diff --git a/.buildkite/Manifest-v1.11.toml b/.buildkite/Manifest-v1.11.toml
index fadd7612ac..ac4eef0185 100644
--- a/.buildkite/Manifest-v1.11.toml
+++ b/.buildkite/Manifest-v1.11.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # This file is machine-generated - editing it directly is not advised
 
-julia_version = "1.11.1"
+julia_version = "1.11.0"
 manifest_format = "2.0"
-project_hash = "bf1216ed2bc76713a01437d07332219f6bcd0c54"
+project_hash = "ab63553e2361eed332e6633f7c1e1b9df26c8d44"
 
 [[deps.ADTypes]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "eea5d80188827b35333801ef97a40c2ed653b081"
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ weakdeps = ["ChainRulesCore", "EnzymeCore"]
     ADTypesChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
     ADTypesEnzymeCoreExt = "EnzymeCore"
 
+[[deps.AMD]]
+deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays", "SuiteSparse_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "45a1272e3f809d36431e57ab22703c6896b8908f"
+uuid = "14f7f29c-3bd6-536c-9a0b-7339e30b5a3e"
+version = "0.5.3"
+
 [[deps.AbstractFFTs]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "d92ad398961a3ed262d8bf04a1a2b8340f915fef"
@@ -57,9 +63,9 @@ version = "0.1.38"
 
 [[deps.Adapt]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "Requires"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "d80af0733c99ea80575f612813fa6aa71022d33a"
+git-tree-sha1 = "50c3c56a52972d78e8be9fd135bfb91c9574c140"
 uuid = "79e6a3ab-5dfb-504d-930d-738a2a938a0e"
-version = "4.1.0"
+version = "4.1.1"
 weakdeps = ["StaticArrays"]
 
     [deps.Adapt.extensions]
@@ -97,6 +103,18 @@ version = "2.3.0"
 uuid = "0dad84c5-d112-42e6-8d28-ef12dabb789f"
 version = "1.1.2"
 
+[[deps.Arpack]]
+deps = ["Arpack_jll", "Libdl", "LinearAlgebra", "Logging"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "9b9b347613394885fd1c8c7729bfc60528faa436"
+uuid = "7d9fca2a-8960-54d3-9f78-7d1dccf2cb97"
+version = "0.5.4"
+
+[[deps.Arpack_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "OpenBLAS_jll", "Pkg"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "5ba6c757e8feccf03a1554dfaf3e26b3cfc7fd5e"
+uuid = "68821587-b530-5797-8361-c406ea357684"
+version = "3.5.1+1"
+
 [[deps.ArrayInterface]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "LinearAlgebra"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "3640d077b6dafd64ceb8fd5c1ec76f7ca53bcf76"
@@ -223,6 +241,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "aebf55e6d7795e02ca500a689d326ac979aaf89e"
 uuid = "9718e550-a3fa-408a-8086-8db961cd8217"
 version = "0.1.1"
 
+[[deps.BenchmarkTools]]
+deps = ["JSON", "Logging", "Printf", "Profile", "Statistics", "UUIDs"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "f1dff6729bc61f4d49e140da1af55dcd1ac97b2f"
+uuid = "6e4b80f9-dd63-53aa-95a3-0cdb28fa8baf"
+version = "1.5.0"
+
 [[deps.BitFlags]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "0691e34b3bb8be9307330f88d1a3c3f25466c24d"
 uuid = "d1d4a3ce-64b1-5f1a-9ba4-7e7e69966f35"
@@ -333,9 +357,9 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 
 [[deps.CairoMakie]]
 deps = ["CRC32c", "Cairo", "Cairo_jll", "Colors", "FileIO", "FreeType", "GeometryBasics", "LinearAlgebra", "Makie", "PrecompileTools"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "fbfdb7cbe17bd14b60646c14c27a16e5038cde54"
+git-tree-sha1 = "c3161fbfe99d9d7ee121cf2017d49966b152857c"
 uuid = "13f3f980-e62b-5c42-98c6-ff1f3baf88f0"
-version = "0.12.15"
+version = "0.12.16"
 
 [[deps.Cairo_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Bzip2_jll", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "Fontconfig_jll", "FreeType2_jll", "Glib_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LZO_jll", "Libdl", "Pixman_jll", "Xorg_libXext_jll", "Xorg_libXrender_jll", "Zlib_jll", "libpng_jll"]
@@ -434,17 +458,11 @@ deps = ["ClimaComms", "Colors", "DataStructures", "DiffEqBase", "KernelAbstracti
 git-tree-sha1 = "dbc1d2c495f118c36a83fa93cd5311fe3a32f615"
 uuid = "595c0a79-7f3d-439a-bc5a-b232dc3bde79"
 version = "0.7.38"
+weakdeps = ["BenchmarkTools", "CUDA", "OrderedCollections", "PrettyTables", "StatsBase"]
 
     [deps.ClimaTimeSteppers.extensions]
     ClimaTimeSteppersBenchmarkToolsExt = ["CUDA", "BenchmarkTools", "OrderedCollections", "StatsBase", "PrettyTables"]
 
-    [deps.ClimaTimeSteppers.weakdeps]
-    BenchmarkTools = "6e4b80f9-dd63-53aa-95a3-0cdb28fa8baf"
-    CUDA = "052768ef-5323-5732-b1bb-66c8b64840ba"
-    OrderedCollections = "bac558e1-5e72-5ebc-8fee-abe8a469f55d"
-    PrettyTables = "08abe8d2-0d0c-5749-adfa-8a2ac140af0d"
-    StatsBase = "2913bbd2-ae8a-5f71-8c99-4fb6c76f3a91"
-
 [[deps.ClimaUtilities]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Dates"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "7e024b52c3a6713680665b3cc9f6cb9b872db357"
@@ -475,6 +493,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "05ba0d07cd4fd8b7a39541e31a7b0254704ea581"
 uuid = "fb6a15b2-703c-40df-9091-08a04967cfa9"
 version = "0.1.13"
 
+[[deps.CodecBzip2]]
+deps = ["Bzip2_jll", "TranscodingStreams"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "e7c529cc31bb85b97631b922fa2e6baf246f5905"
+uuid = "523fee87-0ab8-5b00-afb7-3ecf72e48cfd"
+version = "0.8.4"
+
 [[deps.CodecZlib]]
 deps = ["TranscodingStreams", "Zlib_jll"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "bce6804e5e6044c6daab27bb533d1295e4a2e759"
@@ -517,9 +541,9 @@ version = "0.12.11"
 
 [[deps.CommonDataModel]]
 deps = ["CFTime", "DataStructures", "Dates", "Preferences", "Printf", "Statistics"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "d6fb5bf939a2753c74984b11434ea25d6c397a58"
+git-tree-sha1 = "98d64d5b9e5263884276656a43c45424b3a645c2"
 uuid = "1fbeeb36-5f17-413c-809b-666fb144f157"
-version = "0.3.6"
+version = "0.3.7"
 
 [[deps.CommonSolve]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "0eee5eb66b1cf62cd6ad1b460238e60e4b09400c"
@@ -589,6 +613,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "439e35b0b36e2e5881738abc8857bd92ad6ff9a8"
 uuid = "d38c429a-6771-53c6-b99e-75d170b6e991"
 version = "0.6.3"
 
+[[deps.Convex]]
+deps = ["AbstractTrees", "BenchmarkTools", "LDLFactorizations", "LinearAlgebra", "MathOptInterface", "OrderedCollections", "SparseArrays", "Test"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "dac1878b4996fa56292d2c3bd28f2498b980bb93"
+uuid = "f65535da-76fb-5f13-bab9-19810c17039a"
+version = "0.16.3"
+
 [[deps.CoordinateTransformations]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "StaticArrays"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "f9d7112bfff8a19a3a4ea4e03a8e6a91fe8456bf"
@@ -708,9 +738,9 @@ version = "1.15.1"
 
 [[deps.DiskArrays]]
 deps = ["LRUCache", "OffsetArrays"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "ef25c513cad08d7ebbed158c91768ae32f308336"
+git-tree-sha1 = "e0e89a60637a62d13aa2107f0acd169b9b9b77e7"
 uuid = "3c3547ce-8d99-4f5e-a174-61eb10b00ae3"
-version = "0.3.23"
+version = "0.4.6"
 
 [[deps.Distances]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "Statistics", "StatsAPI"]
@@ -730,9 +760,9 @@ version = "1.11.0"
 
 [[deps.Distributions]]
 deps = ["AliasTables", "FillArrays", "LinearAlgebra", "PDMats", "Printf", "QuadGK", "Random", "SpecialFunctions", "Statistics", "StatsAPI", "StatsBase", "StatsFuns"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "d7477ecdafb813ddee2ae727afa94e9dcb5f3fb0"
+git-tree-sha1 = "3101c32aab536e7a27b1763c0797dba151b899ad"
 uuid = "31c24e10-a181-5473-b8eb-7969acd0382f"
-version = "0.25.112"
+version = "0.25.113"
 
     [deps.Distributions.extensions]
     DistributionsChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
@@ -761,6 +791,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "e3290f2d49e661fbd94046d7e3726ffcb2d41053"
 uuid = "5ae413db-bbd1-5e63-b57d-d24a61df00f5"
 version = "2.2.4+0"
 
+[[deps.EnsembleKalmanProcesses]]
+deps = ["Convex", "Distributions", "DocStringExtensions", "GaussianRandomFields", "Interpolations", "LinearAlgebra", "MathOptInterface", "Optim", "QuadGK", "Random", "RecipesBase", "SCS", "SparseArrays", "Statistics", "StatsBase", "TOML"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "00bb94ff704d7aeed9c72d4a2a05d6abf6cb7946"
+uuid = "aa8a2aa5-91d8-4396-bcef-d4f2ec43552d"
+version = "2.0.1"
+
 [[deps.EnumX]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "bdb1942cd4c45e3c678fd11569d5cccd80976237"
 uuid = "4e289a0a-7415-4d19-859d-a7e5c4648b56"
@@ -867,6 +903,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "acebe244d53ee1b461970f8910c235b259e772ef"
 uuid = "9aa1b823-49e4-5ca5-8b0f-3971ec8bab6a"
 version = "0.3.2"
 
+[[deps.FastGaussQuadrature]]
+deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SpecialFunctions", "StaticArrays"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "fd923962364b645f3719855c88f7074413a6ad92"
+uuid = "442a2c76-b920-505d-bb47-c5924d526838"
+version = "1.0.2"
+
 [[deps.FastRounding]]
 deps = ["ErrorfreeArithmetic", "LinearAlgebra"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "6344aa18f654196be82e62816935225b3b9abe44"
@@ -938,9 +980,9 @@ version = "0.8.5"
 
 [[deps.Flux]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "ChainRulesCore", "Compat", "Functors", "LinearAlgebra", "MLDataDevices", "MLUtils", "MacroTools", "NNlib", "OneHotArrays", "Optimisers", "Preferences", "ProgressLogging", "Random", "Reexport", "Setfield", "SparseArrays", "SpecialFunctions", "Statistics", "Zygote"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "37fa32a50c69c10c6ea1465d3054d98c75bd7777"
+git-tree-sha1 = "df520a0727f843576801a0294f5be1a94be28e23"
 uuid = "587475ba-b771-5e3f-ad9e-33799f191a9c"
-version = "0.14.22"
+version = "0.14.25"
 
     [deps.Flux.extensions]
     FluxAMDGPUExt = "AMDGPU"
@@ -949,14 +991,12 @@ version = "0.14.22"
     FluxEnzymeExt = "Enzyme"
     FluxMPIExt = "MPI"
     FluxMPINCCLExt = ["CUDA", "MPI", "NCCL"]
-    FluxMetalExt = "Metal"
 
     [deps.Flux.weakdeps]
     AMDGPU = "21141c5a-9bdb-4563-92ae-f87d6854732e"
     CUDA = "052768ef-5323-5732-b1bb-66c8b64840ba"
     Enzyme = "7da242da-08ed-463a-9acd-ee780be4f1d9"
     MPI = "da04e1cc-30fd-572f-bb4f-1f8673147195"
-    Metal = "dde4c033-4e86-420c-a63e-0dd931031962"
     NCCL = "3fe64909-d7a1-4096-9b7d-7a0f12cf0f6b"
     cuDNN = "02a925ec-e4fe-4b08-9a7e-0d78e3d38ccd"
 
