diff --git a/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/address/address.hpp b/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/address/address.hpp
index 49587baa70..f50c890f0c 100644
--- a/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/address/address.hpp
+++ b/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/address/address.hpp
@@ -102,6 +102,8 @@ template <typename Composer> class address_t {
 
     bool_t<Composer> operator==(const address_t& other) const { return this->to_field() == other.to_field(); }
 
+    bool_t<Composer> operator!=(const address_t& other) const { return this->to_field() != other.to_field(); }
+
     field_t<Composer> to_field() const { return address_; }
 
     fr get_value() const { return address_.get_value(); };
diff --git a/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/array.hpp b/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/array.hpp
index 5ed9ff32f7..724b65bce6 100644
--- a/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/array.hpp
+++ b/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/array.hpp
@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ void array_push(std::array<field_t<Composer>, SIZE>& arr, field_t<Composer> cons
     already_pushed.assert_equal(true, "array_push cannot push to a full array");
 };
 
+/**
+ * Note: this assumes `0` always means 'not used', so be careful. If you actually want `0` to be counted, you'll need
+ * something else.
+ */
 template <typename Composer, size_t SIZE>
 inline size_t array_push(std::array<std::optional<field_t<Composer>>, SIZE>& arr, field_t<Composer> const& value)
 {
@@ -73,6 +77,10 @@ inline size_t array_push(std::array<std::optional<field_t<Composer>>, SIZE>& arr
     throw_or_abort("array_push cannot push to a full array");
 };
 
+/**
+ * Note: this assumes `0` always means 'not used', so be careful. If you actually want `0` to be counted, you'll need
+ * something else.
+ */
 template <typename T, size_t SIZE>
 inline size_t array_push(std::array<std::shared_ptr<T>, SIZE>& arr, std::shared_ptr<T> const& value)
 {
@@ -85,6 +93,22 @@ inline size_t array_push(std::array<std::shared_ptr<T>, SIZE>& arr, std::shared_
     throw_or_abort("array_push cannot push to a full array");
 };
 
