diff --git a/yarn-project/accounts/src/ecdsa/ecdsa_k/artifact.ts b/yarn-project/accounts/src/ecdsa/ecdsa_k/artifact.ts
index eac072ed08e1..045ea90480de 100644
--- a/yarn-project/accounts/src/ecdsa/ecdsa_k/artifact.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/accounts/src/ecdsa/ecdsa_k/artifact.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-import { type NoirCompiledContract, loadContractArtifact } from '@aztec/aztec.js';
+import { type ContractArtifact, type NoirCompiledContract, loadContractArtifact } from '@aztec/aztec.js';
 
 import EcdsaKAccountContractJson from '../../../artifacts/EcdsaKAccount.json' assert { type: 'json' };
 
-export const EcdsaKAccountContractArtifact = loadContractArtifact(EcdsaKAccountContractJson as NoirCompiledContract);
+export const EcdsaKAccountContractArtifact: ContractArtifact = loadContractArtifact(
+  EcdsaKAccountContractJson as NoirCompiledContract,
+);
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/account_manager/deploy_account_method.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/account_manager/deploy_account_method.ts
index d0e9b281e0e7..57d10fa67a43 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/account_manager/deploy_account_method.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/account_manager/deploy_account_method.ts
@@ -46,13 +46,16 @@ export class DeployAccountMethod extends DeployMethod {
         : feePaymentNameOrArtifact;
   }
 
-  protected override async getInitializeFunctionCalls(options: DeployOptions): Promise<ExecutionRequestInit> {
+  protected override async getInitializeFunctionCalls(
+    options: DeployOptions,
+  ): Promise<Pick<ExecutionRequestInit, 'calls' | 'authWitnesses' | 'packedArguments'>> {
     const exec = await super.getInitializeFunctionCalls(options);
 
     if (options.fee && this.#feePaymentArtifact) {
       const { address } = this.getInstance();
       const emptyAppPayload = EntrypointPayload.fromAppExecution([]);
-      const feePayload = await EntrypointPayload.fromFeeOptions(address, options?.fee);
+      const fee = await this.getDefaultFeeOptions(options.fee);
+      const feePayload = await EntrypointPayload.fromFeeOptions(address, fee);
 
       exec.calls.push({
         name: this.#feePaymentArtifact.name,
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/account_manager/index.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/account_manager/index.ts
index e4e3316a6dba..a9f5e4cc3280 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/account_manager/index.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/account_manager/index.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import { DeployAccountSentTx } from './deploy_account_sent_tx.js';
  */
 export type DeployAccountOptions = Pick<
   DeployOptions,
-  'fee' | 'skipClassRegistration' | 'skipPublicDeployment' | 'estimateGas' | 'skipInitialization'
+  'fee' | 'skipClassRegistration' | 'skipPublicDeployment' | 'skipInitialization'
 >;
 
 /**
@@ -166,7 +166,6 @@ export class AccountManager {
           skipInitialization: opts?.skipInitialization ?? false,
           universalDeploy: true,
           fee: opts?.fee,
-          estimateGas: opts?.estimateGas,
         }),
       )
       .then(tx => tx.getTxHash());
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/base_contract_interaction.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/base_contract_interaction.ts
index b62583c13caa..6269d5cca1a5 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/base_contract_interaction.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/base_contract_interaction.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ import { type Fr, GasSettings } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { createDebugLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 
 import { type Wallet } from '../account/wallet.js';
-import { type ExecutionRequestInit, type FeeOptions } from '../entrypoint/entrypoint.js';
+import { type ExecutionRequestInit } from '../entrypoint/entrypoint.js';
+import { type FeeOptions, type UserFeeOptions } from '../entrypoint/payload.js';
+import { NoFeePaymentMethod } from '../fee/no_fee_payment_method.js';
 import { getGasLimits } from './get_gas_limits.js';
 import { ProvenTx } from './proven_tx.js';
 import { SentTx } from './sent_tx.js';
@@ -16,9 +18,7 @@ export type SendMethodOptions = {
   /** Wether to skip the simulation of the public part of the transaction. */
   skipPublicSimulation?: boolean;
   /** The fee options for the transaction. */
-  fee?: FeeOptions;
-  /** Whether to run an initial simulation of the tx with high gas limit to figure out actual gas settings (will default to true later down the road). */
-  estimateGas?: boolean;
+  fee?: UserFeeOptions;
   /** Custom nonce to inject into the app payload of the transaction. Useful when trying to cancel an ongoing transaction by creating a new one with a higher fee */
   nonce?: Fr;
   /** Whether the transaction can be cancelled. If true, an extra nullifier will be emitted: H(nonce, GENERATOR_INDEX__TX_NULLIFIER) */
@@ -89,29 +89,47 @@ export abstract class BaseContractInteraction {
   public async estimateGas(
     opts?: Omit<SendMethodOptions, 'estimateGas' | 'skipPublicSimulation'>,
   ): Promise<Pick<GasSettings, 'gasLimits' | 'teardownGasLimits'>> {
-    const txRequest = await this.create({ ...opts, estimateGas: false });
+    const txRequest = await this.create({ ...opts, fee: { ...opts?.fee, estimateGas: false } });
     const simulationResult = await this.wallet.simulateTx(txRequest, true);
     const { totalGas: gasLimits, teardownGas: teardownGasLimits } = getGasLimits(simulationResult);
     return { gasLimits, teardownGasLimits };
   }
 