@@ -979,9 +1019,9 @@ version = "0.4.3"
 
 [[deps.ForwardDiff]]
 deps = ["CommonSubexpressions", "DiffResults", "DiffRules", "LinearAlgebra", "LogExpFunctions", "NaNMath", "Preferences", "Printf", "Random", "SpecialFunctions"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "cf0fe81336da9fb90944683b8c41984b08793dad"
+git-tree-sha1 = "a9ce73d3c827adab2d70bf168aaece8cce196898"
 uuid = "f6369f11-7733-5829-9624-2563aa707210"
-version = "0.10.36"
+version = "0.10.37"
 weakdeps = ["StaticArrays"]
 
     [deps.ForwardDiff.extensions]
@@ -1080,6 +1120,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "eb6f1f48aa994f3018cbd029a17863c6535a266d"
 uuid = "d54b0c1a-921d-58e0-8e36-89d8069c0969"
 version = "0.5.8"
 
+[[deps.GaussianRandomFields]]
+deps = ["Arpack", "FFTW", "FastGaussQuadrature", "LinearAlgebra", "Plots", "Random", "RecipesBase", "SpecialFunctions", "Statistics", "StatsBase"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "aaf37fbddc7bca5391677fb5f5082dd29442ca8f"
+uuid = "e4b2fa32-6e09-5554-b718-106ed5adafe9"
+version = "2.2.5"
+
 [[deps.GeoFormatTypes]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "59107c179a586f0fe667024c5eb7033e81333271"
 uuid = "68eda718-8dee-11e9-39e7-89f7f65f511f"
@@ -1087,9 +1133,9 @@ version = "0.4.2"
 
 [[deps.GeoInterface]]
 deps = ["Extents", "GeoFormatTypes"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "2f6fce56cdb8373637a6614e14a5768a88450de2"
+git-tree-sha1 = "826b4fd69438d9ce4d2b19de6bc2f970f45f0f88"
 uuid = "cf35fbd7-0cd7-5166-be24-54bfbe79505f"
-version = "1.3.7"
+version = "1.3.8"
 
 [[deps.GeoInterfaceMakie]]
 deps = ["GeoInterface", "GeometryBasics", "MakieCore"]
@@ -1151,6 +1197,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "9b02998aba7bf074d14de89f9d37ca24a1a0b046"
 uuid = "78b55507-aeef-58d4-861c-77aaff3498b1"
 version = "0.21.0+0"
 
+[[deps.Giflib_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "0224cce99284d997f6880a42ef715a37c99338d1"
+uuid = "59f7168a-df46-5410-90c8-f2779963d0ec"
+version = "5.2.2+0"
+
 [[deps.GilbertCurves]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "3e076ca96e34a47e98a46657b2bec2655a366d80"
 uuid = "88fa7841-ef32-4516-bb70-c6ec135699d9"
@@ -1170,9 +1222,9 @@ version = "3.8.4+0"
 
 [[deps.Graphics]]
 deps = ["Colors", "LinearAlgebra", "NaNMath"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "d61890399bc535850c4bf08e4e0d3a7ad0f21cbd"
+git-tree-sha1 = "a641238db938fff9b2f60d08ed9030387daf428c"
 uuid = "a2bd30eb-e257-5431-a919-1863eab51364"
-version = "1.1.2"
+version = "1.1.3"
 
 [[deps.Graphite2_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
@@ -1221,9 +1273,9 @@ version = "8.3.1+0"
 
 [[deps.Hwloc_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "dd3b49277ec2bb2c6b94eb1604d4d0616016f7a6"
+git-tree-sha1 = "50aedf345a709ab75872f80a2779568dc0bb461b"
 uuid = "e33a78d0-f292-5ffc-b300-72abe9b543c8"
-version = "2.11.2+0"
+version = "2.11.2+1"
 
 [[deps.HypergeometricFunctions]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "OpenLibm_jll", "SpecialFunctions"]
@@ -1244,9 +1296,9 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 
 [[deps.ImageAxes]]
 deps = ["AxisArrays", "ImageBase", "ImageCore", "Reexport", "SimpleTraits"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "2e4520d67b0cef90865b3ef727594d2a58e0e1f8"
+git-tree-sha1 = "e12629406c6c4442539436581041d372d69c55ba"
 uuid = "2803e5a7-5153-5ecf-9a86-9b4c37f5f5ac"
-version = "0.6.11"
+version = "0.6.12"
 
 [[deps.ImageBase]]
 deps = ["ImageCore", "Reexport"]
@@ -1256,21 +1308,21 @@ version = "0.1.7"
 
 [[deps.ImageCore]]
 deps = ["ColorVectorSpace", "Colors", "FixedPointNumbers", "MappedArrays", "MosaicViews", "OffsetArrays", "PaddedViews", "PrecompileTools", "Reexport"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "b2a7eaa169c13f5bcae8131a83bc30eff8f71be0"
+git-tree-sha1 = "b219503865f42a12ad20ea67082e0fdb69b73ad9"
 uuid = "a09fc81d-aa75-5fe9-8630-4744c3626534"
-version = "0.10.2"
+version = "0.10.3"
 
 [[deps.ImageIO]]
-deps = ["FileIO", "IndirectArrays", "JpegTurbo", "LazyModules", "Netpbm", "OpenEXR", "PNGFiles", "QOI", "Sixel", "TiffImages", "UUIDs"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "437abb322a41d527c197fa800455f79d414f0a3c"
+deps = ["FileIO", "IndirectArrays", "JpegTurbo", "LazyModules", "Netpbm", "OpenEXR", "PNGFiles", "QOI", "Sixel", "TiffImages", "UUIDs", "WebP"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "696144904b76e1ca433b886b4e7edd067d76cbf7"
 uuid = "82e4d734-157c-48bb-816b-45c225c6df19"
-version = "0.6.8"
+version = "0.6.9"
 
 [[deps.ImageMetadata]]
 deps = ["AxisArrays", "ImageAxes", "ImageBase", "ImageCore"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "355e2b974f2e3212a75dfb60519de21361ad3cb7"
+git-tree-sha1 = "2a81c3897be6fbcde0802a0ebe6796d0562f63ec"
 uuid = "bc367c6b-8a6b-528e-b4bd-a4b897500b49"
-version = "0.9.9"
+version = "0.9.10"
 
 [[deps.Imath_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
@@ -1484,6 +1536,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "170b660facf5df5de098d866564877e119141cbd"
 uuid = "c1c5ebd0-6772-5130-a774-d5fcae4a789d"
 version = "3.100.2+0"
 
+[[deps.LDLFactorizations]]
+deps = ["AMD", "LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays", "Test"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "70f582b446a1c3ad82cf87e62b878668beef9d13"
+uuid = "40e66cde-538c-5869-a4ad-c39174c6795b"
+version = "0.10.1"
+
 [[deps.LERC_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "36bdbc52f13a7d1dcb0f3cd694e01677a515655b"
@@ -1662,17 +1720,13 @@ deps = ["FastClosures", "LinearAlgebra", "Printf", "Requires", "SparseArrays", "
 git-tree-sha1 = "f55281226cdae8edea2c850fda88d8f5a03485b6"
 uuid = "5c8ed15e-5a4c-59e4-a42b-c7e8811fb125"
 version = "2.9.0"
+weakdeps = ["CUDA", "ChainRulesCore", "LDLFactorizations"]
 
     [deps.LinearOperators.extensions]
     LinearOperatorsCUDAExt = "CUDA"
     LinearOperatorsChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
     LinearOperatorsLDLFactorizationsExt = "LDLFactorizations"
 
-    [deps.LinearOperators.weakdeps]
-    CUDA = "052768ef-5323-5732-b1bb-66c8b64840ba"
-    ChainRulesCore = "d360d2e6-b24c-11e9-a2a3-2a2ae2dbcce4"
-    LDLFactorizations = "40e66cde-538c-5869-a4ad-c39174c6795b"
-
 [[deps.LittleCMS_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "JpegTurbo_jll", "Libdl", "Libtiff_jll"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "fa7fd067dca76cadd880f1ca937b4f387975a9f5"
@@ -1719,9 +1773,9 @@ version = "2024.2.0+0"
 
 [[deps.MLDataDevices]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "Compat", "Functors", "Preferences", "Random"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "5cffc52b59227864b665459e1f7bcc4d3c4fb47b"
+git-tree-sha1 = "d0666f5a9294484110e2bfc12e07cff5a434488d"
 uuid = "7e8f7934-dd98-4c1a-8fe8-92b47a384d40"
-version = "1.4.2"
+version = "1.5.0"
 
     [deps.MLDataDevices.extensions]
     MLDataDevicesAMDGPUExt = "AMDGPU"
@@ -1808,15 +1862,15 @@ version = "0.5.13"
 
 [[deps.Makie]]
 deps = ["Animations", "Base64", "CRC32c", "ColorBrewer", "ColorSchemes", "ColorTypes", "Colors", "Contour", "Dates", "DelaunayTriangulation", "Distributions", "DocStringExtensions", "Downloads", "FFMPEG_jll", "FileIO", "FilePaths", "FixedPointNumbers", "Format", "FreeType", "FreeTypeAbstraction", "GeometryBasics", "GridLayoutBase", "ImageBase", "ImageIO", "InteractiveUtils", "Interpolations", "IntervalSets", "InverseFunctions", "Isoband", "KernelDensity", "LaTeXStrings", "LinearAlgebra", "MacroTools", "MakieCore", "Markdown", "MathTeXEngine", "Observables", "OffsetArrays", "Packing", "PlotUtils", "PolygonOps", "PrecompileTools", "Printf", "REPL", "Random", "RelocatableFolders", "Scratch", "ShaderAbstractions", "Showoff", "SignedDistanceFields", "SparseArrays", "Statistics", "StatsBase", "StatsFuns", "StructArrays", "TriplotBase", "UnicodeFun", "Unitful"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "f7907907eb914138cc9e9ee66ab46f7a9efac8e8"
+git-tree-sha1 = "5e4e0e027642293da251bf35dac408d692ccba8b"
 uuid = "ee78f7c6-11fb-53f2-987a-cfe4a2b5a57a"
-version = "0.21.15"
+version = "0.21.16"
 
 [[deps.MakieCore]]
 deps = ["ColorTypes", "GeometryBasics", "IntervalSets", "Observables"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "4604f03e5b057e8e62a95a44929cafc9585b0fe9"
+git-tree-sha1 = "ae4dbe0fcf1594ed98594e5f4ee685295a2a6f74"
 uuid = "20f20a25-4f0e-4fdf-b5d1-57303727442b"
-version = "0.8.9"
+version = "0.8.10"
 
 [[deps.ManualMemory]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "bcaef4fc7a0cfe2cba636d84cda54b5e4e4ca3cd"
@@ -1833,6 +1887,12 @@ deps = ["Base64"]
 uuid = "d6f4376e-aef5-505a-96c1-9c027394607a"
 version = "1.11.0"
 
+[[deps.MathOptInterface]]
+deps = ["BenchmarkTools", "CodecBzip2", "CodecZlib", "DataStructures", "ForwardDiff", "JSON", "LinearAlgebra", "MutableArithmetics", "NaNMath", "OrderedCollections", "PrecompileTools", "Printf", "SparseArrays", "SpecialFunctions", "Test", "Unicode"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "e065ca5234f53fd6f920efaee4940627ad991fb4"
+uuid = "b8f27783-ece8-5eb3-8dc8-9495eed66fee"
+version = "1.34.0"
+
 [[deps.MathTeXEngine]]
 deps = ["AbstractTrees", "Automa", "DataStructures", "FreeTypeAbstraction", "GeometryBasics", "LaTeXStrings", "REPL", "RelocatableFolders", "UnicodeFun"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "f45c8916e8385976e1ccd055c9874560c257ab13"
@@ -1893,19 +1953,25 @@ uuid = "46d2c3a1-f734-5fdb-9937-b9b9aeba4221"
 version = "0.2.4"
 
