diff --git a/sso/fitbit.py b/sso/fitbit.py
index 4cb54964..e87b078d 100644
--- a/sso/fitbit.py
+++ b/sso/fitbit.py
@@ -42,10 +42,11 @@ def __init__(
         self.user_info = self.get_user_info()
 
     def get_new_token(self):
+        decoded_token = base64.b64encode(f"{self.client_id}:{self.client_secret}".encode()).decode()
         response = requests.post(
             "https://api.fitbit.com/oauth2/token",
             headers={
-                "Authorization": f"Basic {base64.b64encode(f'{self.client_id}:{self.client_secret}'.encode()).decode()}",
+                "Authorization": f"Basic {decoded_token}",
                 "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
             },
             data={
diff --git a/sso/formstack.py b/sso/formstack.py
index 0f7be7be..4268de53 100644
--- a/sso/formstack.py
+++ b/sso/formstack.py
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 - formstack:write
 """
 
+
 class FormstackSSO:
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -74,7 +75,9 @@ def get_user_info(self):
             )
 
     def send_form_submission(self, form_id, submission_data):
-        form_submission_url = f"https://www.formstack.com/api/v2/form/{form_id}/submission.json"
+        form_submission_url = (
+            f"https://www.formstack.com/api/v2/form/{form_id}/submission.json"
+        )
         headers = {
             "Authorization": f"Bearer {self.access_token}",
             "Content-Type": "application/json",
diff --git a/sso/paypal.py b/sso/paypal.py
index 7c3d868a..722e3e65 100644
--- a/sso/paypal.py
+++ b/sso/paypal.py
@@ -36,10 +36,11 @@ def __init__(
         self.user_info = self.get_user_info()
 
     def get_new_token(self):
+        token = base64.b64encode(f"{self.client_id}:{self.client_secret}".encode()).decode()
         response = requests.post(
             "https://api.paypal.com/v1/oauth2/token",
             headers={
-                "Authorization": f"Basic {base64.b64encode(f'{self.client_id}:{self.client_secret}'.encode()).decode()}",
+                "Authorization": f"Basic {token}",
                 "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
             },
             data={