   /**
-   * Helper method to return fee options based on the user opts, estimating tx gas if needed.
+   * Returns default fee options based on the user opts without running a simulation for gas estimation.
+   * @param fee - User-provided fee options.
+   */
+  protected async getDefaultFeeOptions(fee: UserFeeOptions | undefined): Promise<FeeOptions> {
+    const maxFeesPerGas = fee?.gasSettings?.maxFeesPerGas ?? (await this.wallet.getCurrentBaseFees());
+    const paymentMethod = fee?.paymentMethod ?? new NoFeePaymentMethod();
+    const gasSettings: GasSettings = GasSettings.default({ ...fee?.gasSettings, maxFeesPerGas });
+    return { gasSettings, paymentMethod };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return fee options based on the user opts, estimating tx gas if needed.
    * @param request - Request to execute for this interaction.
    * @returns Fee options for the actual transaction.
    */
-  protected async getFeeOptionsFromEstimatedGas(request: ExecutionRequestInit) {
-    const fee = request.fee;
-    if (fee) {
-      const txRequest = await this.wallet.createTxExecutionRequest(request);
+  protected async getFeeOptions(
+    request: Omit<ExecutionRequestInit, 'fee'> & { /** User-provided fee options */ fee?: UserFeeOptions },
+  ): Promise<FeeOptions> {
+    const defaultFeeOptions = await this.getDefaultFeeOptions(request.fee);
+    const paymentMethod = defaultFeeOptions.paymentMethod;
+    const maxFeesPerGas = defaultFeeOptions.gasSettings.maxFeesPerGas;
+
+    let gasSettings = defaultFeeOptions.gasSettings;
+    if (request.fee?.estimateGas) {
+      const feeForEstimation: FeeOptions = { paymentMethod, gasSettings };
+      const txRequest = await this.wallet.createTxExecutionRequest({ ...request, fee: feeForEstimation });
       const simulationResult = await this.wallet.simulateTx(txRequest, true);
       const { totalGas: gasLimits, teardownGas: teardownGasLimits } = getGasLimits(simulationResult);
-      this.log.debug(
+      gasSettings = GasSettings.from({ maxFeesPerGas, gasLimits, teardownGasLimits });
+      this.log.verbose(
         `Estimated gas limits for tx: DA=${gasLimits.daGas} L2=${gasLimits.l2Gas} teardownDA=${teardownGasLimits.daGas} teardownL2=${teardownGasLimits.l2Gas}`,
       );
-      const gasSettings = GasSettings.default({ ...fee.gasSettings, gasLimits, teardownGasLimits });
-      return { ...fee, gasSettings };
     }
-    return fee;
+
+    return { gasSettings, paymentMethod };
   }
 }
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/batch_call.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/batch_call.ts
index 31f6ce37df15..1a19a393d906 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/batch_call.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/batch_call.ts
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ export class BatchCall extends BaseContractInteraction {
    */
   public async create(opts?: SendMethodOptions): Promise<TxExecutionRequest> {
     const calls = this.calls;
-    const fee = opts?.estimateGas ? await this.getFeeOptionsFromEstimatedGas({ calls, fee: opts?.fee }) : opts?.fee;
-    return await this.wallet.createTxExecutionRequest({ calls, fee });
+    const fee = await this.getFeeOptions({ calls, ...opts });
+    return await this.wallet.createTxExecutionRequest({ calls, ...opts, fee });
   }
 
   /**
@@ -33,29 +33,21 @@ export class BatchCall extends BaseContractInteraction {
    * @returns The result of the transaction as returned by the contract function.
    */
   public async simulate(options: SimulateMethodOptions = {}): Promise<any> {
-    const { calls, unconstrained } = this.calls.reduce<{
-      /**
-       * Keep track of the number of private calls to retrieve the return values
-       */
+    const { indexedCalls, unconstrained } = this.calls.reduce<{
+      /** Keep track of the number of private calls to retrieve the return values */
       privateIndex: 0;
-      /**
-       * Keep track of the number of private calls to retrieve the return values
-       */
+      /** Keep track of the number of public calls to retrieve the return values */
       publicIndex: 0;
-      /**
-       * The public and private function calls in the batch
-       */
-      calls: [FunctionCall, number, number][];
-      /**
-       * The unconstrained function calls in the batch.
-       */
+      /** The public and private function calls in the batch */
+      indexedCalls: [FunctionCall, number, number][];
+      /** The unconstrained function calls in the batch. */
       unconstrained: [FunctionCall, number][];
     }>(
       (acc, current, index) => {
         if (current.type === FunctionType.UNCONSTRAINED) {
           acc.unconstrained.push([current, index]);
         } else {
-          acc.calls.push([
+          acc.indexedCalls.push([
             current,
             index,
             current.type === FunctionType.PRIVATE ? acc.privateIndex++ : acc.publicIndex++,
@@ -63,18 +55,17 @@ export class BatchCall extends BaseContractInteraction {
         }
         return acc;
       },
-      { calls: [], unconstrained: [], publicIndex: 0, privateIndex: 0 },
+      { indexedCalls: [], unconstrained: [], publicIndex: 0, privateIndex: 0 },
     );
 
-    const txRequest = await this.wallet.createTxExecutionRequest({ calls: calls.map(indexedCall => indexedCall[0]) });
+    const calls = indexedCalls.map(([call]) => call);
+    const fee = await this.getFeeOptions({ calls, ...options });
+    const txRequest = await this.wallet.createTxExecutionRequest({ calls, ...options, fee });
 