 [[deps.MultiBroadcastFusion]]
-git-tree-sha1 = "c8c2e7161cff6428b46318c89938b52c34ec6661"
+git-tree-sha1 = "4157ffb36526a275f644a3fbe378850e5eb1b470"
 uuid = "c3c07f87-98de-43f2-a76f-835b330b2cbb"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.3"
 weakdeps = ["Adapt", "CUDA"]
 
     [deps.MultiBroadcastFusion.extensions]
     MultiBroadcastFusionCUDAExt = ["CUDA", "Adapt"]
 
+[[deps.MutableArithmetics]]
+deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays", "Test"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "90077f1e79de8c9c7c8a90644494411111f4e07b"
+uuid = "d8a4904e-b15c-11e9-3269-09a3773c0cb0"
+version = "1.5.2"
+
 [[deps.NCDatasets]]
 deps = ["CFTime", "CommonDataModel", "DataStructures", "Dates", "DiskArrays", "NetCDF_jll", "NetworkOptions", "Printf"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "77df6d3708ec0eb3441551e1f20f7503b37c2393"
+git-tree-sha1 = "2c9dc92001ac06d432f363f37ff5552954d9947c"
 uuid = "85f8d34a-cbdd-5861-8df4-14fed0d494ab"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.14.6"
 
 [[deps.NLSolversBase]]
 deps = ["DiffResults", "Distributed", "FiniteDiff", "ForwardDiff"]
@@ -2025,6 +2091,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "963a3f28a2e65bb87a68033ea4a616002406037d"
 uuid = "0b1bfda6-eb8a-41d2-88d8-f5af5cad476f"
 version = "0.2.5"
 
+[[deps.OpenBLAS32_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "dd806c813429ff09878ea3eeb317818f3ca02871"
+uuid = "656ef2d0-ae68-5445-9ca0-591084a874a2"
+version = "0.3.28+3"
+
 [[deps.OpenBLAS_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "Libdl"]
 uuid = "4536629a-c528-5b80-bd46-f80d51c5b363"
@@ -2032,9 +2104,9 @@ version = "0.3.27+1"
 
 [[deps.OpenEXR]]
 deps = ["Colors", "FileIO", "OpenEXR_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "327f53360fdb54df7ecd01e96ef1983536d1e633"
+git-tree-sha1 = "97db9e07fe2091882c765380ef58ec553074e9c7"
 uuid = "52e1d378-f018-4a11-a4be-720524705ac7"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.3"
 
 [[deps.OpenEXR_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Imath_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Zlib_jll"]
@@ -2077,11 +2149,21 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "13652491f6856acfd2db29360e1bbcd4565d04f1"
 uuid = "efe28fd5-8261-553b-a9e1-b2916fc3738e"
 version = "0.5.5+0"
 
+[[deps.Optim]]
+deps = ["Compat", "FillArrays", "ForwardDiff", "LineSearches", "LinearAlgebra", "NLSolversBase", "NaNMath", "Parameters", "PositiveFactorizations", "Printf", "SparseArrays", "StatsBase"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "d9b79c4eed437421ac4285148fcadf42e0700e89"
+uuid = "429524aa-4258-5aef-a3af-852621145aeb"
+version = "1.9.4"
+weakdeps = ["MathOptInterface"]
+
+    [deps.Optim.extensions]
+    OptimMOIExt = "MathOptInterface"
+
 [[deps.Optimisers]]
 deps = ["ChainRulesCore", "Functors", "LinearAlgebra", "Random", "Statistics"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "6572fe0c5b74431aaeb0b18a4aa5ef03c84678be"
+git-tree-sha1 = "c9ff5c686240c31eb8570b662dd1f66f4b183116"
 uuid = "3bd65402-5787-11e9-1adc-39752487f4e2"
-version = "0.3.3"
+version = "0.3.4"
 
 [[deps.Opus_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
@@ -2193,9 +2275,9 @@ version = "3.3.0"
 
 [[deps.PlotUtils]]
 deps = ["ColorSchemes", "Colors", "Dates", "PrecompileTools", "Printf", "Random", "Reexport", "StableRNGs", "Statistics"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "650a022b2ce86c7dcfbdecf00f78afeeb20e5655"
+git-tree-sha1 = "3ca9a356cd2e113c420f2c13bea19f8d3fb1cb18"
 uuid = "995b91a9-d308-5afd-9ec6-746e21dbc043"
-version = "1.4.2"
+version = "1.4.3"
 
 [[deps.Plots]]
 deps = ["Base64", "Contour", "Dates", "Downloads", "FFMPEG", "FixedPointNumbers", "GR", "JLFzf", "JSON", "LaTeXStrings", "Latexify", "LinearAlgebra", "Measures", "NaNMath", "Pkg", "PlotThemes", "PlotUtils", "PrecompileTools", "Printf", "REPL", "Random", "RecipesBase", "RecipesPipeline", "Reexport", "RelocatableFolders", "Requires", "Scratch", "Showoff", "SparseArrays", "Statistics", "StatsBase", "TOML", "UUIDs", "UnicodeFun", "UnitfulLatexify", "Unzip"]
@@ -2246,6 +2328,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "7dbfb7f61c3aa5def7b7dad3fa344c1c2858a83b"
 uuid = "9c32591e-4766-534b-9725-b71a8799265b"
 version = "24.6.0+0"
 
+[[deps.PositiveFactorizations]]
+deps = ["LinearAlgebra"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "17275485f373e6673f7e7f97051f703ed5b15b20"
+uuid = "85a6dd25-e78a-55b7-8502-1745935b8125"
+version = "0.2.4"
+
 [[deps.PreallocationTools]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "ArrayInterface", "ForwardDiff"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "6c62ce45f268f3f958821a1e5192cf91c75ae89c"
@@ -2321,9 +2409,9 @@ version = "1.2.1"
 
 [[deps.QOI]]
 deps = ["ColorTypes", "FileIO", "FixedPointNumbers"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "18e8f4d1426e965c7b532ddd260599e1510d26ce"
+git-tree-sha1 = "8b3fc30bc0390abdce15f8822c889f669baed73d"
 uuid = "4b34888f-f399-49d4-9bb3-47ed5cae4e65"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "1.0.1"
 
 [[deps.Qt6Base_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "Fontconfig_jll", "Glib_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Libglvnd_jll", "OpenSSL_jll", "Vulkan_Loader_jll", "Xorg_libSM_jll", "Xorg_libXext_jll", "Xorg_libXrender_jll", "Xorg_libxcb_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_cursor_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_image_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_keysyms_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_renderutil_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_wm_jll", "Zlib_jll", "libinput_jll", "xkbcommon_jll"]
@@ -2418,9 +2506,9 @@ version = "0.6.12"
 
 [[deps.RecursiveArrayTools]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "ArrayInterface", "DocStringExtensions", "GPUArraysCore", "IteratorInterfaceExtensions", "LinearAlgebra", "RecipesBase", "StaticArraysCore", "Statistics", "SymbolicIndexingInterface", "Tables"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "43cdc0987135597867a37fc3e8e0fc9fdef6ac66"
+git-tree-sha1 = "6f4dca5fd8e97087a76b7ab8384d1c3086ace0b7"
 uuid = "731186ca-8d62-57ce-b412-fbd966d074cd"
-version = "3.27.1"
+version = "3.27.3"
 
     [deps.RecursiveArrayTools.extensions]
     RecursiveArrayToolsFastBroadcastExt = "FastBroadcast"
@@ -2488,6 +2576,26 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "04c968137612c4a5629fa531334bb81ad5680f00"
 uuid = "7e49a35a-f44a-4d26-94aa-eba1b4ca6b47"
 version = "0.5.13"
 
+[[deps.SCS]]
+deps = ["MathOptInterface", "Requires", "SCS_jll", "SparseArrays"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "0dfe49eaa058ce905a4199af379b8e411e6126e5"
+uuid = "c946c3f1-0d1f-5ce8-9dea-7daa1f7e2d13"
+version = "2.0.1"
+
+    [deps.SCS.extensions]
+    SCSSCS_GPU_jllExt = ["SCS_GPU_jll"]
+    SCSSCS_MKL_jllExt = ["SCS_MKL_jll"]
+
+    [deps.SCS.weakdeps]
+    SCS_GPU_jll = "af6e375f-46ec-5fa0-b791-491b0dfa44a4"
+    SCS_MKL_jll = "3f2553a9-4106-52be-b7dd-865123654657"
+
+[[deps.SCS_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LLVMOpenMP_jll", "Libdl", "OpenBLAS32_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "668bcf4b25cf992564321ccb70b205f9a7487cfa"
+uuid = "f4f2fc5b-1d94-523c-97ea-2ab488bedf4b"
+version = "3.2.6+0"
+
 [[deps.SHA]]
 uuid = "ea8e919c-243c-51af-8825-aaa63cd721ce"
 version = "0.7.0"
@@ -2516,9 +2624,9 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 
 [[deps.SciMLBase]]
 deps = ["ADTypes", "Accessors", "ArrayInterface", "CommonSolve", "ConstructionBase", "Distributed", "DocStringExtensions", "EnumX", "Expronicon", "FunctionWrappersWrappers", "IteratorInterfaceExtensions", "LinearAlgebra", "Logging", "Markdown", "PrecompileTools", "Preferences", "Printf", "RecipesBase", "RecursiveArrayTools", "Reexport", "RuntimeGeneratedFunctions", "SciMLOperators", "SciMLStructures", "StaticArraysCore", "Statistics", "SymbolicIndexingInterface"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "86e1c491cddf233d77d8aadbe289005db44e8445"
+git-tree-sha1 = "f102316e5c958b425ef530ee51c7c8a1def55d1f"
 uuid = "0bca4576-84f4-4d90-8ffe-ffa030f20462"
-version = "2.57.2"
+version = "2.58.1"
 
     [deps.SciMLBase.extensions]
     SciMLBaseChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
@@ -2541,9 +2649,9 @@ version = "2.57.2"
 
 [[deps.SciMLOperators]]
 deps = ["Accessors", "ArrayInterface", "DocStringExtensions", "LinearAlgebra", "MacroTools"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "ef388ca9e4921ec5614ce714f8aa59a5cd33d867"
+git-tree-sha1 = "6149620767866d4b0f0f7028639b6e661b6a1e44"
 uuid = "c0aeaf25-5076-4817-a8d5-81caf7dfa961"
-version = "0.3.11"
+version = "0.3.12"
 weakdeps = ["SparseArrays", "StaticArraysCore"]
 
     [deps.SciMLOperators.extensions]
@@ -2564,9 +2672,9 @@ version = "1.2.1"
 
 [[deps.SentinelArrays]]
 deps = ["Dates", "Random"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "305becf8af67eae1dbc912ee9097f00aeeabb8d5"
+git-tree-sha1 = "d0553ce4031a081cc42387a9b9c8441b7d99f32d"
 uuid = "91c51154-3ec4-41a3-a24f-3f23e20d615c"
-version = "1.4.6"
+version = "1.4.7"
 
 [[deps.Serialization]]
 uuid = "9e88b42a-f829-5b0c-bbe9-9e923198166b"
@@ -2878,9 +2986,9 @@ version = "0.5.2"
 
 [[deps.TiffImages]]
 deps = ["ColorTypes", "DataStructures", "DocStringExtensions", "FileIO", "FixedPointNumbers", "IndirectArrays", "Inflate", "Mmap", "OffsetArrays", "PkgVersion", "ProgressMeter", "SIMD", "UUIDs"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "38f139cc4abf345dd4f22286ec000728d5e8e097"
+git-tree-sha1 = "0248b1b2210285652fbc67fd6ced9bf0394bcfec"
 uuid = "731e570b-9d59-4bfa-96dc-6df516fadf69"
-version = "0.10.2"
+version = "0.11.1"
 
 [[deps.TimerOutputs]]
 deps = ["ExprTools", "Printf"]
@@ -2997,9 +3105,9 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 
 [[deps.VectorInterface]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "7aff7d62bffad9bba9928eb6ab55226b32a351eb"
+git-tree-sha1 = "7cab92153022a72d4534262cc15a96e21223e3f9"
 uuid = "409d34a3-91d5-4945-b6ec-7529ddf182d8"
-version = "0.4.6"
+version = "0.4.8"
 
