CompTIA-A+-Laptop-Hardware

[jaylong255]

YouTube - Professor Messer - CompTIA - A+ - Laptop Hardware

[jaylong255]

342.912290 349.772290 As a technician, you'll often find that troubleshooting problems with a laptop can be challenging.
349.772290 352.512290 These are very unique computing environments that are specifically designed to fit a particular
352.512290 353.512290 form factor.
353.512290 355.512290 And because of that, it can be a very challenging repair if you need to get inside of that
355.512290 356.512290 device and make a change.
356.512290 358.952290 You might often find as you look at laptops from different manufacturers that some laptops
358.952290 360.312290 tend to be easier to repair than others.
360.312290 362.872290 You'll often become very knowledgeable in one particular manufacturer's laptops, because
362.872290 364.872290 that's the one that your organization will tend to purchase the most, and you'll find
364.872290 367.752290 over time you'll become much more comfortable with repairing those particular brand of laptops.
367.752290 369.952290 Many laptop manufacturers will provide service information so you can learn more about the
369.952290 372.712290 process required to replace the keyboard, the display, or other components within the
372.712290 373.712290 laptop.
373.712290 375.712290 Our laptops are mobile devices, so it's important to have some type of power source when
375.712290 376.712290 you're traveling.
376.712290 378.712290 Many laptops want batteries included, and usually these batteries are very modular.
378.712290 380.872290 You can unplug and reconnect those batteries to your laptop, and you don't have to take apart
380.872290 382.352290 the laptop to gain access to that battery.
382.352290 384.992290 Some laptops want batteries inside of the laptop case, and those obviously are not designed
384.992290 385.992290 to be modular.
385.992290 388.512290 Many of the battery technologies we use today are lithium ion or lithium ion polymer.
388.512290 389.752290 These batteries are designed to be fully charged.
389.752290 391.872290 You can discharge some of the battery, and charge you back up again without worrying that
391.872290 394.552290 you're causing a memory effect, or limiting the amount of capacity that battery might
394.552290 395.552290 have.
395.552290 397.712290 However, each time you charge that battery, it diminishes the capacity just a bit.
397.712290 399.512290 So after a number of years, you may find that you have to replace the battery because
399.512290 401.352290 it's not able to maintain the charge that it once did.
401.352290 403.852290 Because laptops have a very specific form factor, you'll find that the batteries used in these
403.852290 406.152290 laptops are very specific to a particular make and model of laptop.
406.152290 408.672290 So if you're purchasing a new battery for a laptop, make sure you're purchasing it specifically
408.672290 409.672290 for that particular device.
409.672290 412.272290 Here's an example of a very modular battery configuration on the back of a laptop.
412.272290 414.492290 There are two different batteries underneath this empty space, and you can see they will
414.492290 415.492290 slide in and lock into place.
415.492290 417.992290 You can unlock the battery with the switch that's on the back, pull it out, and replace
417.992290 418.992290 it with a new battery.
418.992290 420.952290 This means if you're traveling and you use up the capacity of one battery, you can easily
420.952290 423.272290 disconnect that battery and connect a fresh one to your laptop.
423.272290 425.032290 The keyboard is probably the most used component of the laptop.
425.032290 428.192290 It is our primary input into the operating system, and fortunately it's a very easy components
428.192290 429.192290 to replace.
429.192290 430.832290 There's a single device that's usually connected with a ribbon cable to the main part of
430.832290 431.832290 the laptop.
431.832290 433.472290 This is the back of the laptop keyboard, and you can see there is this single ribbon cable
433.472290 435.472290 that's used to connect and disconnect from the laptop motherboard.
435.472290 438.472290 You do have the option on many laptops to plug in an external keyboard to a USB interface,
438.472290 440.552290 so if you're running into problems with the keyboard that's integrated into your laptop,
440.552290 442.772290 you may be able to work around those problems by using an external keyboard.
442.772290 445.172290 One of the challenges we have with laptops is as the laptop becomes smaller, there's
445.172290 446.172290 less space to have a keyboard.
446.172290 449.152290 So we're using a lot of extra function keys and changing around the layout of the keyboard
449.152290 450.752290 just to be able to fit it into this small place.
450.752290 456.552290 So you can see on this laptop that we don't have enough room for a numeric keypad on the right side, and the inverted T that we use for arrow keys is put underneath the ship key on the right side.
456.552290 466.352290 Some larger laptops can include other keys, for example, this laptop does have a numeric keypad, but you'll notice a lot of the function keys for home in page up and page down at the move just above the numeric keypad, and you can also see that the function keys also have secondary functions associated with them.
466.352290 469.872290 So the key that you would normally use for F1 has a question mark, which is probably the help key for this particular laptop.
469.872290 473.312290 Function 2 looks like it is a brightness or brightness down setting, and F3 is a brightness up setting.
473.312290 478.152290 The way that we would access those secondary functions is to hold down the function key on the keyboard and press the appropriate key on the function keypad.
478.152290 483.272290 Because these laptops are mobile, we tend to sometimes have things followed within the keyboard itself, or the keycaps themselves might be damaged and we might have to replace them.
483.272290 488.552290 These keycaps, though, are very fragile, so make sure you check with the manufacturer's instructions, and you follow exactly what they recommend when changing anything with that keyboard.
488.552290 493.952290 You don't want to break any part of the keycap itself when you're removing it or placing it back onto the laptop, and you want to be sure that the mechanics underneath are not damaged at all.