-    const unconstrainedCalls = unconstrained.map(async indexedCall => {
-      const call = indexedCall[0];
-      return [
-        await this.wallet.simulateUnconstrained(call.name, call.args, call.to, options?.from),
-        indexedCall[1],
-      ] as const;
-    });
+    const unconstrainedCalls = unconstrained.map(
+      async ([call, index]) =>
+        [await this.wallet.simulateUnconstrained(call.name, call.args, call.to, options?.from), index] as const,
+    );
 
     const [unconstrainedResults, simulatedTx] = await Promise.all([
       Promise.all(unconstrainedCalls),
@@ -86,7 +77,7 @@ export class BatchCall extends BaseContractInteraction {
     unconstrainedResults.forEach(([result, index]) => {
       results[index] = result;
     });
-    calls.forEach(([call, callIndex, resultIndex]) => {
+    indexedCalls.forEach(([call, callIndex, resultIndex]) => {
       // As account entrypoints are private, for private functions we retrieve the return values from the first nested call
       // since we're interested in the first set of values AFTER the account entrypoint
       // For public functions we retrieve the first values directly from the public output.
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/contract_function_interaction.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/contract_function_interaction.ts
index d9bf7ff2192c..71117bdf280f 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/contract_function_interaction.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/contract_function_interaction.ts
@@ -58,19 +58,14 @@ export class ContractFunctionInteraction extends BaseContractInteraction {
    * @param opts - An optional object containing additional configuration for the transaction.
    * @returns A Promise that resolves to a transaction instance.
    */
-  public async create(opts?: SendMethodOptions): Promise<TxExecutionRequest> {
+  public async create(opts: SendMethodOptions = {}): Promise<TxExecutionRequest> {
     if (this.functionDao.functionType === FunctionType.UNCONSTRAINED) {
       throw new Error("Can't call `create` on an unconstrained function.");
     }
     const calls = [this.request()];
-    const fee = opts?.estimateGas ? await this.getFeeOptionsFromEstimatedGas({ calls, fee: opts?.fee }) : opts?.fee;
-    const txRequest = await this.wallet.createTxExecutionRequest({
-      calls,
-      fee,
-      nonce: opts?.nonce,
-      cancellable: opts?.cancellable,
-    });
-    return txRequest;
+    const fee = await this.getFeeOptions({ calls, ...opts });
+    const { nonce, cancellable } = opts;
+    return await this.wallet.createTxExecutionRequest({ calls, fee, nonce, cancellable });
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/deploy_method.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/deploy_method.ts
index 96651e470e48..9b45db9b49cb 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/deploy_method.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/contract/deploy_method.ts
@@ -104,18 +104,15 @@ export class DeployMethod<TContract extends ContractBase = Contract> extends Bas
       throw new Error(`No function calls needed to deploy contract ${this.artifact.name}`);
     }
 
-    const request = {
-      calls: [...deployment.calls, ...bootstrap.calls],
-      authWitnesses: [...(deployment.authWitnesses ?? []), ...(bootstrap.authWitnesses ?? [])],
-      packedArguments: [...(deployment.packedArguments ?? []), ...(bootstrap.packedArguments ?? [])],
-      fee: options.fee,
-    };
+    const calls = [...deployment.calls, ...bootstrap.calls];
+    const authWitnesses = [...(deployment.authWitnesses ?? []), ...(bootstrap.authWitnesses ?? [])];
+    const packedArguments = [...(deployment.packedArguments ?? []), ...(bootstrap.packedArguments ?? [])];
+    const { cancellable, nonce, fee: userFee } = options;
 
-    if (options.estimateGas) {
-      request.fee = await this.getFeeOptionsFromEstimatedGas(request);
-    }
+    const request = { calls, authWitnesses, packedArguments, cancellable, fee: userFee, nonce };
 
-    return request;
+    const fee = await this.getFeeOptions(request);
+    return { ...request, fee };
   }
 
   /**
@@ -133,7 +130,9 @@ export class DeployMethod<TContract extends ContractBase = Contract> extends Bas
    * @param options - Deployment options.
    * @returns A function call array with potentially requests to the class registerer and instance deployer.
    */
-  protected async getDeploymentFunctionCalls(options: DeployOptions = {}): Promise<ExecutionRequestInit> {
+  protected async getDeploymentFunctionCalls(
+    options: DeployOptions = {},
+  ): Promise<Pick<ExecutionRequestInit, 'calls' | 'authWitnesses' | 'packedArguments'>> {
     const calls: FunctionCall[] = [];
 
     // Set contract instance object so it's available for populating the DeploySendTx object
@@ -167,9 +166,7 @@ export class DeployMethod<TContract extends ContractBase = Contract> extends Bas
       calls.push(deployInstance(this.wallet, instance).request());
     }
 
-    return {
-      calls,
-    };
+    return { calls };
   }
 
   /**
@@ -177,7 +174,9 @@ export class DeployMethod<TContract extends ContractBase = Contract> extends Bas
    * @param options - Deployment options.
    * @returns - An array of function calls.
    */
-  protected getInitializeFunctionCalls(options: DeployOptions): Promise<ExecutionRequestInit> {
+  protected getInitializeFunctionCalls(
+    options: DeployOptions,
+  ): Promise<Pick<ExecutionRequestInit, 'calls' | 'authWitnesses' | 'packedArguments'>> {
     const { address } = this.getInstance(options);
     const calls: FunctionCall[] = [];
     if (this.constructorArtifact && !options.skipInitialization) {
@@ -189,9 +188,7 @@ export class DeployMethod<TContract extends ContractBase = Contract> extends Bas
       );
       calls.push(constructorCall.request());
     }
-    return Promise.resolve({
-      calls,
-    });
+    return Promise.resolve({ calls });
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/default_entrypoint.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/default_entrypoint.ts
index d387f4cddb90..6b221c302d18 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/default_entrypoint.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/default_entrypoint.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { PackedValues, TxExecutionRequest } from '@aztec/circuit-types';
-import { GasSettings, TxContext } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { TxContext } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { FunctionType } from '@aztec/foundation/abi';
 