 [[deps.Vulkan_Loader_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Wayland_jll", "Xorg_libX11_jll", "Xorg_libXrandr_jll", "xkbcommon_jll"]
@@ -3019,6 +3127,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "93f43ab61b16ddfb2fd3bb13b3ce241cafb0e6c9"
 uuid = "2381bf8a-dfd0-557d-9999-79630e7b1b91"
 version = "1.31.0+0"
 
+[[deps.WebP]]
+deps = ["CEnum", "ColorTypes", "FileIO", "FixedPointNumbers", "ImageCore", "libwebp_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "aa1ca3c47f119fbdae8770c29820e5e6119b83f2"
+uuid = "e3aaa7dc-3e4b-44e0-be63-ffb868ccd7c1"
+version = "0.1.3"
+
 [[deps.WoodburyMatrices]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "c1a7aa6219628fcd757dede0ca95e245c5cd9511"
@@ -3315,6 +3429,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "490376214c4721cdaca654041f635213c6165cb3"
 uuid = "f27f6e37-5d2b-51aa-960f-b287f2bc3b7a"
 version = "1.3.7+2"
 
+[[deps.libwebp_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "Giflib_jll", "JLLWrappers", "JpegTurbo_jll", "Libdl", "Libglvnd_jll", "Libtiff_jll", "libpng_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "ccbb625a89ec6195856a50aa2b668a5c08712c94"
+uuid = "c5f90fcd-3b7e-5836-afba-fc50a0988cb2"
+version = "1.4.0+0"
+
 [[deps.libzip_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Bzip2_jll", "GnuTLS_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "XZ_jll", "Zlib_jll", "Zstd_jll"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "668ac0297e6bd8f4d53dfdcd3ace71f2e00f4a35"
diff --git a/.buildkite/Manifest.toml b/.buildkite/Manifest.toml
index 7768f97282..123b51c0bb 100644
--- a/.buildkite/Manifest.toml
+++ b/.buildkite/Manifest.toml
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 julia_version = "1.10.6"
 manifest_format = "2.0"
-project_hash = "8bf4280ae518624e2eecdd78d73fb9c6d91ad4cf"
+project_hash = "d9856451ea5fcddb0fc9ad5cd32133949729ee50"
 
 [[deps.ADTypes]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "eea5d80188827b35333801ef97a40c2ed653b081"
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ weakdeps = ["ChainRulesCore", "EnzymeCore"]
     ADTypesChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
     ADTypesEnzymeCoreExt = "EnzymeCore"
 
+[[deps.AMD]]
+deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays", "SuiteSparse_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "45a1272e3f809d36431e57ab22703c6896b8908f"
+uuid = "14f7f29c-3bd6-536c-9a0b-7339e30b5a3e"
+version = "0.5.3"
+
 [[deps.AbstractFFTs]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "d92ad398961a3ed262d8bf04a1a2b8340f915fef"
@@ -57,9 +63,9 @@ version = "0.1.38"
 
 [[deps.Adapt]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "Requires"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "d80af0733c99ea80575f612813fa6aa71022d33a"
+git-tree-sha1 = "50c3c56a52972d78e8be9fd135bfb91c9574c140"
 uuid = "79e6a3ab-5dfb-504d-930d-738a2a938a0e"
-version = "4.1.0"
+version = "4.1.1"
 weakdeps = ["StaticArrays"]
 
     [deps.Adapt.extensions]
@@ -97,6 +103,18 @@ version = "2.3.0"
 uuid = "0dad84c5-d112-42e6-8d28-ef12dabb789f"
 version = "1.1.1"
 
+[[deps.Arpack]]
+deps = ["Arpack_jll", "Libdl", "LinearAlgebra", "Logging"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "9b9b347613394885fd1c8c7729bfc60528faa436"
+uuid = "7d9fca2a-8960-54d3-9f78-7d1dccf2cb97"
+version = "0.5.4"
+
+[[deps.Arpack_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "OpenBLAS_jll", "Pkg"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "5ba6c757e8feccf03a1554dfaf3e26b3cfc7fd5e"
+uuid = "68821587-b530-5797-8361-c406ea357684"
+version = "3.5.1+1"
+
 [[deps.ArrayInterface]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "LinearAlgebra"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "3640d077b6dafd64ceb8fd5c1ec76f7ca53bcf76"
@@ -221,6 +239,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "aebf55e6d7795e02ca500a689d326ac979aaf89e"
 uuid = "9718e550-a3fa-408a-8086-8db961cd8217"
 version = "0.1.1"
 
+[[deps.BenchmarkTools]]
+deps = ["JSON", "Logging", "Printf", "Profile", "Statistics", "UUIDs"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "f1dff6729bc61f4d49e140da1af55dcd1ac97b2f"
+uuid = "6e4b80f9-dd63-53aa-95a3-0cdb28fa8baf"
+version = "1.5.0"
+
 [[deps.BitFlags]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "0691e34b3bb8be9307330f88d1a3c3f25466c24d"
 uuid = "d1d4a3ce-64b1-5f1a-9ba4-7e7e69966f35"
@@ -242,6 +266,12 @@ weakdeps = ["BandedMatrices"]
     [deps.BlockArrays.extensions]
     BlockArraysBandedMatricesExt = "BandedMatrices"
 
+[[deps.Blosc_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Lz4_jll", "Zlib_jll", "Zstd_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "ef12cdd1c7fb7e1dfd6fa8fd60d4db6bc61d2f23"
+uuid = "0b7ba130-8d10-5ba8-a3d6-c5182647fed9"
+version = "1.21.6+0"
+
 [[deps.Bzip2_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "8873e196c2eb87962a2048b3b8e08946535864a1"
@@ -396,7 +426,7 @@ version = "0.2.10"
 
 [[deps.ClimaLand]]
 deps = ["ArtifactWrappers", "ClimaComms", "ClimaCore", "ClimaDiagnostics", "ClimaUtilities", "Dates", "DocStringExtensions", "Insolation", "Interpolations", "LazyArtifacts", "LinearAlgebra", "NCDatasets", "SciMLBase", "StaticArrays", "SurfaceFluxes", "Thermodynamics"]
-path = ".."
+git-tree-sha1 = "df7f42aeb56eeb3c80b4fed814e0048b24447865"
 uuid = "08f4d4ce-cf43-44bb-ad95-9d2d5f413532"
 version = "0.15.4"
 
@@ -425,17 +455,11 @@ deps = ["ClimaComms", "Colors", "DataStructures", "DiffEqBase", "KernelAbstracti
 git-tree-sha1 = "dbc1d2c495f118c36a83fa93cd5311fe3a32f615"
 uuid = "595c0a79-7f3d-439a-bc5a-b232dc3bde79"
 version = "0.7.38"
+weakdeps = ["BenchmarkTools", "CUDA", "OrderedCollections", "PrettyTables", "StatsBase"]
 
     [deps.ClimaTimeSteppers.extensions]
     ClimaTimeSteppersBenchmarkToolsExt = ["CUDA", "BenchmarkTools", "OrderedCollections", "StatsBase", "PrettyTables"]
 
-    [deps.ClimaTimeSteppers.weakdeps]
-    BenchmarkTools = "6e4b80f9-dd63-53aa-95a3-0cdb28fa8baf"
-    CUDA = "052768ef-5323-5732-b1bb-66c8b64840ba"
-    OrderedCollections = "bac558e1-5e72-5ebc-8fee-abe8a469f55d"
-    PrettyTables = "08abe8d2-0d0c-5749-adfa-8a2ac140af0d"
-    StatsBase = "2913bbd2-ae8a-5f71-8c99-4fb6c76f3a91"
-
 [[deps.ClimaUtilities]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Dates"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "7e024b52c3a6713680665b3cc9f6cb9b872db357"
@@ -466,6 +490,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "05ba0d07cd4fd8b7a39541e31a7b0254704ea581"
 uuid = "fb6a15b2-703c-40df-9091-08a04967cfa9"
 version = "0.1.13"
 
+[[deps.CodecBzip2]]
+deps = ["Bzip2_jll", "TranscodingStreams"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "e7c529cc31bb85b97631b922fa2e6baf246f5905"
+uuid = "523fee87-0ab8-5b00-afb7-3ecf72e48cfd"
+version = "0.8.4"
+
 [[deps.CodecZlib]]
 deps = ["TranscodingStreams", "Zlib_jll"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "bce6804e5e6044c6daab27bb533d1295e4a2e759"
@@ -580,6 +610,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "439e35b0b36e2e5881738abc8857bd92ad6ff9a8"
 uuid = "d38c429a-6771-53c6-b99e-75d170b6e991"
 version = "0.6.3"
 
+[[deps.Convex]]
+deps = ["AbstractTrees", "BenchmarkTools", "LDLFactorizations", "LinearAlgebra", "MathOptInterface", "OrderedCollections", "SparseArrays", "Test"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "dac1878b4996fa56292d2c3bd28f2498b980bb93"
+uuid = "f65535da-76fb-5f13-bab9-19810c17039a"
+version = "0.16.3"
+
 [[deps.CoordinateTransformations]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "StaticArrays"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "f9d7112bfff8a19a3a4ea4e03a8e6a91fe8456bf"
@@ -698,9 +734,9 @@ version = "1.15.1"
 
 [[deps.DiskArrays]]
 deps = ["LRUCache", "OffsetArrays"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "ef25c513cad08d7ebbed158c91768ae32f308336"
+git-tree-sha1 = "e0e89a60637a62d13aa2107f0acd169b9b9b77e7"
 uuid = "3c3547ce-8d99-4f5e-a174-61eb10b00ae3"
-version = "0.3.23"
+version = "0.4.6"
 
 [[deps.Distances]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "Statistics", "StatsAPI"]
@@ -719,9 +755,9 @@ uuid = "8ba89e20-285c-5b6f-9357-94700520ee1b"
 
 [[deps.Distributions]]
 deps = ["AliasTables", "FillArrays", "LinearAlgebra", "PDMats", "Printf", "QuadGK", "Random", "SpecialFunctions", "Statistics", "StatsAPI", "StatsBase", "StatsFuns"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "d7477ecdafb813ddee2ae727afa94e9dcb5f3fb0"
+git-tree-sha1 = "3101c32aab536e7a27b1763c0797dba151b899ad"
 uuid = "31c24e10-a181-5473-b8eb-7969acd0382f"
-version = "0.25.112"
+version = "0.25.113"
 
     [deps.Distributions.extensions]
     DistributionsChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
@@ -750,6 +786,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "e3290f2d49e661fbd94046d7e3726ffcb2d41053"
 uuid = "5ae413db-bbd1-5e63-b57d-d24a61df00f5"
 version = "2.2.4+0"
 
+[[deps.EnsembleKalmanProcesses]]
+deps = ["Convex", "Distributions", "DocStringExtensions", "GaussianRandomFields", "Interpolations", "LinearAlgebra", "MathOptInterface", "Optim", "QuadGK", "Random", "RecipesBase", "SCS", "SparseArrays", "Statistics", "StatsBase", "TOML"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "00bb94ff704d7aeed9c72d4a2a05d6abf6cb7946"
+uuid = "aa8a2aa5-91d8-4396-bcef-d4f2ec43552d"
+version = "2.0.1"
+
 [[deps.EnumX]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "bdb1942cd4c45e3c678fd11569d5cccd80976237"
 uuid = "4e289a0a-7415-4d19-859d-a7e5c4648b56"
@@ -816,10 +858,10 @@ uuid = "c87230d0-a227-11e9-1b43-d7ebe4e7570a"
 version = "0.4.2"
 
 [[deps.FFMPEG_jll]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "Bzip2_jll", "FreeType2_jll", "FriBidi_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LAME_jll", "Libdl", "Ogg_jll", "OpenSSL_jll", "Opus_jll", "PCRE2_jll", "Pkg", "Zlib_jll", "libaom_jll", "libass_jll", "libfdk_aac_jll", "libvorbis_jll", "x264_jll", "x265_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "74faea50c1d007c85837327f6775bea60b5492dd"
+deps = ["Artifacts", "Bzip2_jll", "FreeType2_jll", "FriBidi_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LAME_jll", "Libdl", "Ogg_jll", "OpenSSL_jll", "Opus_jll", "PCRE2_jll", "Zlib_jll", "libaom_jll", "libass_jll", "libfdk_aac_jll", "libvorbis_jll", "x264_jll", "x265_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "466d45dc38e15794ec7d5d63ec03d776a9aff36e"
 uuid = "b22a6f82-2f65-5046-a5b2-351ab43fb4e5"
-version = "4.4.2+2"
+version = "4.4.4+1"
 
