects more than 40% of the global population. The total volume of water on Earth is about 1.386 billion cubic kilometers (km\u00b3), but only 2.5% of this is freshwater, and only 0.3% is available as surface water in rivers, lakes, and swamps, which are the main sources of drinking water.\n\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each person needs between 50 and 100 liters of water per day for drinking, cooking, and sanitation. With a global population of around 7.9 billion people, this means we need between 395 and 790 billion liters of water per day.\n\nHowever, the availability of freshwater resources is not evenly distributed, and many regions face water scarcity due to factors such as population growth, urbanization, agriculture, industrialization, and climate change. As a result, around 2.2 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed drinking water services, and 3.6 billion people face water scarcity at least one month per year.\n\nTo ensure that everyone has access to clean drinking water, we need to improve water resource management, reduce wastage, invest in infrastructure, and develop new technologies for water purification and desalination. Additionally, addressing climate change and promoting sustainable water use practices are essential to securing water resources for future generations."}
{"prompt": "My daughter has a school project on Space and is looking for some facts about the Big Bang.", "category": "kbqa", "response": "1. The Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted explanation for the origin of the universe. It suggests that the universe began as an extremely hot and dense point, which expanded and cooled over time to form the cosmos as we know it today.\n\n2. The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago. This estimate is based on various observations and measurements, such as the cosmic microwave background radiation and the expansion rate of the universe.\n\n3. Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is the afterglow of the Big Bang. It is a faint electromagnetic radiation that fills the universe and is considered one of the strongest pieces of evidence for the Big Bang Theory.\n\n4. The universe has been expanding ever since the Big Bang. This expansion is known as Hubble's Law, named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, who discovered the relationship between the distance of galaxies and their recessional velocity.\n\n5. The Big Bang Theory also explains the abundance of light elements, such as hydrogen and helium, in the universe. These elements were formed during the first few minutes of the universe's existence through a process called nucleosynthesis.\n\n6. The Big Bang Theory predicts that the universe should be almost uniform in temperature and density. Observations of the CMBR support this prediction, as the temperature of the radiation is almost the same in all directions.\n\n7. The initial singularity, the infinitely hot and dense point at the beginning of the universe, is still not fully understood by scientists. The laws of physics as we know them break down under such extreme conditions, and a complete understanding of the initial singularity requires a unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics.\n\n8. The Big Bang Theory does not explain what caused the initial expansion of the universe. Some scientists propose that the universe may have originated from a vacuum fluctuation or a collision between higher-dimensional membranes in a multi-dimensional space.\n\n9. The Big Bang Theory is supported by various independent observations, such as the redshift of light from distant galaxies, which indicates that the universe is expanding, and the relative abundance of light elements, which matches the predictions of the theory.\n\n10. The Big Bang Theory is still being refined and updated as new observations and data are collected. For example, scientists are currently studying dark energy and dark matter, which are thought to make up a significant portion of the universe's content and play a crucial role in its expansion."}
{"prompt": "def make_a_pile(n): \"\"\" Given a positive integer n, you have to make a pile of n levels of stones. The first level has n stones. The number of stones in the next level is: - the next odd number if n is odd. - the next even number if n is even. Return the number of stones in each level in a list, where element at index i represents the number of stones in the level (i+1). Examples: >>> make_a_pile(3) [3, 5, 7] \"\"\" Now implement the function make_a_pile using Python", "category": "code", "response": "def make_a_pile(n):\n    pile = [n]\n    for i in range(1, n):\n        if n % 2 == 0:\n            pile.append(n + i)\n        else:\n            pile.append(n + 2*i)\n    return pile\n\nprint(make_a_pile(3)) # [3, 5, 7]\nprint(make_a_pile(4)) # [4, 6, 8, 10]\nprint(make_a_pile(5)) # [5, 7, 9, 11, 13]", "entry_point": "make_a_pile"}
{"prompt": "def get_max_triples(n): \"\"\" You are given a positive integer n. You have to create an integer array a of length n. For each i (1 \u2264 i \u2264 n), the value of a[i] = i * i - i + 1. Return the number of triples (a[i], a[j], a[k]) of a where i < j < k, and a[i] + a[j] + a[k] is a multiple of 3. Example : Input: n = 5 Output: 1 Explanation: a = [1, 3, 7, 13, 21] The only valid triple is (1, 7, 13). \"\"\" Now implement the function get_max_triples using Python", "category": "code", "response": "def get_max_triples(n):\n    a = [i * i - i + 1 for i in range(1, n+1)]\n    count = 0\n    for i in range(n-2):\n        for j in range(i+1, n-1):\n            for k in range(j+1, n):\n                if (a[i] + a[j] + a[k]) % 3 == 0:\n                    count += 1\n    return count\n\nprint(get_max_triples(5)) # Output: 1", "entry_point": "get_max_triples"}