 import { type EntrypointInterface, type ExecutionRequestInit } from './entrypoint.js';
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export class DefaultEntrypoint implements EntrypointInterface {
   constructor(private chainId: number, private protocolVersion: number) {}
 
   createTxExecutionRequest(exec: ExecutionRequestInit): Promise<TxExecutionRequest> {
-    const { calls, authWitnesses = [], packedArguments = [] } = exec;
+    const { fee, calls, authWitnesses = [], packedArguments = [] } = exec;
 
     if (calls.length > 1) {
       throw new Error(`Expected a single call, got ${calls.length}`);
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ export class DefaultEntrypoint implements EntrypointInterface {
     }
 
     const entrypointPackedValues = PackedValues.fromValues(call.args);
-    const gasSettings = exec.fee?.gasSettings ?? GasSettings.default();
-    const txContext = new TxContext(this.chainId, this.protocolVersion, gasSettings);
+    const txContext = new TxContext(this.chainId, this.protocolVersion, fee.gasSettings);
     return Promise.resolve(
       new TxExecutionRequest(
         call.to,
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/default_multi_call_entrypoint.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/default_multi_call_entrypoint.ts
index c4c3a653b733..de68c922b805 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/default_multi_call_entrypoint.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/default_multi_call_entrypoint.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { type EntrypointInterface, EntrypointPayload, type ExecutionRequestInit } from '@aztec/aztec.js/entrypoint';
 import { PackedValues, TxExecutionRequest } from '@aztec/circuit-types';
-import { type AztecAddress, GasSettings, TxContext } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { type AztecAddress, TxContext } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { type FunctionAbi, FunctionSelector, encodeArguments } from '@aztec/foundation/abi';
 import { ProtocolContractAddress } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts';
 
@@ -15,17 +15,16 @@ export class DefaultMultiCallEntrypoint implements EntrypointInterface {
   ) {}
 
   createTxExecutionRequest(executions: ExecutionRequestInit): Promise<TxExecutionRequest> {
-    const { calls, authWitnesses = [], packedArguments = [] } = executions;
+    const { fee, calls, authWitnesses = [], packedArguments = [] } = executions;
     const payload = EntrypointPayload.fromAppExecution(calls);
     const abi = this.getEntrypointAbi();
     const entrypointPackedArgs = PackedValues.fromValues(encodeArguments(abi, [payload]));
-    const gasSettings = executions.fee?.gasSettings ?? GasSettings.default();
 
     const txRequest = TxExecutionRequest.from({
       firstCallArgsHash: entrypointPackedArgs.hash,
       origin: this.address,
       functionSelector: FunctionSelector.fromNameAndParameters(abi.name, abi.parameters),
-      txContext: new TxContext(this.chainId, this.version, gasSettings),
+      txContext: new TxContext(this.chainId, this.version, fee.gasSettings),
       argsOfCalls: [...payload.packedArguments, ...packedArguments, entrypointPackedArgs],
       authWitnesses,
     });
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/entrypoint.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/entrypoint.ts
index 779cb18b6376..49b7fafa7c1f 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/entrypoint.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/entrypoint.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ export type ExecutionRequestInit = {
   /** Any transient packed arguments for this execution */
   packedArguments?: PackedValues[];
   /** How the fee is going to be payed */
-  fee?: FeeOptions;
+  fee: FeeOptions;
   /** An optional nonce. Used to repeat a previous tx with a higher fee so that the first one is cancelled */
   nonce?: Fr;
   /** Whether the transaction can be cancelled. If true, an extra nullifier will be emitted: H(nonce, GENERATOR_INDEX__TX_NULLIFIER) */
diff --git a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/payload.ts b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/payload.ts
index 0f609fb32357..334f7cc4c7dd 100644
--- a/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/payload.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/aztec.js/src/entrypoint/payload.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { FunctionType } from '@aztec/foundation/abi';
 import { padArrayEnd } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { poseidon2HashWithSeparator } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto';
 import { type Tuple } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
+import { type FieldsOf } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
 
 import { type FeePaymentMethod } from '../fee/fee_payment_method.js';
 
@@ -17,6 +18,16 @@ export type FeeOptions = {
   gasSettings: GasSettings;
 };
 
+/** Fee options as set by a user. */
+export type UserFeeOptions = {
+  /** The fee payment method to use */
+  paymentMethod?: FeePaymentMethod;
+  /** The gas settings */
+  gasSettings?: Partial<FieldsOf<GasSettings>>;
+  /** Whether to run an initial simulation of the tx with high gas limit to figure out actual gas settings. */
+  estimateGas?: boolean;
+};
+
 // These must match the values defined in:
 // - noir-projects/aztec-nr/aztec/src/entrypoint/app.nr
 const APP_MAX_CALLS = 4;
diff --git a/yarn-project/bot/src/bot.ts b/yarn-project/bot/src/bot.ts
index 8f3f2d659422..45d6142bb4a2 100644
--- a/yarn-project/bot/src/bot.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/bot/src/bot.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import {
   createDebugLogger,
 } from '@aztec/aztec.js';
 import { type AztecNode, type FunctionCall, type PXE } from '@aztec/circuit-types';
-import { Gas, GasSettings } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { Gas } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { times } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { type EasyPrivateTokenContract, type TokenContract } from '@aztec/noir-contracts.js';
 