 [[deps.FFTW]]
 deps = ["AbstractFFTs", "FFTW_jll", "LinearAlgebra", "MKL_jll", "Preferences", "Reexport"]
@@ -856,6 +898,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "acebe244d53ee1b461970f8910c235b259e772ef"
 uuid = "9aa1b823-49e4-5ca5-8b0f-3971ec8bab6a"
 version = "0.3.2"
 
+[[deps.FastGaussQuadrature]]
+deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SpecialFunctions", "StaticArrays"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "fd923962364b645f3719855c88f7074413a6ad92"
+uuid = "442a2c76-b920-505d-bb47-c5924d526838"
+version = "1.0.2"
+
 [[deps.FastRounding]]
 deps = ["ErrorfreeArithmetic", "LinearAlgebra"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "6344aa18f654196be82e62816935225b3b9abe44"
@@ -926,9 +974,9 @@ version = "0.8.5"
 
 [[deps.Flux]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "ChainRulesCore", "Compat", "Functors", "LinearAlgebra", "MLDataDevices", "MLUtils", "MacroTools", "NNlib", "OneHotArrays", "Optimisers", "Preferences", "ProgressLogging", "Random", "Reexport", "Setfield", "SparseArrays", "SpecialFunctions", "Statistics", "Zygote"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "37fa32a50c69c10c6ea1465d3054d98c75bd7777"
+git-tree-sha1 = "df520a0727f843576801a0294f5be1a94be28e23"
 uuid = "587475ba-b771-5e3f-ad9e-33799f191a9c"
-version = "0.14.22"
+version = "0.14.25"
 
     [deps.Flux.extensions]
     FluxAMDGPUExt = "AMDGPU"
@@ -937,14 +985,12 @@ version = "0.14.22"
     FluxEnzymeExt = "Enzyme"
     FluxMPIExt = "MPI"
     FluxMPINCCLExt = ["CUDA", "MPI", "NCCL"]
-    FluxMetalExt = "Metal"
 
     [deps.Flux.weakdeps]
     AMDGPU = "21141c5a-9bdb-4563-92ae-f87d6854732e"
     CUDA = "052768ef-5323-5732-b1bb-66c8b64840ba"
     Enzyme = "7da242da-08ed-463a-9acd-ee780be4f1d9"
     MPI = "da04e1cc-30fd-572f-bb4f-1f8673147195"
-    Metal = "dde4c033-4e86-420c-a63e-0dd931031962"
     NCCL = "3fe64909-d7a1-4096-9b7d-7a0f12cf0f6b"
     cuDNN = "02a925ec-e4fe-4b08-9a7e-0d78e3d38ccd"
 
@@ -967,9 +1013,9 @@ version = "0.4.3"
 
 [[deps.ForwardDiff]]
 deps = ["CommonSubexpressions", "DiffResults", "DiffRules", "LinearAlgebra", "LogExpFunctions", "NaNMath", "Preferences", "Printf", "Random", "SpecialFunctions"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "cf0fe81336da9fb90944683b8c41984b08793dad"
+git-tree-sha1 = "a9ce73d3c827adab2d70bf168aaece8cce196898"
 uuid = "f6369f11-7733-5829-9624-2563aa707210"
-version = "0.10.36"
+version = "0.10.37"
 weakdeps = ["StaticArrays"]
 
     [deps.ForwardDiff.extensions]
@@ -1026,6 +1072,11 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "532f9126ad901533af1d4f5c198867227a7bb077"
 uuid = "0656b61e-2033-5cc2-a64a-77c0f6c09b89"
 version = "3.4.0+1"
 
+[[deps.GMP_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl"]
+uuid = "781609d7-10c4-51f6-84f2-b8444358ff6d"
+version = "6.2.1+6"
+
 [[deps.GPUArrays]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "GPUArraysCore", "LLVM", "LinearAlgebra", "Printf", "Random", "Reexport", "Serialization", "Statistics"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "62ee71528cca49be797076a76bdc654a170a523e"
@@ -1045,16 +1096,16 @@ uuid = "61eb1bfa-7361-4325-ad38-22787b887f55"
 version = "0.27.8"
 
 [[deps.GR]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "Base64", "DelimitedFiles", "Downloads", "GR_jll", "HTTP", "JSON", "Libdl", "LinearAlgebra", "Preferences", "Printf", "Random", "Serialization", "Sockets", "TOML", "Tar", "Test", "p7zip_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "ddda044ca260ee324c5fc07edb6d7cf3f0b9c350"
+deps = ["Artifacts", "Base64", "DelimitedFiles", "Downloads", "GR_jll", "HTTP", "JSON", "Libdl", "LinearAlgebra", "Preferences", "Printf", "Qt6Wayland_jll", "Random", "Serialization", "Sockets", "TOML", "Tar", "Test", "p7zip_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "ee28ddcd5517d54e417182fec3886e7412d3926f"
 uuid = "28b8d3ca-fb5f-59d9-8090-bfdbd6d07a71"
-version = "0.73.5"
+version = "0.73.8"
 
 [[deps.GR_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Bzip2_jll", "Cairo_jll", "FFMPEG_jll", "Fontconfig_jll", "FreeType2_jll", "GLFW_jll", "JLLWrappers", "JpegTurbo_jll", "Libdl", "Libtiff_jll", "Pixman_jll", "Qt6Base_jll", "Zlib_jll", "libpng_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "278e5e0f820178e8a26df3184fcb2280717c79b1"
+git-tree-sha1 = "f31929b9e67066bee48eec8b03c0df47d31a74b3"
 uuid = "d2c73de3-f751-5644-a686-071e5b155ba9"
-version = "0.73.5+0"
+version = "0.73.8+0"
 
 [[deps.GaussQuadrature]]
 deps = ["SpecialFunctions"]
@@ -1062,6 +1113,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "eb6f1f48aa994f3018cbd029a17863c6535a266d"
 uuid = "d54b0c1a-921d-58e0-8e36-89d8069c0969"
 version = "0.5.8"
 
+[[deps.GaussianRandomFields]]
+deps = ["Arpack", "FFTW", "FastGaussQuadrature", "LinearAlgebra", "Plots", "Random", "RecipesBase", "SpecialFunctions", "Statistics", "StatsBase"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "aaf37fbddc7bca5391677fb5f5082dd29442ca8f"
+uuid = "e4b2fa32-6e09-5554-b718-106ed5adafe9"
+version = "2.2.5"
+
 [[deps.GeoFormatTypes]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "59107c179a586f0fe667024c5eb7033e81333271"
 uuid = "68eda718-8dee-11e9-39e7-89f7f65f511f"
@@ -1069,9 +1126,9 @@ version = "0.4.2"
 
 [[deps.GeoInterface]]
 deps = ["Extents", "GeoFormatTypes"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "2f6fce56cdb8373637a6614e14a5768a88450de2"
+git-tree-sha1 = "826b4fd69438d9ce4d2b19de6bc2f970f45f0f88"
 uuid = "cf35fbd7-0cd7-5166-be24-54bfbe79505f"
-version = "1.3.7"
+version = "1.3.8"
 
 [[deps.GeoInterfaceMakie]]
 deps = ["GeoInterface", "GeometryBasics", "MakieCore"]
@@ -1133,6 +1190,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "9b02998aba7bf074d14de89f9d37ca24a1a0b046"
 uuid = "78b55507-aeef-58d4-861c-77aaff3498b1"
 version = "0.21.0+0"
 
+[[deps.Giflib_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "0224cce99284d997f6880a42ef715a37c99338d1"
+uuid = "59f7168a-df46-5410-90c8-f2779963d0ec"
+version = "5.2.2+0"
+
 [[deps.GilbertCurves]]
 git-tree-sha1 = "3e076ca96e34a47e98a46657b2bec2655a366d80"
 uuid = "88fa7841-ef32-4516-bb70-c6ec135699d9"
@@ -1144,6 +1207,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "674ff0db93fffcd11a3573986e550d66cd4fd71f"
 uuid = "7746bdde-850d-59dc-9ae8-88ece973131d"
 version = "2.80.5+0"
 
+[[deps.GnuTLS_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "GMP_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Nettle_jll", "P11Kit_jll", "Zlib_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "383db7d3f900f4c1f47a8a04115b053c095e48d3"
+uuid = "0951126a-58fd-58f1-b5b3-b08c7c4a876d"
+version = "3.8.4+0"
+
 [[deps.Graphics]]
 deps = ["Colors", "LinearAlgebra", "NaNMath"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "d61890399bc535850c4bf08e4e0d3a7ad0f21cbd"
@@ -1178,10 +1247,10 @@ weakdeps = ["MPI"]
     MPIExt = "MPI"
 
 [[deps.HDF5_jll]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "LibCURL_jll", "Libdl", "OpenSSL_jll", "Pkg", "Zlib_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "4cc2bb72df6ff40b055295fdef6d92955f9dede8"
+deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LLVMOpenMP_jll", "LazyArtifacts", "LibCURL_jll", "Libdl", "MPICH_jll", "MPIPreferences", "MPItrampoline_jll", "MicrosoftMPI_jll", "OpenMPI_jll", "OpenSSL_jll", "TOML", "Zlib_jll", "libaec_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "38c8874692d48d5440d5752d6c74b0c6b0b60739"
 uuid = "0234f1f7-429e-5d53-9886-15a909be8d59"
-version = "1.12.2+2"
+version = "1.14.2+1"
 
 [[deps.HTTP]]
 deps = ["Base64", "CodecZlib", "ConcurrentUtilities", "Dates", "ExceptionUnwrapping", "Logging", "LoggingExtras", "MbedTLS", "NetworkOptions", "OpenSSL", "Random", "SimpleBufferStream", "Sockets", "URIs", "UUIDs"]
@@ -1237,10 +1306,10 @@ uuid = "a09fc81d-aa75-5fe9-8630-4744c3626534"
 version = "0.10.2"
 
 [[deps.ImageIO]]
-deps = ["FileIO", "IndirectArrays", "JpegTurbo", "LazyModules", "Netpbm", "OpenEXR", "PNGFiles", "QOI", "Sixel", "TiffImages", "UUIDs"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "437abb322a41d527c197fa800455f79d414f0a3c"
+deps = ["FileIO", "IndirectArrays", "JpegTurbo", "LazyModules", "Netpbm", "OpenEXR", "PNGFiles", "QOI", "Sixel", "TiffImages", "UUIDs", "WebP"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "696144904b76e1ca433b886b4e7edd067d76cbf7"
 uuid = "82e4d734-157c-48bb-816b-45c225c6df19"
-version = "0.6.8"
+version = "0.6.9"
 
 [[deps.ImageMetadata]]
 deps = ["AxisArrays", "ImageAxes", "ImageBase", "ImageCore"]
@@ -1459,11 +1528,17 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "170b660facf5df5de098d866564877e119141cbd"
 uuid = "c1c5ebd0-6772-5130-a774-d5fcae4a789d"
 version = "3.100.2+0"
 
+[[deps.LDLFactorizations]]
+deps = ["AMD", "LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays", "Test"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "70f582b446a1c3ad82cf87e62b878668beef9d13"
+uuid = "40e66cde-538c-5869-a4ad-c39174c6795b"
+version = "0.10.1"
+
 [[deps.LERC_jll]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "bf36f528eec6634efc60d7ec062008f171071434"
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "36bdbc52f13a7d1dcb0f3cd694e01677a515655b"
 uuid = "88015f11-f218-50d7-93a8-a6af411a945d"
-version = "3.0.0+1"
+version = "4.0.0+0"
 
 [[deps.LLVM]]
 deps = ["CEnum", "LLVMExtra_jll", "Libdl", "Preferences", "Printf", "Unicode"]
@@ -1608,9 +1683,9 @@ version = "2.40.1+0"
 
 [[deps.Libtiff_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "JpegTurbo_jll", "LERC_jll", "Libdl", "XZ_jll", "Zlib_jll", "Zstd_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "2da088d113af58221c52828a80378e16be7d037a"
+git-tree-sha1 = "b404131d06f7886402758c9ce2214b636eb4d54a"
 uuid = "89763e89-9b03-5906-acba-b20f662cd828"
-version = "4.5.1+1"
+version = "4.7.0+0"
 