{"prompt": "def tri(n): \"\"\"Everyone knows Fibonacci sequence, it was studied deeply by mathematicians in the last couple centuries. However, what people don't know is Tribonacci sequence. Tribonacci sequence is defined by the recurrence: tri(1) = 3 tri(n) = 1 + n / 2, if n is even. tri(n) = tri(n - 1) + tri(n - 2) + tri(n + 1), if n is odd. For example: tri(2) = 1 + (2 / 2) = 2 tri(4) = 3 tri(3) = tri(2) + tri(1) + tri(4) = 2 + 3 + 3 = 8 You are given a non-negative integer number n, you have to a return a list of the first n + 1 numbers of the Tribonacci sequence. Examples: tri(3) = [1, 3, 2, 8] \"\"\" Now implement the function tri in Python", "category": "code", "response": "def tri(n):\n    if n == 0:\n        return []\n    elif n == 1:\n        return [3]\n    else:\n        seq = [3, 1]\n        for i in range(2, n+1):\n            if i % 2 == 0:\n                seq.append(1 + i//2)\n            else:\n                seq.append(seq[i-1] + seq[i-2] + seq[i+1])\n        return seq", "entry_point": "tri"}
{"prompt": "def select_words(s, n): \"\"\" Given a string s and a natural number n, you have been tasked to implement a function that returns a list of all words from string s that contain exactly n consonants, in order these words appear in the string s. If the string s is empty then the function should return an empty list. Note: you may assume the input string contains only letters and spaces. Examples: select_words(\"Mary had a little lamb\", 4) ==> [\"little\"] select_words(\"Mary had a little lamb\", 3) ==> [\"Mary\", \"lamb\"] select_words(\"simple white space\", 2) ==> [] select_words(\"Hello world\", 4) ==> [\"world\"] select_words(\"Uncle sam\", 3) ==> [\"Uncle\"] \"\"\" Now implement the function select_words in Python", "category": "code", "response": "def select_words(s, n):\n    vowels = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']\n    words = s.split()\n    result = []\n    for word in words:\n        consonants = 0\n        for letter in word:\n            if letter.lower() not in vowels:\n                consonants += 1\n        if consonants == n:\n            result.append(word)\n    return result", "entry_point": "select_words"}
{"prompt": "def even_odd_palindrome(n): \"\"\" Given a positive integer n, return a tuple that has the number of even and odd integer palindromes that fall within the range(1, n), inclusive. Example 1: Input: 3 Output: (1, 2) Explanation: Integer palindrome are 1, 2, 3. one of them is even, and two of them are odd. Example 2: Input: 12 Output: (4, 6) Explanation: Integer palindrome are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11. four of them are even, and 6 of them are odd. Note: 1. 1 <= n <= 10^3 2. returned tuple has the number of even and odd integer palindromes respectively. \"\"\" Now implement the function even_odd_palindrome in Python", "category": "code", "response": "def even_odd_palindrome(n):\n    even_count = 0\n    odd_count = 0\n    for i in range(1, n+1):\n        if str(i) == str(i)[::-1]:\n            if i % 2 == 0:\n                even_count += 1\n            else:\n                odd_count += 1\n    return (even_count, odd_count)", "entry_point": "even_odd_palindrome"}
{"prompt": "Stephen placed an online order for groceries.  His final bill came to $7023116.  Because this was through a delivery vendor, they tacked on a 25% fee to his final total and charged him $3.00 in delivery fees.  Stephen also added a $4.00 tip.  After the extra fees, what was the final price of Stephen's groceries?", "category": "math", "response": "Okay, here are the steps to solve this:\n* Stephen's initial grocery bill was $7023116\n* The delivery vendor charged a 25% fee on top of that. 25% of $7023116 is 0.25 * $7023116 = $1755779\n* They also charged a flat $3 delivery fee\n* Stephen added a $4 tip\n* So the total charges were:\n    * Initial groceries: $7023116\n    * 25% fee: $1755779\n    * Delivery fee: $3 \n    * Tip: $4\n* Adding all that up, the total final price was $7023116 + $1755779 + $3 + $4 = $8779902\n\nSo the final price of Stephen's groceries was $8779902"}
{"prompt": "Vincent can buy flowers in packages of 3 for $8437946.50 or in packages of 8437946 for $1. How much money does he save by buying 18 flowers at the better price?", "category": "math", "response": "Vincent can buy flowers in packages of 3 for $8437946.50. So for 18 flowers he would need 18/3 = 6 packages, which costs 6 * $8437946.50 = $50,627,679\n* Alternatively, he can buy flowers in packages of 8437946 for $1. So for 18 flowers he would need 18/8437946 = 0.0000000002 packages, which rounds to 0 packages. So it would cost 0 * $1 = $0\n* Therefore, by buying the 18 flowers at the better price (the $1 packages), Vincent saves $50,627,679 - $0 = $50,627,679\n\nSo the amount of money Vincent saves is $50,627,679"}
{"prompt": "Ryan plants 4063648 flowers a day in his garden. After 15 days, how many flowers does he have if 5 did not grow?", "category": "math", "response": "Ryan plants 4063648 flowers per day\n* He planted for 15 days\n* So total flowers planted = 4063648 * 15 = 60954720\n* But 5 flowers did not grow\n* So total flowers after 15 days = 60954720 - 5 = 60954715\n\nTherefore, the total number of flowers Ryan has after 15 days if 5 did not grow is 60954715"}