@@ -133,15 +133,14 @@ export class Bot {
 
     let gasSettings, estimateGas;
     if (l2GasLimit !== undefined && l2GasLimit > 0 && daGasLimit !== undefined && daGasLimit > 0) {
-      gasSettings = GasSettings.default({ gasLimits: Gas.from({ l2Gas: l2GasLimit, daGas: daGasLimit }) });
+      gasSettings = { gasLimits: Gas.from({ l2Gas: l2GasLimit, daGas: daGasLimit }) };
       estimateGas = false;
       this.log.verbose(`Using gas limits ${l2GasLimit} L2 gas ${daGasLimit} DA gas`);
     } else {
-      gasSettings = GasSettings.default();
       estimateGas = true;
       this.log.verbose(`Estimating gas for transaction`);
     }
     this.log.verbose(skipPublicSimulation ? `Skipping public simulation` : `Simulating public transfers`);
-    return { estimateGas, fee: { paymentMethod, gasSettings }, skipPublicSimulation };
+    return { fee: { estimateGas, paymentMethod, gasSettings }, skipPublicSimulation };
   }
 }
diff --git a/yarn-project/circuit-types/src/mocks.ts b/yarn-project/circuit-types/src/mocks.ts
index 24cc07d0c3a3..2c03510d2eed 100644
--- a/yarn-project/circuit-types/src/mocks.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/circuit-types/src/mocks.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import {
   ClientIvcProof,
   type ContractInstanceWithAddress,
   EthAddress,
+  GasFees,
   GasSettings,
   LogHash,
   MAX_ENCRYPTED_LOGS_PER_TX,
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ export const mockTx = (
   const noteEncryptedLogs = EncryptedNoteTxL2Logs.empty(); // Mock seems to have no new notes => no note logs
   const encryptedLogs = hasLogs ? EncryptedTxL2Logs.random(2, 3) : EncryptedTxL2Logs.empty(); // 2 priv function invocations creating 3 encrypted logs each
   const contractClassLog = hasLogs ? ContractClassTxL2Logs.random(1, 1) : ContractClassTxL2Logs.empty();
-  data.constants.txContext.gasSettings = GasSettings.default();
+  data.constants.txContext.gasSettings = GasSettings.default({ maxFeesPerGas: new GasFees(10, 10) });
   data.feePayer = feePayer;
 
   let enqueuedPublicFunctionCalls: PublicExecutionRequest[] = [];
diff --git a/yarn-project/circuit-types/src/test/factories.ts b/yarn-project/circuit-types/src/test/factories.ts
index 41aeb67306ca..b4044bd4e2b2 100644
--- a/yarn-project/circuit-types/src/test/factories.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/circuit-types/src/test/factories.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   FIXED_L2_GAS,
   Fr,
   Gas,
+  GasFees,
   GasSettings,
   GlobalVariables,
   type Header,
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ export function makeBloatedProcessedTx({
   db,
   chainId = Fr.ZERO,
   version = Fr.ZERO,
-  gasSettings = GasSettings.default(),
+  gasSettings = GasSettings.default({ maxFeesPerGas: new GasFees(10, 10) }),
   vkTreeRoot = Fr.ZERO,
   protocolContractTreeRoot = Fr.ZERO,
   globalVariables = GlobalVariables.empty(),
diff --git a/yarn-project/circuits.js/src/structs/gas_settings.ts b/yarn-project/circuits.js/src/structs/gas_settings.ts
index 03a38401ea18..c5449a7ac9d1 100644
--- a/yarn-project/circuits.js/src/structs/gas_settings.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/circuits.js/src/structs/gas_settings.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { compact } from '@aztec/foundation/collection';
 import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
 import { BufferReader, FieldReader, serializeToBuffer, serializeToFields } from '@aztec/foundation/serialize';
 import { type FieldsOf } from '@aztec/foundation/types';
@@ -60,27 +59,24 @@ export class GasSettings {
     return new GasSettings(Gas.empty(), Gas.empty(), GasFees.empty());
   }
 
-  /** Default gas settings to use when user has not provided them. */
-  // @todo @lherskind The `MAX_FEES_PER_GAS` should be not be set as a default.
-  // deleting the default values, and trying to figure out the plumbing.
-  // Issue: #10104
-  static default(overrides: Partial<FieldsOf<GasSettings>> = {}) {
+  /** Default gas settings to use when user has not provided them. Requires explicit max fees per gas. */
+  static default(overrides: { gasLimits?: Gas; teardownGasLimits?: Gas; maxFeesPerGas: GasFees }) {
     return GasSettings.from({
-      gasLimits: { l2Gas: DEFAULT_GAS_LIMIT, daGas: DEFAULT_GAS_LIMIT },
-      teardownGasLimits: { l2Gas: DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_GAS_LIMIT, daGas: DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_GAS_LIMIT },
-      maxFeesPerGas: { feePerL2Gas: new Fr(10), feePerDaGas: new Fr(10) },
-      ...compact(overrides),
+      gasLimits: overrides.gasLimits ?? { l2Gas: DEFAULT_GAS_LIMIT, daGas: DEFAULT_GAS_LIMIT },
+      teardownGasLimits: overrides.teardownGasLimits ?? {
+        l2Gas: DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_GAS_LIMIT,
+        daGas: DEFAULT_TEARDOWN_GAS_LIMIT,
+      },
+      maxFeesPerGas: overrides.maxFeesPerGas,
     });
   }
 