 [[deps.Libuuid_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
@@ -1633,16 +1708,18 @@ deps = ["FastClosures", "LinearAlgebra", "Printf", "Requires", "SparseArrays", "
 git-tree-sha1 = "f55281226cdae8edea2c850fda88d8f5a03485b6"
 uuid = "5c8ed15e-5a4c-59e4-a42b-c7e8811fb125"
 version = "2.9.0"
+weakdeps = ["CUDA", "ChainRulesCore", "LDLFactorizations"]
 
     [deps.LinearOperators.extensions]
     LinearOperatorsCUDAExt = "CUDA"
     LinearOperatorsChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
     LinearOperatorsLDLFactorizationsExt = "LDLFactorizations"
 
-    [deps.LinearOperators.weakdeps]
-    CUDA = "052768ef-5323-5732-b1bb-66c8b64840ba"
-    ChainRulesCore = "d360d2e6-b24c-11e9-a2a3-2a2ae2dbcce4"
-    LDLFactorizations = "40e66cde-538c-5869-a4ad-c39174c6795b"
+[[deps.LittleCMS_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "JpegTurbo_jll", "Libdl", "Libtiff_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "fa7fd067dca76cadd880f1ca937b4f387975a9f5"
+uuid = "d3a379c0-f9a3-5b72-a4c0-6bf4d2e8af0f"
+version = "2.16.0+0"
 
 [[deps.LogExpFunctions]]
 deps = ["DocStringExtensions", "IrrationalConstants", "LinearAlgebra"]
@@ -1669,6 +1746,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "f02b56007b064fbfddb4c9cd60161b6dd0f40df3"
 uuid = "e6f89c97-d47a-5376-807f-9c37f3926c36"
 version = "1.1.0"
 
+[[deps.Lz4_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "abf88ff67f4fd89839efcae2f4c39cbc4ecd0846"
+uuid = "5ced341a-0733-55b8-9ab6-a4889d929147"
+version = "1.10.0+1"
+
 [[deps.MKL_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "IntelOpenMP_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LazyArtifacts", "Libdl", "oneTBB_jll"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "f046ccd0c6db2832a9f639e2c669c6fe867e5f4f"
@@ -1677,9 +1760,9 @@ version = "2024.2.0+0"
 
 [[deps.MLDataDevices]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "Compat", "Functors", "Preferences", "Random"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "5cffc52b59227864b665459e1f7bcc4d3c4fb47b"
+git-tree-sha1 = "d0666f5a9294484110e2bfc12e07cff5a434488d"
 uuid = "7e8f7934-dd98-4c1a-8fe8-92b47a384d40"
-version = "1.4.2"
+version = "1.5.0"
 
     [deps.MLDataDevices.extensions]
     MLDataDevicesAMDGPUExt = "AMDGPU"
@@ -1790,6 +1873,12 @@ version = "0.4.2"
 deps = ["Base64"]
 uuid = "d6f4376e-aef5-505a-96c1-9c027394607a"
 
+[[deps.MathOptInterface]]
+deps = ["BenchmarkTools", "CodecBzip2", "CodecZlib", "DataStructures", "ForwardDiff", "JSON", "LinearAlgebra", "MutableArithmetics", "NaNMath", "OrderedCollections", "PrecompileTools", "Printf", "SparseArrays", "SpecialFunctions", "Test", "Unicode"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "9a9905be768c496fb2f2c5fe34e2c9fe44b86e7a"
+uuid = "b8f27783-ece8-5eb3-8dc8-9495eed66fee"
+version = "1.33.0"
+
 [[deps.MathTeXEngine]]
 deps = ["AbstractTrees", "Automa", "DataStructures", "FreeTypeAbstraction", "GeometryBasics", "LaTeXStrings", "REPL", "RelocatableFolders", "UnicodeFun"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "f45c8916e8385976e1ccd055c9874560c257ab13"
@@ -1849,19 +1938,25 @@ uuid = "46d2c3a1-f734-5fdb-9937-b9b9aeba4221"
 version = "0.2.4"
 
 [[deps.MultiBroadcastFusion]]
-git-tree-sha1 = "c8c2e7161cff6428b46318c89938b52c34ec6661"
+git-tree-sha1 = "4157ffb36526a275f644a3fbe378850e5eb1b470"
 uuid = "c3c07f87-98de-43f2-a76f-835b330b2cbb"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.3"
 weakdeps = ["Adapt", "CUDA"]
 
     [deps.MultiBroadcastFusion.extensions]
     MultiBroadcastFusionCUDAExt = ["CUDA", "Adapt"]
 
+[[deps.MutableArithmetics]]
+deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays", "Test"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "90077f1e79de8c9c7c8a90644494411111f4e07b"
+uuid = "d8a4904e-b15c-11e9-3269-09a3773c0cb0"
+version = "1.5.2"
+
 [[deps.NCDatasets]]
 deps = ["CFTime", "CommonDataModel", "DataStructures", "Dates", "DiskArrays", "NetCDF_jll", "NetworkOptions", "Printf"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "77df6d3708ec0eb3441551e1f20f7503b37c2393"
+git-tree-sha1 = "2c9dc92001ac06d432f363f37ff5552954d9947c"
 uuid = "85f8d34a-cbdd-5861-8df4-14fed0d494ab"
-version = "0.14.5"
+version = "0.14.6"
 
 [[deps.NLSolversBase]]
 deps = ["DiffResults", "Distributed", "FiniteDiff", "ForwardDiff"]
@@ -1934,10 +2029,10 @@ uuid = "436b0209-26ab-4e65-94a9-6526d86fea76"
 version = "0.1.0"
 
 [[deps.NetCDF_jll]]
-deps = ["Artifacts", "HDF5_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LibCURL_jll", "Libdl", "Pkg", "XML2_jll", "Zlib_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "072f8371f74c3b9e1b26679de7fbf059d45ea221"
+deps = ["Artifacts", "Blosc_jll", "Bzip2_jll", "HDF5_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LibCURL_jll", "Libdl", "OpenMPI_jll", "XML2_jll", "Zlib_jll", "Zstd_jll", "libzip_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "a8af1798e4eb9ff768ce7fdefc0e957097793f15"
 uuid = "7243133f-43d8-5620-bbf4-c2c921802cf3"
-version = "400.902.5+1"
+version = "400.902.209+0"
 
 [[deps.Netpbm]]
 deps = ["FileIO", "ImageCore", "ImageMetadata"]
@@ -1945,6 +2040,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "d92b107dbb887293622df7697a2223f9f8176fcd"
 uuid = "f09324ee-3d7c-5217-9330-fc30815ba969"
 version = "1.1.1"
 
+[[deps.Nettle_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "GMP_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "eca63e3847dad608cfa6a3329b95ef674c7160b4"
+uuid = "4c82536e-c426-54e4-b420-14f461c4ed8b"
+version = "3.7.2+0"
+
 [[deps.NetworkOptions]]
 uuid = "ca575930-c2e3-43a9-ace4-1e988b2c1908"
 version = "1.2.0"
@@ -1975,6 +2076,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "963a3f28a2e65bb87a68033ea4a616002406037d"
 uuid = "0b1bfda6-eb8a-41d2-88d8-f5af5cad476f"
 version = "0.2.5"
 
+[[deps.OpenBLAS32_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "6065c4cff8fee6c6770b277af45d5082baacdba1"
+uuid = "656ef2d0-ae68-5445-9ca0-591084a874a2"
+version = "0.3.24+0"
+
 [[deps.OpenBLAS_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "Libdl"]
 uuid = "4536629a-c528-5b80-bd46-f80d51c5b363"
@@ -1982,9 +2089,9 @@ version = "0.3.23+4"
 
 [[deps.OpenEXR]]
 deps = ["Colors", "FileIO", "OpenEXR_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "327f53360fdb54df7ecd01e96ef1983536d1e633"
+git-tree-sha1 = "97db9e07fe2091882c765380ef58ec553074e9c7"
 uuid = "52e1d378-f018-4a11-a4be-720524705ac7"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.3"
 
 [[deps.OpenEXR_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Imath_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Zlib_jll"]
@@ -1992,6 +2099,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "8292dd5c8a38257111ada2174000a33745b06d4e"
 uuid = "18a262bb-aa17-5467-a713-aee519bc75cb"
 version = "3.2.4+0"
 
+[[deps.OpenJpeg_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Libtiff_jll", "LittleCMS_jll", "libpng_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "f4cb457ffac5f5cf695699f82c537073958a6a6c"
+uuid = "643b3616-a352-519d-856d-80112ee9badc"
+version = "2.5.2+0"
+
 [[deps.OpenLibm_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl"]
 uuid = "05823500-19ac-5b8b-9628-191a04bc5112"
@@ -2011,9 +2124,9 @@ version = "1.4.3"
 
 [[deps.OpenSSL_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "ad31332567b189f508a3ea8957a2640b1147ab00"
+git-tree-sha1 = "7493f61f55a6cce7325f197443aa80d32554ba10"
 uuid = "458c3c95-2e84-50aa-8efc-19380b2a3a95"
-version = "1.1.23+1"
+version = "3.0.15+1"
 
 [[deps.OpenSpecFun_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
@@ -2021,11 +2134,21 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "13652491f6856acfd2db29360e1bbcd4565d04f1"
 uuid = "efe28fd5-8261-553b-a9e1-b2916fc3738e"
 version = "0.5.5+0"
 
+[[deps.Optim]]
+deps = ["Compat", "FillArrays", "ForwardDiff", "LineSearches", "LinearAlgebra", "NLSolversBase", "NaNMath", "Parameters", "PositiveFactorizations", "Printf", "SparseArrays", "StatsBase"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "d9b79c4eed437421ac4285148fcadf42e0700e89"
+uuid = "429524aa-4258-5aef-a3af-852621145aeb"
+version = "1.9.4"
+weakdeps = ["MathOptInterface"]
+
+    [deps.Optim.extensions]
+    OptimMOIExt = "MathOptInterface"
+
 [[deps.Optimisers]]
 deps = ["ChainRulesCore", "Functors", "LinearAlgebra", "Random", "Statistics"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "6572fe0c5b74431aaeb0b18a4aa5ef03c84678be"
+git-tree-sha1 = "c9ff5c686240c31eb8570b662dd1f66f4b183116"
 uuid = "3bd65402-5787-11e9-1adc-39752487f4e2"
-version = "0.3.3"
+version = "0.3.4"
 
 [[deps.Opus_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
@@ -2038,6 +2161,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "dfdf5519f235516220579f949664f1bf44e741c5"
 uuid = "bac558e1-5e72-5ebc-8fee-abe8a469f55d"
 version = "1.6.3"
 
+[[deps.P11Kit_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "2cd396108e178f3ae8dedbd8e938a18726ab2fbf"
+uuid = "c2071276-7c44-58a7-b746-946036e04d0a"
+version = "0.24.1+0"
+
 [[deps.PCRE2_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "Libdl"]
 uuid = "efcefdf7-47ab-520b-bdef-62a2eaa19f15"
@@ -2127,9 +2256,9 @@ version = "3.3.0"
 
 [[deps.PlotUtils]]
 deps = ["ColorSchemes", "Colors", "Dates", "PrecompileTools", "Printf", "Random", "Reexport", "StableRNGs", "Statistics"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "650a022b2ce86c7dcfbdecf00f78afeeb20e5655"
+git-tree-sha1 = "3ca9a356cd2e113c420f2c13bea19f8d3fb1cb18"
 uuid = "995b91a9-d308-5afd-9ec6-746e21dbc043"
-version = "1.4.2"
+version = "1.4.3"
 
 [[deps.Plots]]
 deps = ["Base64", "Contour", "Dates", "Downloads", "FFMPEG", "FixedPointNumbers", "GR", "JLFzf", "JSON", "LaTeXStrings", "Latexify", "LinearAlgebra", "Measures", "NaNMath", "Pkg", "PlotThemes", "PlotUtils", "PrecompileTools", "Printf", "REPL", "Random", "RecipesBase", "RecipesPipeline", "Reexport", "RelocatableFolders", "Requires", "Scratch", "Showoff", "SparseArrays", "Statistics", "StatsBase", "TOML", "UUIDs", "UnicodeFun", "UnitfulLatexify", "Unzip"]
@@ -2174,6 +2303,18 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "36d8b4b899628fb92c2749eb488d884a926614d3"
 uuid = "2dfb63ee-cc39-5dd5-95bd-886bf059d720"
 version = "1.4.3"
 