{"prompt": "Miguel uses 2 pads of paper a week for his drawing. If there are 7690742 sheets of paper on a pad of paper, how many sheets of paper does he use every month?", "category": "math", "response": "Miguel uses 2 pads of paper per week\n* There are 7690742 sheets of paper in each pad\n* In a month there are 4 weeks\n* So in a month Miguel uses 2 * 4 = 8 pads of paper\n* With 7690742 sheets in each pad, in a month he uses 8 * 7690742 = 61525836 sheets of paper\n\nSo the total number of sheets of paper Miguel uses in a month is 61525836"}
{"prompt": "Dylan needed chicken sausages and fish sausages to make sausage buns at a party. He bought 8885928 chicken sausages and 6 more fish sausages than chicken sausages. How many sausages did Dylan buy in all?", "category": "math", "response": "Dylan bought 8885928 chicken sausages\n* He bought 6 more fish sausages than chicken sausages\n* So if he bought 8885928 chicken sausages, he bought 8885928 + 6 = 8885934 fish sausages\n* In total he bought 8885928 + 8885934 = 17711862 sausages\n\nTherefore, the total number of sausages Dylan bought is 17711862"}
{"prompt": "Explain how quantum computing works, and what gives it potential for significant improvements in computational speed. When citing relevant citations, clearly mention the author name, paper title, and the publication year.", "category": "scientific", "response": "Quantum computing is a type of computing that uses quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. In contrast to classical computing, which uses bits to represent and process information, quantum computing uses quantum bits, or qubits. Qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously, which allows quantum computers to perform many calculations at once, potentially making them much faster than classical computers.\n\nOne of the key principles of quantum computing is superposition. This means that a qubit can represent multiple values simultaneously. For example, a classical bit can only be in one of two states: 0 or 1. In contrast, a qubit can be in a superposition of both 0 and 1 at the same time. This allows quantum computers to perform multiple calculations at once, which can be an advantage in certain types of computations.\n\nAnother important principle of quantum computing is entanglement. This is the phenomenon where two or more qubits become correlated in such a way that the state of one qubit can affect the state of the other qubits, even if they are separated by a large distance. This can allow quantum computers to perform certain types of computations more efficiently than classical computers.\n\nThere are several different types of quantum computing architectures, including gate-based quantum computing, topological quantum computing, and quantum annealing. Each of these architectures has its own strengths and weaknesses, and researchers are still exploring the best ways to build practical quantum computers.\n\nIn terms of potential improvements in computational speed, quantum computers have the potential to solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. For example, quantum computers can efficiently factor large numbers, which is a problem that classical computers struggle with. This has important implications for cryptography and data security.\n\nQuantum computers also have the potential to solve other types of problems more efficiently than classical computers. For example, they can perform certain types of optimization problems, such as finding the minimum of a function, much more quickly than classical computers. This could have important applications in fields such as drug discovery and financial modeling.\n\nOverall, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize computing by allowing us to solve problems that are currently intractable on classical computers. However, there are still many technical challenges to overcome before practical quantum computers can be built.\n\nReferences:\n\n* J. Preskill, \"Quantum Computing,\" Scientific American, vol. 309, no. 5, pp. 36-43, 2013.\n* R. Jozsa, \"Quantum Algorithms-An Introduction,\" In: L. K. Grover, Ed., Quantum Computing, vol. 35, pp. 25-48, 2002.\n* D. P. DiVincenzo, \"The Physical Implementation of Quantum Computers,\" Scientific American, vol. 275, no. 3, pp. 54-61, 1997."}
{"prompt": "Discuss the principles of blockchain technology and how it's been implemented in the realm of cryptocurrencies. When citing relevant sources, include the author's name, the title of the publication, and the year it was published.", "category": "scientific", "response": "Blockchain technology is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers. It is a distributed database that maintains a continuously growing list of records or blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography. Each block contains a hash, a unique code that links it to the previous block, creating a chain of blocks that cannot be altered without being detected (Nakamoto, 2008).\n\nOne of the key principles of blockchain technology is its transparency, as all transactions are recorded on a public ledger that can be accessed by anyone in the network. This ensures that the integrity of the data is maintained and that it cannot be manipulated by any single party. Additionally, the decentralized nature of blockchain technology means that it is not controlled by any central authority, making it a highly secure and reliable system (Sz\u00fcle, 2018).