+/**
+ * Note: this assumes `0` always means 'not used', so be careful. If you actually want `0` to be counted, you'll need
+ * something else.
+ */
+template <typename Composer, typename T, size_t SIZE> inline void array_push(std::array<T, SIZE>& arr, T const& value)
+{
+    bool_t<Composer> already_pushed = false;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < arr.size(); ++i) {
+        bool_t<Composer> is_zero = arr[i].is_empty();
+        arr[i].conditional_select(!already_pushed && is_zero, value);
+
+        already_pushed |= is_zero;
+    }
+    already_pushed.assert_equal(true, "array_push cannot push to a full array");
+};
+
 /**
  * Note: this assumes `0` always means 'not used', so be careful. If you actually want `0` to be counted, you'll need
  * something else.
diff --git a/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/field.test.cpp b/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/field.test.cpp
index 3304b12dc2..d18d133872 100644
--- a/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/field.test.cpp
+++ b/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/primitives/field/field.test.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "array.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/plonk/proof_system/constants.hpp"
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <utility>
 #include "barretenberg/honk/composer/standard_honk_composer.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/plonk/composer/standard_composer.hpp"
 #include "barretenberg/plonk/composer/ultra_composer.hpp"
@@ -1235,6 +1236,81 @@ template <typename Composer> class stdlib_field : public testing::Test {
         EXPECT_EQ(composer.failed(), true);
         EXPECT_EQ(composer.err(), "push_array_to_array target array capacity exceeded");
     }
+
+    class MockClass {
+      public:
+        MockClass()
+            : m_a(field_ct(0))
+            , m_b(field_ct(0))
+        {}
+        MockClass(field_ct a, field_ct b)
+            : m_a(a)
+            , m_b(b)
+        {}
+
+        bool_ct is_empty() const { return m_a == 0 && m_b == 0; }
+
+        std::pair<field_ct, field_ct> get_values() { return std::make_pair(m_a, m_b); }
+
+        void conditional_select(bool_ct const& condition, MockClass const& other)
+        {
+            m_a = field_ct::conditional_assign(condition, other.m_a, m_a);
+            m_b = field_ct::conditional_assign(condition, other.m_b, m_b);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        field_ct m_a;
+        field_ct m_b;
+    };
+
+    void test_array_push_generic()
+    {
+        Composer composer = Composer();
+
+        constexpr size_t SIZE = 5;
+        std::array<MockClass, SIZE> arr{};
+
+        // Push values into the array
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 1), witness_ct(&composer, 10)));
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 2), witness_ct(&composer, 20)));
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 3), witness_ct(&composer, 30)));
+
+        // Check the values in the array
+        EXPECT_EQ(arr[0].get_values().first.get_value(), 1);
+        EXPECT_EQ(arr[0].get_values().second.get_value(), 10);
+        EXPECT_EQ(arr[1].get_values().first.get_value(), 2);
+        EXPECT_EQ(arr[1].get_values().second.get_value(), 20);
+        EXPECT_EQ(arr[2].get_values().first.get_value(), 3);
+        EXPECT_EQ(arr[2].get_values().second.get_value(), 30);
+
+        auto prover = composer.create_prover();
+        auto verifier = composer.create_verifier();
+        auto proof = prover.construct_proof();
+        info("composer gates = ", composer.get_num_gates());
+        bool proof_result = verifier.verify_proof(proof);
+        EXPECT_EQ(proof_result, true);
+    }
+
+    void test_array_push_generic_full()
+    {
+        Composer composer = Composer();
+
+        constexpr size_t SIZE = 5;
+        std::array<MockClass, SIZE> arr{};
+
+        // Push values into the array
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 1), witness_ct(&composer, 10)));
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 2), witness_ct(&composer, 20)));
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 3), witness_ct(&composer, 30)));
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 4), witness_ct(&composer, 40)));
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 5), witness_ct(&composer, 50)));
+
+        // Try to push into a full array
+        plonk::stdlib::array_push<Composer>(arr, MockClass(witness_ct(&composer, 6), witness_ct(&composer, 60)));
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(composer.failed(), true);
+        EXPECT_EQ(composer.err(), "array_push cannot push to a full array");
+    }
 };
 
 typedef testing::Types<plonk::UltraComposer, plonk::TurboComposer, plonk::StandardComposer, honk::StandardHonkComposer>
@@ -1382,6 +1458,14 @@ TYPED_TEST(stdlib_field, test_array_push_optional)
 {
     TestFixture::test_array_push_optional();
 }
+TYPED_TEST(stdlib_field, test_array_push_generic)
+{
+    TestFixture::test_array_push_generic();
+}
+TYPED_TEST(stdlib_field, test_array_push_generic_full)
+{
+    TestFixture::test_array_push_generic_full();
+}
 TYPED_TEST(stdlib_field, test_array_push_array_to_array)
 {
     TestFixture::test_push_array_to_array();
diff --git a/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/verification_key/verification_key.hpp b/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/verification_key/verification_key.hpp
index e36fc3995a..d25d2930ef 100644
--- a/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/verification_key/verification_key.hpp
+++ b/cpp/src/barretenberg/stdlib/recursion/verification_key/verification_key.hpp
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ template <typename Curve> struct verification_key {
         }
     }
 
-  private:
+  public:
     field_t<Composer> compress()
     {
         field_t<Composer> compressed_domain = domain.compress();
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ template <typename Curve> struct verification_key {
         return compressed_key;
     }
 
-    barretenberg::fr compress_native(const std::shared_ptr<plonk::verification_key>& key)
+    static barretenberg::fr compress_native(const std::shared_ptr<plonk::verification_key>& key)
     {
         barretenberg::fr compressed_domain = evaluation_domain<Composer>::compress_native(key->domain);