493.952290 499.432290 This picture shows just how delicate these tiny little plastic pieces are underneath the keycaps, so you want to be very, very careful in doing any type of maintenance on that laptop keyboard.
499.432290 506.632290 All of the programs that are executing in your operating system are executing in memory, and if we ever need to increase the amount of memory in our laptop, then we'll probably want to use Sodem or the small outline dual inline memory module.
506.632290 512.632290 This form factor is very common for laptops and other mobile devices, and often there is a window or an opening at the bottom of the laptop that allows you to easily add and remove these memory modules.
512.632290 520.432290 Some laptop manufacturers have decided not to create a modular way to change the amount of memory inside the laptop, and in those cases the memory is not on a Sodem module, instead it's physically soldered to the motherboard of the laptop.
520.432290 528.832290 This means that you can't upgrade or change the amount of memory in that laptop, and if you needed to make a change to the memory, you would have to replace the entire motherboard for that laptop, and that is certainly a very costly endeavor when all you might want is additional memory in your system.
528.832290 535.632290 Here's a picture of a Sodem. This one is in context with everything around it, so you can see this is a relatively small memory module, especially when you compare it to the larger dims that you might find inside of a desktop computer.
535.632290 540.632290 To be able to install the Sodem, you place it into the memory slot on the laptop, push it down so that it locks, and now you have additional memory in your laptop.
540.632290 546.232290 Our laptops also need some type of storage space so that we can retrieve or save files to that system. Older laptops might have storage in the form of a magnetic disk.
546.232290 550.632290 This is the hard drives that we traditionally think about. These are spinning physical drives, but they're in a form factor that's around two and a half inches.
550.632290 559.232290 This two and a half inch form factor works well for these portable platforms, especially when you consider the desktop platform type of larger three and a half inch size hard drives. Many newer laptops will instead have solid state drives or SSDs instead of spinning hard drives.
559.232290 566.432290 As the name implies, a solid state drive is solid state. There are no moving parts inside of an SSD, even though the SSD shown here in this picture looks identical to the form factor and connectivity you might have for a hard drive.
566.432290 571.032290 This makes it very easy to perform upgrade because you can unplug a hard drive and connect an SSD to the same interface using exactly the same form factor.
571.032290 578.432290 One significant advantage of the SSD is the greatly increased speed for reading and writing data to this device, and by simply upgrading from a hard drive to an SSD, you can greatly improve the performance of almost any device.
578.432290 588.032290 There's also another interface type available on many devices called an M.2 interface. This is an M.2 interface on an SSD drive, and you can see the size of this SSD is much smaller than the larger and more traditional SATA connected SSD.
588.032290 592.832290 This means we can fit a lot more storage in a much smaller space and we don't have the cables that you would normally find on a traditional SATA connected SSD.
592.832290 597.832290 This is also a very modular form of storage. You can simply plug it into a slot, use a screw to connect it, and you now have additional storage inside your system.
597.832290 607.032290 There's another view of these two storage devices together. One is a spinning hard drive with a SATA connection. The other is an SSD using an M.2 interface, and you can see these are very two different kinds of connections using a very different form factor inside of the laptop.
607.032290 614.032290 If you need to replace or upgrade the storage that's inside of your laptop, you may find that everything is internal to the laptop, and you have to open the entire back of the laptop to gain access to that particular storage bay.
614.032290 619.032290 Or there may be a window or an opening on the back of a laptop, and you simply need to open one single window to gain access to the entire storage area.
619.032290 624.032290 Whether these are drives that are inside of the laptop, or they're accessible from a cover on the back of the laptop, they're relatively easy to replace.
624.032290 628.032290 There are probably a few screws you would remove, you would disconnect it from the SATA connection that's on your laptop, and then slide it out of that particular bay.
628.032290 640.032290 That a new drive, you simply plug it into the cable screw down, and now you have a new drive inside that laptop. If you're connecting to an M.2 interface, it's even easier. It's a single screw that allows you to either connect or disconnect the M.2 drive, and it simply slides out of that M.2 interface very similar to the interface you would use for installing memory on a system.
640.032290 647.032290 This laptop happens to have a cover in the back of the game's access to the storage drive. You would unscrew that cover and remove it from the system, and then unscrew the mount that is keeping that drive in place inside of the laptop.
647.032290 651.032290 On this laptop, you simply slide the drive back, which disconnects it from the SATA connection, and you can remove it from the laptop.
651.032290 664.032290 It's a similar process if the drive is inside of the laptop without an access cover, you'll just have to remove the entire back of the laptop to be able to gain access to that drive. If you're lucky enough to have a laptop within M.2 connection, there's probably a cover on the back that you can remove, and then you can add the SSD, use the single screw to tighten it down, replace the cover, and now you have a new storage drive on your laptop.
664.032290 673.032290 Because the performance of a system can be improved dramatically by replacing a spinning hard drive with an SSD, it's very common to perform these migrations and move an operating system from an existing spinning hard drive to a new SSD on these laptops.
673.032290 687.032290 You can do this a number of different ways, one common way to do it is to install an operating system on the SSD, and simply move over a user's documents and any applications that they might need. However, this can be time consuming because it requires an additional operating system installation, and then you have to manually move over everything that user might have in their user documents, and then manually install any applications that are important for that user.