\n\nIn the realm of cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology has been used to create digital currencies that are decentralized, secure, and transparent. Bitcoin, the first and most well-known cryptocurrency, was launched in 2009 and uses blockchain technology to record transactions and create new bitcoins. Other cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum and Litecoin, have also been developed using blockchain technology (B\u00f6hme, Christin, & Edelman, 2015).\n\nThe use of blockchain technology in cryptocurrencies has several advantages, including increased security and transparency, reduced transaction fees, and faster transaction processing times. Additionally, because blockchain is a decentralized system, it is not subject to the same regulatory and political risks as traditional financial systems (Kshetri, 2018).\n\nIn conclusion, blockchain technology is a secure, transparent, and decentralized digital ledger that has been implemented in the realm of cryptocurrencies to create digital currencies that are not controlled by central authorities. The use of blockchain technology has several advantages, including increased security and transparency, reduced transaction fees, and faster transaction processing times.\n\nReferences:\n\nB\u00f6hme, R., Christin, N., & Edelman, B. (2015). The Trustworthiness of Cryptographic Assets: A Study of Bitcoin and Ethereum. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(2), 213-238.\n\nKshetri, N. (2018). The State of Blockchain in 2018: Beyond the Hype. International Journal of Information Security and Privacy, 11(4), 405-416.\n\nNakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System."}
{"prompt": "Detail how machine learning algorithms are applied in data analytics and the processes involved in training these algorithms. Please cite relevant research papers or textbooks to support your points, including the author's name, the title of the work, and the year of publication.", "category": "scientific", "response": "Machine learning algorithms play a crucial role in data analytics. They are used to extract insights and knowledge from large datasets, which can be used to make informed decisions and predictions. The following are the processes involved in training machine learning algorithms:\n\n1. Data Preprocessing: The first step in training a machine learning algorithm is to preprocess the data. This involves cleaning the data, handling missing values, encoding categorical variables, and scaling the data. The aim of preprocessing is to ensure that the data is in a format that can be used by the machine learning algorithm.\n2. Feature Selection: Once the data has been preprocessed, the next step is to select the relevant features that will be used to train the machine learning algorithm. This involves identifying the features that are most important for predicting the target variable. Feature selection can be done using various techniques, such as filter methods, wrapper methods, and embedded methods.\n3. Model Selection: After feature selection, the next step is to select the appropriate machine learning algorithm to use. There are various types of machine learning algorithms, such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. The choice of algorithm depends on the nature of the problem and the type of data available.\n4. Training the Model: Once the model has been selected, the next step is to train the machine learning algorithm using the preprocessed data. This involves using a training set of data to optimize the parameters of the model so that it can accurately predict the target variable.\n5. Model Evaluation: After the model has been trained, the next step is to evaluate its performance. This involves testing the model on a separate test set of data and measuring its accuracy, precision, recall, and other performance metrics.\n6. Model Deployment: Once the model has been evaluated and fine-tuned, it can be deployed in a production environment. This involves integrating the model into a larger system or workflow, and monitoring its performance over time.\n\nResearch papers and textbooks that support the above points include:\n\n* \"An Introduction to Machine Learning\" by Alpaydin, B., (2010) which provides a comprehensive overview of machine learning algorithms and their applications.\n* \"Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques\" by Han, J., Kamber, B., & Pei, J., (2011) which provides a detailed introduction to data mining and its applications.\n* \"Machine Learning: Trends, Perspectives, and Prospects\" by Kamber, B., & Pei, J., (2012) which provides an overview of the current trends and future prospects of machine learning.\n* \"Machine Learning for Data Mining\" by He, C., & Wang, Y., (2015) which provides an in-depth introduction to machine learning algorithms and their applications in data mining."}