   /** Default gas settings with no teardown */
-  static teardownless() {
-    return GasSettings.default({ teardownGasLimits: Gas.from({ l2Gas: 0, daGas: 0 }) });
-  }
-
-  /** Gas settings to use for simulating a contract call. */
-  static simulation() {
-    return GasSettings.default();
+  static teardownless(opts: { maxFeesPerGas: GasFees }) {
+    return GasSettings.default({
+      teardownGasLimits: Gas.from({ l2Gas: 0, daGas: 0 }),
+      maxFeesPerGas: opts.maxFeesPerGas,
+    });
   }
 
   isEmpty() {
diff --git a/yarn-project/circuits.js/src/tests/factories.ts b/yarn-project/circuits.js/src/tests/factories.ts
index 3a2da20f3e93..662e21dc2db5 100644
--- a/yarn-project/circuits.js/src/tests/factories.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/circuits.js/src/tests/factories.ts
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ export function makeTxContext(seed: number = 1): TxContext {
  * Creates a default instance of gas settings. No seed value is used to ensure we allocate a sensible amount of gas for testing.
  */
 export function makeGasSettings() {
-  return GasSettings.default();
+  return GasSettings.default({ maxFeesPerGas: new GasFees(10, 10) });
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/yarn-project/cli/src/cmds/misc/setup_contracts.ts b/yarn-project/cli/src/cmds/misc/setup_contracts.ts
index fd352bdf333a..70ea4b79dc6c 100644
--- a/yarn-project/cli/src/cmds/misc/setup_contracts.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/cli/src/cmds/misc/setup_contracts.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { DefaultWaitOpts, type EthAddress, NoFeePaymentMethod, type Wallet } from '@aztec/aztec.js';
-import { FEE_JUICE_INITIAL_MINT, GasSettings } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { FEE_JUICE_INITIAL_MINT, Gas } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { type LogFn } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { ProtocolContractAddress } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts';
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export async function setupCanonicalL2FeeJuice(
     log('setupCanonicalL2FeeJuice: Calling initialize on fee juice contract...');
     await feeJuiceContract.methods
       .initialize(feeJuicePortalAddress, FEE_JUICE_INITIAL_MINT)
-      .send({ fee: { paymentMethod: new NoFeePaymentMethod(), gasSettings: GasSettings.teardownless() } })
+      .send({ fee: { paymentMethod: new NoFeePaymentMethod(), gasSettings: { teardownGasLimits: Gas.empty() } } })
       .wait(waitOpts);
   } else {
     log(
diff --git a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/benchmarks/bench_prover.test.ts b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/benchmarks/bench_prover.test.ts
index 2934f662ff7e..4be9016a14fd 100644
--- a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/benchmarks/bench_prover.test.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/benchmarks/bench_prover.test.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { getSchnorrAccount, getSchnorrWallet } from '@aztec/accounts/schnorr';
 import { PublicFeePaymentMethod, TxStatus, sleep } from '@aztec/aztec.js';
 import { type AccountWallet } from '@aztec/aztec.js/wallet';
 import { BBCircuitVerifier } from '@aztec/bb-prover';
-import { CompleteAddress, Fq, Fr, GasSettings } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { CompleteAddress, Fq, Fr } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { FPCContract, FeeJuiceContract, TestContract, TokenContract } from '@aztec/noir-contracts.js';
 import { ProtocolContractAddress } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts';
 import { type PXEService, type PXEServiceConfig, createPXEService } from '@aztec/pxe';
@@ -191,7 +191,6 @@ describe('benchmarks/proving', () => {
     ];
 
     const feeFnCall0 = {
-      gasSettings: GasSettings.default(),
       paymentMethod: new PublicFeePaymentMethod(
         initialTokenContract.address,
         initialFpContract.address,
diff --git a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/composed/integration_l1_publisher.test.ts b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/composed/integration_l1_publisher.test.ts
index 38ff078bee99..b0fe8b519ebc 100644
--- a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/composed/integration_l1_publisher.test.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/composed/integration_l1_publisher.test.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   EthAddress,
   GENESIS_ARCHIVE_ROOT,
   GasFees,
+  GasSettings,
   type Header,
   MAX_NULLIFIERS_PER_TX,
   NUMBER_OF_L1_L2_MESSAGES_PER_ROLLUP,
@@ -88,6 +89,8 @@ describe('L1Publisher integration', () => {
   // The header of the last block
   let prevHeader: Header;
 
+  let baseFee: GasFees;
+
   let blockSource: MockProxy<ArchiveSource>;
 
   const chainId = createEthereumChain(config.l1RpcUrl, config.l1ChainId).chainInfo.id;
@@ -170,6 +173,8 @@ describe('L1Publisher integration', () => {
 
     prevHeader = fork.getInitialHeader();
 