687.032290 699.032290 Another way to migrate from a hard drive to an SSD, and a method that's perhaps more elegant, is to create a clone or an image of the hard drive and move that image to the new SSD. This means that you don't have to install a new operating system on the SSD, and when you move this image from one system to the other, you're moving everything, all of the user's data, and all of the user's applications.
699.032290 710.032290 To perform this migration, you'll need software that can create the image on the hard drive and move that image or copy it onto the SSD. There are a number of applications that can do this, many manufacturers will include an application with the SSD that can provide this imaging function, but there are many commercial and open source options available.
710.032290 721.032290 Some organizations will create one single image file and use that image file to create multiple copies across multiple systems. You can also perform a drive to drive image where there's no intermediary image file, you're simply taking everything from one system and copying it sector by sector over to the drive that's on another system.
721.032290 727.032290 This will require that you either have two systems running simultaneously so you can perform that drive to drive image or the system that you're using supports having multiple drives inside of it simultaneously.
727.032290 732.032290 On many newer laptops, you may find that wireless functionality using 802.11 or Bluetooth connections are built into the system board or motherboard of that laptop.
732.032290 746.032290 Older laptops may include mini PCI or mini PCI express interfaces so that you can add additional wireless connectivity. For example, you can plug in one of these cards and you might have 802.11 access that will provide you with local area network coverage on wireless networks, or this may be a Bluetooth connection so that you can connect over a personal area network to your pieces, speakers, and other Bluetooth components.
746.032290 752.032290 This is designed to be user replaceable, so there's usually a cover that you can remove on the back of the laptop that will allow you access to the mini PCI or mini PCI express interfaces.
752.032290 762.032290 This is an older laptop that has a couple of storage bays. Here's the memory in the middle of the system. There's some cooling here for the CPU, and you can see right here on the bottom right are two mini PCI express interfaces. One of these is for wireless local area network, and the other is for wireless personal area network or Bluetooth.
762.032290 774.032290 Here's a better view of these. There's actually three slots available on this laptop, we're using two of them, one for 802.11 and the other one for Bluetooth, but there's a slot right in the middle, specifying for wireless wide area network, which would be a cellular connection so that you can use a third party cellular provider to gain access to the network when you're away from 802.11 or any other type of network.
774.032290 781.032290 These cards are very modular, so it's very easy to slide one into a slot, push it down, and you've installed a card. For these wireless cards, there are usually antenna wires connected as well, so you would connect those to the appropriate ports on that wireless card.
781.032290 788.032290 Our new operating systems may provide us with additional authentication options, which can be really useful on a laptop computer. For example, instead of typing a password to gain access to the system, you might want to use biometrics.
788.032290 792.032290 Our operating system can look at our face, it can look at our fingerprint, and be able to determine if that's really us, and if we should gain access to the system.
792.032290 801.032290 There are usually two components to this. There's the software in the operating system, so that it can support this method of authentication, and then you'll need some type of hardware that can provide either the view of your face or the view of your finger, so that it can determine if that's really you wanting to gain access to the laptop.
801.032290 805.032290 If you look at the options for authentication in your account settings and windows, you'll see the different options that are available.
805.032290 812.032290 We're all very familiar with the password option, for example, but if you wanted to use biometrics, you could use Windows Hello Face, which will use the camera on your system to look at your face, or use Windows Hello fingerprint, which uses a fingerprint reader.
812.032290 820.032290 Since it's difficult to duplicate your face or your fingerprint, these are relatively secure ways of authenticating into your laptop, and in some cases you might use multiple forms at the same time to provide additional factors of authentication.
820.032290 824.032290 For example, you may have to type a password and use your fingerprint just to make sure that you really are the person gaining access to that laptop.
824.032290 833.032290 This is the laptop keyboard we were looking at earlier. You can see on the right side, underneath the keyboard is the small sensor, that's your fingerprint sensor, so to be able to authenticate to the system, you simply slide your finger across that sensor, it will recognize your fingerprint and give you access to the operating system.
833.032290 843.032290 We're also seeing NFC or near field communication being used more and more with laptops. It's a technology we've been using for quite some time on our mobile devices, now we're starting to see it integrated into our laptop systems. This allows us to transfer data or perform authentication to the device without physically touching the device.
843.032290 848.032290 If you're in a store and you paid during checkout with your phone or your watch, then you were using NFC, but you could also use your phone or your watch to authenticate to the laptop.
848.032290 853.032290 This is great if you're in a hospital or a warehouse where you might be using this laptop only occasionally and you need it to quickly authenticate each time you walk up to the laptop.
853.032290 859.032290 By using your phone or your watch, you're able to provide that authentication without having to touch anything else on the system and put any extra passwords and quickly gain access to the operating system.
859.032290 863.410728 [BLANK_AUDIO]