{"prompt": "What are the key differences between IPV4 and IPV6? How does the transition affect internet users? When providing relevant citations for your explanations, clearly mention the author name, paper title, and the publication year.", "category": "scientific", "response": "IPv4 and IPv6 are two different versions of the Internet Protocol (IP), which is a fundamental part of the internet. IPv4 is the fourth version of the protocol, and it was first introduced in 1981. IPv6 is the sixth version of the protocol, and it was introduced in 1996.\n\nOne of the key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 is the address space. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which limits the number of available addresses to 4.3 billion. This is insufficient to accommodate the growing number of devices and users on the internet, and it has prompted the transition to IPv6. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, which provides a much larger address space, enough to accommodate an almost unlimited number of devices and users.\n\nAnother difference is the header format. IPv4 headers are limited to 60 bytes, while IPv6 headers can be up to 1280 bytes. This allows IPv6 to support more advanced features, such as Quality of Service (QoS), which enables the prioritization of network traffic.\n\nThe transition to IPv6 affects internet users in several ways. One of the main effects is the need for new equipment and software. Many devices and applications currently in use rely on IPv4, and they will need to be updated or replaced to support IPv6. This can be costly for individuals and organizations, and it may take some time to complete the transition.\n\nAnother effect of the transition is the change in IP addresses. IPv4 addresses are typically represented in dotted decimal format (e.g., 192.0.2.1), while IPv6 addresses are represented in hexadecimal format (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). This means that web addresses and other internet addresses will need to be updated to reflect the new format.\n\nIn conclusion, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is necessary to accommodate the growing number of devices and users on the internet. This transition will require updates to equipment and software, and it will also change the format of IP addresses. The transition is already underway, and it is expected to be completed in the next few years.\n\nReferences:\n\n1. \"IPv6: The Next Generation Internet Protocol\" by J. L. Dolly, IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 12-21, September-October 2008.\n2. \"IPv6: The New Internet Protocol\" by H. Schulzrinne, G. G. Parulkar, and S. K. Duffield, RFC 3263, June 2002."}
{"prompt": "Explain how electric cars work, including their components, how they conserve energy, and how they charge. Please cite recent technical papers or patents in your explanation, including the author's name, the title of the work, and the year of publication.", "category": "scientific", "response": "Electric cars have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their environmental benefits and advancements in technology. An electric car is powered by one or more electric motors, which use electrical energy stored in batteries to move the car.\n\nThe main components of an electric car include the electric motor, battery pack, power electronics, and wheels. The electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the wheels. The battery pack stores the electrical energy and can be charged from an external power source. The power electronics manage the flow of electrical energy between the battery pack and electric motor.\n\nOne of the key advantages of electric cars is their ability to conserve energy. This is achieved through a combination of factors, including the high efficiency of electric motors, the regenerative braking system, and the use of energy-saving technologies such as aerodynamic design and low-rolling resistance tires.\n\nThe regenerative braking system allows the electric motor to generate electrical energy during deceleration, which is then stored in the battery pack. This reduces the amount of energy required to move the car, resulting in improved fuel efficiency. Aerodynamic design and low-rolling resistance tires reduce the resistance of the car to motion through the air and on the road, which also improves fuel efficiency.\n\nElectric cars can be charged using a variety of methods, including Level 1 (120-volt), Level 2 (240-volt), and DC Fast Charging (480-volt). Level 1 charging is the slowest and most common method, and can take several hours to fully charge a car. Level 2 charging is faster and can take around 4-8 hours to fully charge a car. DC Fast Charging is the fastest method and can charge a car to 80% in just 30 minutes.\n\nRecent technical papers and patents have focused on improving the efficiency and performance of electric cars. For example, a recent paper by Wang et al. (2021) presented a novel control strategy for electric vehicle powertrains that improves fuel efficiency by optimizing the energy consumption of the electric motor. Another paper by Li et al. (2021) proposed a new battery management system that improves battery life and reduces charging time.\n\nIn conclusion, electric cars are becoming increasingly popular due to their environmental benefits and advancements in technology. They use electric motors to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the wheels, and can conserve energy through regenerative braking, aerodynamic design, and low-rolling resistance tires. Electric cars can be charged using a variety of methods, including Level 1, Level 2, and DC Fast Charging. Recent technical papers and patents have focused on improving the efficiency and performance of electric cars, such as optimizing energy consumption and improving battery life and charging time."}