+[[deps.Poppler_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "Cairo_jll", "Fontconfig_jll", "FreeType2_jll", "Glib_jll", "JLLWrappers", "JpegTurbo_jll", "LibCURL_jll", "Libdl", "Libtiff_jll", "OpenJpeg_jll", "libpng_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "7dbfb7f61c3aa5def7b7dad3fa344c1c2858a83b"
+uuid = "9c32591e-4766-534b-9725-b71a8799265b"
+version = "24.6.0+0"
+
+[[deps.PositiveFactorizations]]
+deps = ["LinearAlgebra"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "17275485f373e6673f7e7f97051f703ed5b15b20"
+uuid = "85a6dd25-e78a-55b7-8502-1745935b8125"
+version = "0.2.4"
+
 [[deps.PreallocationTools]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "ArrayInterface", "ForwardDiff"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "6c62ce45f268f3f958821a1e5192cf91c75ae89c"
@@ -2254,9 +2395,27 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 
 [[deps.Qt6Base_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "Fontconfig_jll", "Glib_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Libglvnd_jll", "OpenSSL_jll", "Vulkan_Loader_jll", "Xorg_libSM_jll", "Xorg_libXext_jll", "Xorg_libXrender_jll", "Xorg_libxcb_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_cursor_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_image_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_keysyms_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_renderutil_jll", "Xorg_xcb_util_wm_jll", "Zlib_jll", "libinput_jll", "xkbcommon_jll"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "7c29f0e8c575428bd84dc3c72ece5178caa67336"
+git-tree-sha1 = "492601870742dcd38f233b23c3ec629628c1d724"
 uuid = "c0090381-4147-56d7-9ebc-da0b1113ec56"
-version = "6.5.2+2"
+version = "6.7.1+1"
+
+[[deps.Qt6Declarative_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Qt6Base_jll", "Qt6ShaderTools_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "e5dd466bf2569fe08c91a2cc29c1003f4797ac3b"
+uuid = "629bc702-f1f5-5709-abd5-49b8460ea067"
+version = "6.7.1+2"
+
+[[deps.Qt6ShaderTools_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Qt6Base_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "1a180aeced866700d4bebc3120ea1451201f16bc"
+uuid = "ce943373-25bb-56aa-8eca-768745ed7b5a"
+version = "6.7.1+1"
+
+[[deps.Qt6Wayland_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Qt6Base_jll", "Qt6Declarative_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "729927532d48cf79f49070341e1d918a65aba6b0"
+uuid = "e99dba38-086e-5de3-a5b1-6e4c66e897c3"
+version = "6.7.1+1"
 
 [[deps.QuadGK]]
 deps = ["DataStructures", "LinearAlgebra"]
@@ -2325,9 +2484,9 @@ version = "0.6.12"
 
 [[deps.RecursiveArrayTools]]
 deps = ["Adapt", "ArrayInterface", "DocStringExtensions", "GPUArraysCore", "IteratorInterfaceExtensions", "LinearAlgebra", "RecipesBase", "StaticArraysCore", "Statistics", "SymbolicIndexingInterface", "Tables"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "43cdc0987135597867a37fc3e8e0fc9fdef6ac66"
+git-tree-sha1 = "6f4dca5fd8e97087a76b7ab8384d1c3086ace0b7"
 uuid = "731186ca-8d62-57ce-b412-fbd966d074cd"
-version = "3.27.1"
+version = "3.27.3"
 
     [deps.RecursiveArrayTools.extensions]
     RecursiveArrayToolsFastBroadcastExt = "FastBroadcast"
@@ -2395,6 +2554,26 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "04c968137612c4a5629fa531334bb81ad5680f00"
 uuid = "7e49a35a-f44a-4d26-94aa-eba1b4ca6b47"
 version = "0.5.13"
 
+[[deps.SCS]]
+deps = ["MathOptInterface", "Requires", "SCS_jll", "SparseArrays"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "0dfe49eaa058ce905a4199af379b8e411e6126e5"
+uuid = "c946c3f1-0d1f-5ce8-9dea-7daa1f7e2d13"
+version = "2.0.1"
+
+    [deps.SCS.extensions]
+    SCSSCS_GPU_jllExt = ["SCS_GPU_jll"]
+    SCSSCS_MKL_jllExt = ["SCS_MKL_jll"]
+
+    [deps.SCS.weakdeps]
+    SCS_GPU_jll = "af6e375f-46ec-5fa0-b791-491b0dfa44a4"
+    SCS_MKL_jll = "3f2553a9-4106-52be-b7dd-865123654657"
+
+[[deps.SCS_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "CompilerSupportLibraries_jll", "JLLWrappers", "LLVMOpenMP_jll", "Libdl", "OpenBLAS32_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "668bcf4b25cf992564321ccb70b205f9a7487cfa"
+uuid = "f4f2fc5b-1d94-523c-97ea-2ab488bedf4b"
+version = "3.2.6+0"
+
 [[deps.SHA]]
 uuid = "ea8e919c-243c-51af-8825-aaa63cd721ce"
 version = "0.7.0"
@@ -2423,9 +2602,9 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 
 [[deps.SciMLBase]]
 deps = ["ADTypes", "Accessors", "ArrayInterface", "CommonSolve", "ConstructionBase", "Distributed", "DocStringExtensions", "EnumX", "Expronicon", "FunctionWrappersWrappers", "IteratorInterfaceExtensions", "LinearAlgebra", "Logging", "Markdown", "PrecompileTools", "Preferences", "Printf", "RecipesBase", "RecursiveArrayTools", "Reexport", "RuntimeGeneratedFunctions", "SciMLOperators", "SciMLStructures", "StaticArraysCore", "Statistics", "SymbolicIndexingInterface"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "86e1c491cddf233d77d8aadbe289005db44e8445"
+git-tree-sha1 = "f102316e5c958b425ef530ee51c7c8a1def55d1f"
 uuid = "0bca4576-84f4-4d90-8ffe-ffa030f20462"
-version = "2.57.2"
+version = "2.58.1"
 
     [deps.SciMLBase.extensions]
     SciMLBaseChainRulesCoreExt = "ChainRulesCore"
@@ -2448,9 +2627,9 @@ version = "2.57.2"
 
 [[deps.SciMLOperators]]
 deps = ["Accessors", "ArrayInterface", "DocStringExtensions", "LinearAlgebra", "MacroTools"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "ef388ca9e4921ec5614ce714f8aa59a5cd33d867"
+git-tree-sha1 = "6149620767866d4b0f0f7028639b6e661b6a1e44"
 uuid = "c0aeaf25-5076-4817-a8d5-81caf7dfa961"
-version = "0.3.11"
+version = "0.3.12"
 weakdeps = ["SparseArrays", "StaticArraysCore"]
 
     [deps.SciMLOperators.extensions]
@@ -2471,9 +2650,9 @@ version = "1.2.1"
 
 [[deps.SentinelArrays]]
 deps = ["Dates", "Random"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "305becf8af67eae1dbc912ee9097f00aeeabb8d5"
+git-tree-sha1 = "d0553ce4031a081cc42387a9b9c8441b7d99f32d"
 uuid = "91c51154-3ec4-41a3-a24f-3f23e20d615c"
-version = "1.4.6"
+version = "1.4.7"
 
 [[deps.Serialization]]
 uuid = "9e88b42a-f829-5b0c-bbe9-9e923198166b"
@@ -2772,9 +2951,9 @@ version = "0.5.2"
 
 [[deps.TiffImages]]
 deps = ["ColorTypes", "DataStructures", "DocStringExtensions", "FileIO", "FixedPointNumbers", "IndirectArrays", "Inflate", "Mmap", "OffsetArrays", "PkgVersion", "ProgressMeter", "SIMD", "UUIDs"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "38f139cc4abf345dd4f22286ec000728d5e8e097"
+git-tree-sha1 = "6ee0c220d0aecad18792c277ae358129cc50a475"
 uuid = "731e570b-9d59-4bfa-96dc-6df516fadf69"
-version = "0.10.2"
+version = "0.11.0"
 
 [[deps.TimerOutputs]]
 deps = ["ExprTools", "Printf"]
@@ -2889,9 +3068,9 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 
 [[deps.VectorInterface]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra"]
-git-tree-sha1 = "7aff7d62bffad9bba9928eb6ab55226b32a351eb"
+git-tree-sha1 = "8c3eb8b3fe84edfa2dadf6a6d5b0eed0605ae912"
 uuid = "409d34a3-91d5-4945-b6ec-7529ddf182d8"
-version = "0.4.6"
+version = "0.4.7"
 
 [[deps.Vulkan_Loader_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Wayland_jll", "Xorg_libX11_jll", "Xorg_libXrandr_jll", "xkbcommon_jll"]
@@ -2911,6 +3090,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "93f43ab61b16ddfb2fd3bb13b3ce241cafb0e6c9"
 uuid = "2381bf8a-dfd0-557d-9999-79630e7b1b91"
 version = "1.31.0+0"
 
+[[deps.WebP]]
+deps = ["CEnum", "ColorTypes", "FileIO", "FixedPointNumbers", "ImageCore", "libwebp_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "f1f6d497ff84039deeb37f264396dac0c2250497"
+uuid = "e3aaa7dc-3e4b-44e0-be63-ffb868ccd7c1"
+version = "0.1.2"
+
 [[deps.WoodburyMatrices]]
 deps = ["LinearAlgebra", "SparseArrays"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "c1a7aa6219628fcd757dede0ca95e245c5cd9511"
@@ -3142,6 +3327,12 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "51b5eeb3f98367157a7a12a1fb0aa5328946c03c"
 uuid = "9a68df92-36a6-505f-a73e-abb412b6bfb4"
 version = "0.2.3+0"
 
+[[deps.libaec_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "46bf7be2917b59b761247be3f317ddf75e50e997"
+uuid = "477f73a3-ac25-53e9-8cc3-50b2fa2566f0"
+version = "1.1.2+0"
+
 [[deps.libaom_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "1827acba325fdcdf1d2647fc8d5301dd9ba43a9d"
@@ -3201,6 +3392,18 @@ git-tree-sha1 = "490376214c4721cdaca654041f635213c6165cb3"
 uuid = "f27f6e37-5d2b-51aa-960f-b287f2bc3b7a"
 version = "1.3.7+2"
 
