Quite often there are questions about why Appium throws an error about missing environment variable, for example ANDROID_HOME, or about missing binaries, like idevice_id, carthage or java.
This article explains what might be a cause of such problem and how to resolve it.
In order to understand this topic you should know concept of environment variables, how it works in your operating system and how you can change the system environment if needed.
In particular, it is important to know the meaning of PATH environment variable. Read https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_(variable) for more details.
Appium itself is a NodeJS application and uses the same environment as its host node process. If you experience an error related to local environment setup then verify the actual process environment first.
In Mac OS, for example, it is possible to do this via ps eww <PID> command, where PID is the process identifier of the running Appium's host Node process.
In Windows the ProcessExplorer utility can be used for such purpose.
Then make sure the corresponding variable is there and it is set to a proper value, or, in case there is an error finding some binary, make sure the parent folder of this binary is present in PATH list, the binary itself on the local file system and can be executed manually.
Usually, if one starts Appium from the command line, then it inherits all the environment variables from the parent process (bash/cmd, etc.).
This means that if you start Appium manually or with a script then make sure its parent process has all the necessary environment variables set to proper values.
Use env command to check the currently defined environment variables of your *nix shell interpreter or set for cmd.exe shell in Windows.
On *nix system you could add/edit environment variables of your shell either by using the export command (only works in scope of the current shell session) or by editing the appropriate shell config if it is necessary to keep the changes.
The path to this config depends on the currently selected interpreter. Use echo $SHELL to figure out what your current interpreter is.
Bash, for example, loads the config from $HOME/.bashrc or $HOME/.bash_profile and ZSH from $HOME/.zshrc.
Remember to reload the config after it has been changed either by sourcing it (e.g. source ~/.zshrc) or by restarting the terminal session.
On Windows, you could use the set command to add/change environment variables in scope of the current shell session or edit them in system settings to keep the changes.
Remember to reload the config after it has been changed by restarting the command prompt session.
Also, it is possible to set variables on per-process basis. This might be handy if Appium is set up to start automatically with the operating system, because on early stages of system initialization it is possible that the "usual" environment has not been loaded yet.
In case the Appium process is started programatically, for example with java client's AppiumDriverLocalService helper class, then it might be necessary to setup the environment in the client code, because prior to version 6.0 the client does not inherit it from the parent process by default.