+    baseFee = new GasFees(0, await rollup.read.getManaBaseFee([true]));
+
     // We jump to the next epoch such that the committee can be setup.
     const timeToJump = await rollup.read.EPOCH_DURATION();
     await progressTimeBySlot(timeToJump);
@@ -195,6 +200,7 @@ describe('L1Publisher integration', () => {
       chainId: fr(chainId),
       version: fr(config.version),
       vkTreeRoot: getVKTreeRoot(),
+      gasSettings: GasSettings.default({ maxFeesPerGas: baseFee }),
       protocolContractTreeRoot,
       seed,
     });
diff --git a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/devnet/e2e_smoke.test.ts b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/devnet/e2e_smoke.test.ts
index cc3347f02fee..3ca5e9171685 100644
--- a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/devnet/e2e_smoke.test.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/devnet/e2e_smoke.test.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 import { DefaultMultiCallEntrypoint } from '@aztec/aztec.js/entrypoint';
 // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-imports
 import { PXESchema } from '@aztec/circuit-types';
-import { GasSettings, deriveSigningKey } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { deriveSigningKey } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { createNamespacedSafeJsonRpcServer, startHttpRpcServer } from '@aztec/foundation/json-rpc/server';
 import { type DebugLogger } from '@aztec/foundation/log';
 import { promiseWithResolvers } from '@aztec/foundation/promise';
@@ -178,7 +178,6 @@ describe('End-to-end tests for devnet', () => {
     const txReceipt = await l2Account
       .deploy({
         fee: {
-          gasSettings: GasSettings.default(),
           paymentMethod: new FeeJuicePaymentMethodWithClaim(l2Account.getAddress(), {
             claimAmount: Fr.fromString(claimAmount),
             claimSecret: Fr.fromString(claimSecret.value),
diff --git a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/e2e_fees/gas_estimation.test.ts b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/e2e_fees/gas_estimation.test.ts
index 57089425c7cc..02e168a65365 100644
--- a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/e2e_fees/gas_estimation.test.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/e2e_fees/gas_estimation.test.ts
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('e2e_fees gas_estimation', () => {
   const sendTransfers = (paymentMethod: FeePaymentMethod) =>
     Promise.all(
       [true, false].map(estimateGas =>
-        makeTransferRequest().send({ estimateGas, fee: { gasSettings, paymentMethod } }).wait(),
+        makeTransferRequest().send({ fee: { estimateGas, gasSettings, paymentMethod } }).wait(),
       ),
     );
 
@@ -122,17 +122,16 @@ describe('e2e_fees gas_estimation', () => {
   it('estimates gas for public contract initialization with Fee Juice payment method', async () => {
     const paymentMethod = new FeeJuicePaymentMethod(aliceAddress);
     const deployMethod = () => BananaCoin.deploy(aliceWallet, aliceAddress, 'TKN', 'TKN', 8);
-    const deployOpts = { fee: { gasSettings, paymentMethod }, skipClassRegistration: true };
-    const estimatedGas = await deployMethod().estimateGas(deployOpts);
+    const deployOpts = (estimateGas = false) => ({
+      fee: { gasSettings, paymentMethod, estimateGas },
+      skipClassRegistration: true,
+    });
+    const estimatedGas = await deployMethod().estimateGas(deployOpts());
     logGasEstimate(estimatedGas);
 
     const [withEstimate, withoutEstimate] = await Promise.all([
-      deployMethod()
-        .send({ ...deployOpts, estimateGas: true })
-        .wait(),
-      deployMethod()
-        .send({ ...deployOpts, estimateGas: false })
-        .wait(),
+      deployMethod().send(deployOpts(true)).wait(),
+      deployMethod().send(deployOpts(false)).wait(),
     ]);
 
     // Estimation should yield that teardown has no cost, so should send the tx with zero for teardown
diff --git a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/fixtures/utils.ts b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/fixtures/utils.ts
index 5381148d3c12..abbb9da5177f 100644
--- a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/fixtures/utils.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/fixtures/utils.ts
@@ -30,13 +30,7 @@ import {
 import { deployInstance, registerContractClass } from '@aztec/aztec.js/deployment';
 import { DefaultMultiCallEntrypoint } from '@aztec/aztec.js/entrypoint';
 import { type BBNativePrivateKernelProver } from '@aztec/bb-prover';
-import {
-  type EthAddress,
-  FEE_JUICE_INITIAL_MINT,
-  Fr,
-  GasSettings,
-  getContractClassFromArtifact,
-} from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { type EthAddress, FEE_JUICE_INITIAL_MINT, Fr, Gas, getContractClassFromArtifact } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import {
   type DeployL1ContractsArgs,
   NULL_KEY,
@@ -664,7 +658,7 @@ export async function setupCanonicalFeeJuice(pxe: PXE) {
   try {
     await feeJuice.methods
       .initialize(feeJuicePortalAddress, FEE_JUICE_INITIAL_MINT)
-      .send({ fee: { paymentMethod: new NoFeePaymentMethod(), gasSettings: GasSettings.teardownless() } })
+      .send({ fee: { paymentMethod: new NoFeePaymentMethod(), gasSettings: { teardownGasLimits: Gas.empty() } } })
       .wait();
     getLogger().info(`Fee Juice successfully setup. Portal address: ${feeJuicePortalAddress}`);
   } catch (error) {
diff --git a/yarn-project/entrypoints/src/account_entrypoint.ts b/yarn-project/entrypoints/src/account_entrypoint.ts
index 08a14fc07464..15002e020a26 100644
--- a/yarn-project/entrypoints/src/account_entrypoint.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/entrypoints/src/account_entrypoint.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import {
   computeCombinedPayloadHash,
 } from '@aztec/aztec.js/entrypoint';
 import { PackedValues, TxExecutionRequest } from '@aztec/circuit-types';
-import { type AztecAddress, GasSettings, TxContext } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { type AztecAddress, TxContext } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { type FunctionAbi, FunctionSelector, encodeArguments } from '@aztec/foundation/abi';
 
 import { DEFAULT_CHAIN_ID, DEFAULT_VERSION } from './constants.js';
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ export class DefaultAccountEntrypoint implements EntrypointInterface {
 
     const abi = this.getEntrypointAbi();
     const entrypointPackedArgs = PackedValues.fromValues(encodeArguments(abi, [appPayload, feePayload, !!cancellable]));
-    const gasSettings = exec.fee?.gasSettings ?? GasSettings.default();
 