+[[deps.libwebp_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "Giflib_jll", "JLLWrappers", "JpegTurbo_jll", "Libdl", "Libglvnd_jll", "Libtiff_jll", "libpng_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "ccbb625a89ec6195856a50aa2b668a5c08712c94"
+uuid = "c5f90fcd-3b7e-5836-afba-fc50a0988cb2"
+version = "1.4.0+0"
+
+[[deps.libzip_jll]]
+deps = ["Artifacts", "Bzip2_jll", "GnuTLS_jll", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "XZ_jll", "Zlib_jll", "Zstd_jll"]
+git-tree-sha1 = "668ac0297e6bd8f4d53dfdcd3ace71f2e00f4a35"
+uuid = "337d8026-41b4-5cde-a456-74a10e5b31d1"
+version = "1.11.1+0"
+
 [[deps.mtdev_jll]]
 deps = ["Artifacts", "JLLWrappers", "Libdl", "Pkg"]
 git-tree-sha1 = "814e154bdb7be91d78b6802843f76b6ece642f11"
diff --git a/.buildkite/Project.toml b/.buildkite/Project.toml
index 7f298bb8a0..2bc15e855a 100644
--- a/.buildkite/Project.toml
+++ b/.buildkite/Project.toml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ ClimaUtilities = "b3f4f4ca-9299-4f7f-bd9b-81e1242a7513"
 DataFrames = "a93c6f00-e57d-5684-b7b6-d8193f3e46c0"
 Dates = "ade2ca70-3891-5945-98fb-dc099432e06a"
 DelimitedFiles = "8bb1440f-4735-579b-a4ab-409b98df4dab"
+EnsembleKalmanProcesses = "aa8a2aa5-91d8-4396-bcef-d4f2ec43552d"
 Flux = "587475ba-b771-5e3f-ad9e-33799f191a9c"
 Formatting = "59287772-0a20-5a39-b81b-1366585eb4c0"
 GeoMakie = "db073c08-6b98-4ee5-b6a4-5efafb3259c6"
diff --git a/experiments/calibration/global_bucket/calibrate_bucket.jl b/experiments/calibration/global_bucket/calibrate_bucket.jl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2968a347f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/calibration/global_bucket/calibrate_bucket.jl
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Use the .buildkite environment
+# bucket_turbulent_fluxes(params) returns lhf and shf as a function of 6 parameters
+include("calibrate_bucket_function.jl")
+
+using Random
+
+# Target (perfect model)
+params = (;
+    κ_soil = FT(1.5),
+    ρc_soil = FT(2e6),
+    f_bucket = FT(0.75),
+    W_f = FT(0.2),
+    p = FT(1),
+    z_0m = FT(1e-2),
+)
+target = bucket_turbulent_fluxes(params)
+
+# Parameters prior
+prior_κ_soil = EKP.constrained_gaussian("κ_soil", 2, 1, 0, Inf);
+prior_ρc_soil = EKP.constrained_gaussian("ρc_soil", 4e6, 2e6, 0, Inf);
+prior_f_bucket = EKP.constrained_gaussian("f_bucket", 0.5, 0.3, 0, 1);
+prior_W_f = EKP.constrained_gaussian("W_f", 0.4, 0.4, 0, Inf);
+prior_p = EKP.constrained_gaussian("p", 2, 1, 1, Inf);
+prior_z_0m = EKP.constrained_gaussian("z_0m", 0.01, 0.1, 0, Inf);
+prior = EKP.combine_distributions([
+    prior_κ_soil,
+    prior_ρc_soil,
+    prior_f_bucket,
+    prior_W_f,
+    prior_p,
+    prior_z_0m,
+]);
+
+rng_seed = 2
+rng = Random.MersenneTwister(rng_seed)
+
+N_ensemble = 3 # should be 10
+N_iterations = 3 # should be 10
+
+initial_ensemble = EKP.construct_initial_ensemble(rng, prior, N_ensemble);
+ensemble_kalman_process = EKP.EnsembleKalmanProcess(
+    initial_ensemble,
+    target,
+    EKP.Inversion();
+    rng = rng,
+);
+
+for i in 1:N_iterations
+    params_i = EKP.get_ϕ_final(prior, ensemble_kalman_process)
+
+    G_ens =
+        hcat([bucket_turbulent_fluxes(;
+                                      κ_soil = params_i[1, j],
+                                      ρc_soil = params_i[2, j],
+                                      f_bucket = params_i[3, j],
+                                      W_f = params_i[4, j],
+                                      p = params_i[5, j],
+                                      z_0m = params_i[6, j],
+                                     ) for j in 1:N_ensemble]...)
+
+    EKP.update_ensemble!(ensemble_kalman_process, G_ens)
+end
+
+final_ensemble = EKP.get_ϕ_final(prior, ensemble_kalman_process)
+println(final_ensemble)
diff --git a/experiments/long_runs/calibrate_bucket_function.jl b/experiments/calibration/global_bucket/calibrate_bucket_function.jl
similarity index 70%
rename from experiments/long_runs/calibrate_bucket_function.jl
rename to experiments/calibration/global_bucket/calibrate_bucket_function.jl
index d128328bfc..4e9dc6aa4b 100644
--- a/experiments/long_runs/calibrate_bucket_function.jl
+++ b/experiments/calibration/global_bucket/calibrate_bucket_function.jl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # # Global bucket run
 
 # The code sets up and runs the bucket model  on a spherical domain,
-# using ERA5 data. 
+# using ERA5 data.
 
 # Simulation Setup
 # Number of spatial elements: 101 in horizontal, 5 in vertical
@@ -42,13 +42,15 @@ using CairoMakie
 using Dates
 import NCDatasets
 
+import EnsembleKalmanProcesses as EKP
+
 const FT = Float64;
 context = ClimaComms.context()
 device = ClimaComms.device()
 device_suffix = device isa ClimaComms.CPUSingleThreaded ? "cpu" : "gpu"
 root_path = "bucket_longrun_$(device_suffix)"
 
-function setup_prob(t0, tf, Δt,params, outdir; nelements = (101, 7))
+function setup_prob(t0, tf, Δt, params, outdir; nelements = (101, 7))
     time_interpolation_method = LinearInterpolation(PeriodicCalendar())
     regridder_type = :InterpolationsRegridder
     earth_param_set = LP.LandParameters(FT)
@@ -187,12 +189,23 @@ function setup_prob(t0, tf, Δt,params, outdir; nelements = (101, 7))
         PrescribedRadiativeFluxes(FT, SW_d, LW_d, start_date; θs = zenith_angle)
 
     # Set up parameters
+    (; κ_soil, ρc_soil, f_bucket, W_f, p, z_0m) = params
     z_0b = z_0m
     τc = FT(Δt)
     α_snow = FT(0.8)
-    (; κ_soil, ρc_soil, f_bucket, W_f, p, z_0m) = params
     albedo = PrescribedBaregroundAlbedo{FT}(α_snow, surface_space)
-    bucket_parameters = BucketModelParameters(FT; albedo, z_0m, z_0b, τc, f_bucket, σS_c, p, W_f, κ_soil, ρc_soil)
+    bucket_parameters = BucketModelParameters(
+        FT;
+        albedo,
+        z_0m,
+        z_0b,
+        τc,
+        f_bucket,
+        p,
+        W_f,
+        κ_soil,
+        ρc_soil,
+    )
     bucket = BucketModel(
         parameters = bucket_parameters,
         domain = domain,
@@ -205,7 +218,7 @@ function setup_prob(t0, tf, Δt,params, outdir; nelements = (101, 7))
     # Set temperature IC including anomaly, based on atmospheric setup
     T_sfc_0 = FT(271.0)
     @. Y.bucket.T = T_sfc_0 + temp_anomaly_amip(cds.subsurface)
-    Y.bucket.W .= FT(f_bucket*W_f)
+    Y.bucket.W .= FT(f_bucket * W_f)
     Y.bucket.Ws .= FT(0.0)
     Y.bucket.σS .= FT(0.0)
 
@@ -244,39 +257,92 @@ function setup_prob(t0, tf, Δt,params, outdir; nelements = (101, 7))
     return prob, SciMLBase.CallbackSet(driver_cb, diag_cb)
 end
 
+#     (; κ_soil, ρc_soil, f_bucket, W_f, p, z_0m) = params
+# The truth params = (;κ_soil = FT(1.5), ρc_soil = FT(2e6), f_bucket = FT(0.75), W_f = FT(0.2), p = FT(1), z_0m = FT(1e-2))
 function bucket_turbulent_fluxes(params)
     t0 = 0.0
     tf = 60 * 60.0 * 24 * 365
     Δt = 900.0
     nelements = (101, 7)
-    output_id = ?#
-    diagnostics_outdir = joinpath(root_path, "global_diagnostics", output_id)
-    outdir =
-        ClimaUtilities.OutputPathGenerator.generate_output_path(diagnostics_outdir)
+    diagnostics_outdir = joinpath(root_path, "global_diagnostics")
+    outdir = ClimaUtilities.OutputPathGenerator.generate_output_path(
+        diagnostics_outdir,
+    )
     prob, cb = setup_prob(t0, tf, Δt, params, outdir; nelements)
 
     timestepper = CTS.RK4()
     ode_algo = CTS.ExplicitAlgorithm(timestepper)
     SciMLBase.solve(prob, ode_algo; dt = Δt, callback = cb, adaptive = false)
 
-    # read in output
-    simdir = ClimaAnalysis.SimDir(outdir)
-    short_names =
-        ["lhf", "shf"]
-    timeseries_list = [[],[]]
-    # First read in a monthly average of one variable to obtain size of data
-    var = get(simdir; "lhf")
-    
-    for short_name, timeseries in zip(short_names,timeseries_list)
-        var = get(simdir; short_name)
-        kwargs = ClimaAnalysis.has_altitude(var) ? Dict(:z => 1) : Dict()
-        times = ClimaAnalysis.times(var)
-        for t in times
-            data = ClimaAnalysis.slice(var, time = t; kwargs...)
-            push!(timeseries, data)
-        end
+    simdir = ClimaAnalysis.SimDir(
+        joinpath(root_path, "global_diagnostics", "output_active"),
+    )
+    lhf = get(simdir; short_name = "lhf")
+    shf = get(simdir; short_name = "shf")
+
+    # Define the locations longitudes and latitudes
+    locations = [
+        (4, 50), # belgium
+        (-118.2, 34.1), # los angeles
+        (151.2, -33.8), # sydney
+    ]
+
+    # Initialize an empty list to store observations
+    obs_list = []
+    i = 0
+    # Loop over each location
+    for (lon, lat) in locations
+        i += 1
+        # Slice lhf and shf at the given longitude and latitude
+        lhf_loc = ClimaAnalysis.slice(lhf, lon = lon, lat = lat)
+        shf_loc = ClimaAnalysis.slice(shf, lon = lon, lat = lat)
+
+        # Create Observation objects for lhf and shf
+        lhf_obs = EKP.Observation(
+            Dict(
+                "samples" => lhf_loc.data,
+                "covariances" => std(lhf_loc.data),
+                "names" => "lhf_$(lon)_$(lat)",
+            ),
+        )
+        shf_obs = EKP.Observation(
+            Dict(
+                "samples" => shf_loc.data,
+                "covariances" => std(shf_loc.data),
+                "names" => "shf_$(lon)_$(lat)",
+            ),
+        )
+
+        # Add the observations to the list
+        push!(obs_list, lhf_obs)
+        push!(obs_list, shf_obs)
     end
-    return timeseries_list
+
+    # Combine all observations into a single observation
+    full_obs = EKP.combine_observations(obs_list)
+
+    # Optional
+    #=
+    minibatcher = EKP.RandomFixedSizeMinibatcher(3) # batches the epoch of size 100, into batches of size 5
+    observation_series = EKP.ObservationSeries(
+    Dict(
+    "observations" => full_obs,
+    "minibatcher" => minibatcher,
+    ),
+    )
+    =#
+
+    return full_obs
 end
 
-# not sure about mask, output_id
+# Things to consider:
+# - masking out the ocean when comparing to data
+# - output paths matching to parameters
+
+# Priors:
+# κ_soil = FT(1.5): Gaussian with mean = 2, std dev = 1, cannot be negative [ or uniform from 0.5 to 2.5]
+# ρc_soil = FT(2e6); Gaussian with mean = 4e6, std dev = 2e6, cannot be negative [ or uniform from 1e5 to 5e6]
+# f_bucket = FT(0.75); Gaussian with mean = 0.5, std_dev = 0.3, cannot be negative, cannot be greater than 1 [ or uniform from 0.2 to 0.9]
+# W_f = FT(0.2); Gaussian with mean = 0.4, std_dev = 0.4, cannot be negative [ or uniform from 0.05 to 1]
+# p = FT(1); we can range uniform 1 to 2.5, cannot be smaller than 1
+#z_0m = FT(1e-2); can we sample from log normal ranging from z_0m = 1e-3 to z_0m = 0.1?
diff --git a/experiments/calibration/global_bucket/job_script.sh b/experiments/calibration/global_bucket/job_script.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f79ff29ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/experiments/calibration/global_bucket/job_script.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#SBATCH --job-name=calibrate_bucket
+#SBATCH --output=output_%j.txt        # Output file (%j expands to job ID)
+#SBATCH --error=error_%j.txt          # Error file
+#SBATCH --nodes=1                     # Number of nodes
+#SBATCH --ntasks=1                    # Number of tasks (processes)
+#SBATCH --time=05:00:00               # Time limit hrs:min:sec
+#SBATCH --mem=8G                      # Memory per node
+#SBATCH --partition=gpu
+
+# Run your command
+export CLIMACOMMS_DEVICE="CUDA"
+export CLIMACOMMS_CONTEXT="SINGLETON"
+
+julia --project=.buildkite/ experiments/calibration/global_bucket/calibrate_bucket.jl
+