[jaylong255]

Here are the facts found in the transcription:

1. Troubleshooting laptops can be challenging due to their unique computing environments and specific form factors.
2. Some laptops are easier to repair than others, depending on the manufacturer.
3. Technicians often become more comfortable repairing specific brands of laptops used frequently in their organization.
4. Many laptop manufacturers provide service information to guide the replacement of components like the keyboard and display.
5. Laptops are mobile devices requiring a power source when traveling, often using modular or non-modular batteries.
6. Batteries are typically lithium-ion or lithium-ion polymer, designed to be fully charged without memory effect but with reduced capacity over time.
7. Laptop batteries are specific to the make and model of the laptop.
8. Some laptops have modular batteries that can be easily replaced, while others require more effort to access.
9. The keyboard is a primary input component and is usually easy to replace, often connected by a ribbon cable to the motherboard.
10. External keyboards can be used if the built-in keyboard fails.
11. Smaller laptops may have altered keyboard layouts to fit the reduced space, often requiring the use of function keys for additional features.
12. Keycaps are fragile and require careful handling during maintenance.
13. Laptop programs execute in memory, and upgrading memory usually involves using a SODIMM module, which can be easily added or removed.
14. Some laptops have non-modular memory, soldered directly to the motherboard, making upgrades difficult.
15. SODIMM is a common form factor for laptop memory, smaller than desktop memory modules.
16. Laptops need storage space, traditionally provided by magnetic hard drives, now often replaced by SSDs for better performance.
17. SSDs, especially those with M.2 interfaces, offer faster read/write speeds and are easier to install than traditional hard drives.
18. Replacing or upgrading laptop storage may require accessing internal components, often through an access cover or by removing the entire back of the laptop.
19. Migrating from a hard drive to an SSD can significantly improve system performance.
20. There are two common methods for migrating data: reinstalling the OS and transferring files manually, or cloning the drive to an SSD.
21. Software is required to create and transfer drive images for migration.
22. Some organizations use a single image file to clone multiple systems, while others perform drive-to-drive imaging directly.
23. Wireless functionality (802.11 or Bluetooth) is often built into newer laptops, while older models may use mini PCI or mini PCI Express cards.
24. Some older laptops have mini PCI Express slots for additional wireless connectivity, with user-replaceable components accessible through a cover on the back.