     const combinedPayloadAuthWitness = await this.auth.createAuthWit(
       computeCombinedPayloadHash(appPayload, feePayload),
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ export class DefaultAccountEntrypoint implements EntrypointInterface {
       firstCallArgsHash: entrypointPackedArgs.hash,
       origin: this.address,
       functionSelector: FunctionSelector.fromNameAndParameters(abi.name, abi.parameters),
-      txContext: new TxContext(this.chainId, this.version, gasSettings),
+      txContext: new TxContext(this.chainId, this.version, fee.gasSettings),
       argsOfCalls: [...appPayload.packedArguments, ...feePayload.packedArguments, entrypointPackedArgs],
       authWitnesses: [combinedPayloadAuthWitness],
     });
diff --git a/yarn-project/entrypoints/src/dapp_entrypoint.ts b/yarn-project/entrypoints/src/dapp_entrypoint.ts
index 65ac61f55c27..569715d36301 100644
--- a/yarn-project/entrypoints/src/dapp_entrypoint.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/entrypoints/src/dapp_entrypoint.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { computeAuthWitMessageHash, computeInnerAuthWitHash } from '@aztec/aztec
 import { type AuthWitnessProvider } from '@aztec/aztec.js/account';
 import { type EntrypointInterface, EntrypointPayload, type ExecutionRequestInit } from '@aztec/aztec.js/entrypoint';
 import { PackedValues, TxExecutionRequest } from '@aztec/circuit-types';
-import { type AztecAddress, Fr, GasSettings, TxContext } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { type AztecAddress, Fr, TxContext } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { type FunctionAbi, FunctionSelector, encodeArguments } from '@aztec/foundation/abi';
 
 import { DEFAULT_CHAIN_ID, DEFAULT_VERSION } from './constants.js';
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export class DefaultDappEntrypoint implements EntrypointInterface {
   ) {}
 
   async createTxExecutionRequest(exec: ExecutionRequestInit): Promise<TxExecutionRequest> {
-    const { calls } = exec;
+    const { calls, fee } = exec;
     if (calls.length !== 1) {
       throw new Error(`Expected exactly 1 function call, got ${calls.length}`);
     }
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ export class DefaultDappEntrypoint implements EntrypointInterface {
 
     const abi = this.getEntrypointAbi();
     const entrypointPackedArgs = PackedValues.fromValues(encodeArguments(abi, [payload, this.userAddress]));
-    const gasSettings = exec.fee?.gasSettings ?? GasSettings.default();
     const functionSelector = FunctionSelector.fromNameAndParameters(abi.name, abi.parameters);
     // Default msg_sender for entrypoints is now Fr.max_value rather than 0 addr (see #7190 & #7404)
     const innerHash = computeInnerAuthWitHash([
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ export class DefaultDappEntrypoint implements EntrypointInterface {
       firstCallArgsHash: entrypointPackedArgs.hash,
       origin: this.dappEntrypointAddress,
       functionSelector,
-      txContext: new TxContext(this.chainId, this.version, gasSettings),
+      txContext: new TxContext(this.chainId, this.version, fee.gasSettings),
       argsOfCalls: [...payload.packedArguments, entrypointPackedArgs],
       authWitnesses: [authWitness],
     });
diff --git a/yarn-project/sequencer-client/src/tx_validator/gas_validator.test.ts b/yarn-project/sequencer-client/src/tx_validator/gas_validator.test.ts
index 172c7ef67fdf..95210a1b69a9 100644
--- a/yarn-project/sequencer-client/src/tx_validator/gas_validator.test.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/sequencer-client/src/tx_validator/gas_validator.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { type Tx, mockTx } from '@aztec/circuit-types';
-import { AztecAddress, Fr, FunctionSelector, GasSettings, PUBLIC_DISPATCH_SELECTOR } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import { AztecAddress, Fr, FunctionSelector, GasFees, GasSettings, PUBLIC_DISPATCH_SELECTOR } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { poseidon2Hash } from '@aztec/foundation/crypto';
 import { FeeJuiceContract } from '@aztec/noir-contracts.js';
 import { ProtocolContractAddress } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts';
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('GasTxValidator', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
     tx = mockTx(1, { numberOfNonRevertiblePublicCallRequests: 2 });
     tx.data.feePayer = AztecAddress.random();
-    tx.data.constants.txContext.gasSettings = GasSettings.default();
+    tx.data.constants.txContext.gasSettings = GasSettings.default({ maxFeesPerGas: new GasFees(10, 10) });
     payer = tx.data.feePayer;
     expectedBalanceSlot = poseidon2Hash([FeeJuiceContract.storage.balances.slot, payer]);
     feeLimit = tx.data.constants.txContext.gasSettings.getFeeLimit().toBigInt();
diff --git a/yarn-project/simulator/src/client/private_execution.test.ts b/yarn-project/simulator/src/client/private_execution.test.ts
index 2d35d94c7f0e..9952ba91fb93 100644
--- a/yarn-project/simulator/src/client/private_execution.test.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/simulator/src/client/private_execution.test.ts
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   AppendOnlyTreeSnapshot,
   CallContext,
   CompleteAddress,
+  GasFees,
   GasSettings,
   GeneratorIndex,
   type GrumpkinScalar,
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ describe('Private Execution test suite', () => {
   const txContextFields: FieldsOf<TxContext> = {
     chainId: new Fr(10),
     version: new Fr(20),
-    gasSettings: GasSettings.default(),
+    gasSettings: GasSettings.default({ maxFeesPerGas: new GasFees(10, 10) }),
   };
 
   const runSimulator = ({